Abstract: True citizenship involves meaningful participation in politics. To be meaningful for citizens, participation must at a minimum level be voluntary and consequential. Although political participation might appear rather straight forward,a close look reveals some ironies. For example,participation is sometimes most extensive in totalitarian societies,where it is meaningless because the state commands everybody to participate. By contrast, political participation is hit-or-miss in democratic countries, where citizens are free to decide whether to participate or not.
Key Words: Amendment, Constitutional, Independence, Participation, Women.
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