iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experimental Testing Of Natural Composite Material (Jute Fiber)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	K. Rajasekar
	:	10.9790/1684-11230109

Abstract: Composite materials combine two distinct materials to obtain enhanced properties. Composite materials are as old as jute natural fiber as reinforcement material with polymer materials matrix. A specimen product of such a composite will be developed through layer by layer method at a certain temperature to suit the processes. The composite will be tested for its mechanical properties using conventional testing machines and the results will be recorded. The campsite will also be analyzed using ANSYS software for its mechanical properties and the result will be compared with the experimental results the resulting properties would help to identify the suitable applications for this composite.

[1]. Perlman Hob, Ismail H, Bahrain A. A comparison of the mechanical properties of rice husk powder filed polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites. Poly test 2002; 21 (7): 833 – 9.
[2]. Yang he, Kim hajj, lee be, Hwang Ts, water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of lignocelluloses' filler – polyolefin bio – composites. Comp strict 2006; 72: 429 – 37.
[3]. Sui G X, Yu T X, Kim J K, Zhou B L. Mechanical behavior and failure modes of aluminum/bamboo sandwich plates under quasistastic loading [j]. J. Mater sci, 2000, 35: 1445 – 1452.
[4]. Karakas A, Chatham Ss. Modal JM, Chandra Mechanical properties of wood – fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Comp a 2007; 38: 227 – 33.
[5]. Hamada h. Lkuta n. Nishida n. Maekaewa z. Effect to interfacial silane network structure on interfacial strength in glass fiber composites. Composites 1994; 25: 512.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Runway design and structural design of an airfield pavement
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sundeep Chowdary Daggubati, Nazneen, Subham Sharma, Sulabh raj gurung
	:	10.9790/1684-11231027

Abstract: The growth of air transportation is one of the most remarkable technological developments of last century. The phenomenal increase in air-travel, has created severe congestion at the airports in the large cities, needing additional facilities for rapidly growing short-haul domestic markets. The studies by ICAO in 2010 showed that the existing terminals and runways would be inadequate to handle air traffic and the Chennai International airport will saturate by 2015 and so The Greenfield Airport at Sriperumbudur was proposed. "Runway design and the Structural design of Airfield pavement" is a region specific project work that aims to geometrically design the runway and orient it considering all the factors that affect it including the environmental norms and regulations. Meteorological survey, Geological survey, Topographic survey, Drainage survey and Reconnaissance surveys are done in and around the proposed airport site. All the factors affecting site selection are considered and cross checked with the proposed site conditions and location. Meteorological data of the proposed site is obtained from the reliable web sites that depend on the Polar Orbiting Satellite Systems. Enviroware'sWindRose PRO3 software is used to analyse and plot the raw wind data of one year duration graphically as a wind-rose diagram. FAA guidelines and ICAO design criteria are strictly followed in the design and orientation of the runway. FAA designed software tools like FAARFIELD 2.5, F806FAA.xls and LEDFAA 13 were used to do the design of structural airfield pavement.
Keywords: Airfield pavement, Airport, Design, FAA, ICAO, Orientation, Runway, Windrose.

[1] City development plan, Sriperumbudur, Tamil nadu urban infrastructure financial services limited, Directorate of town panchayats, Government of Tamil nadu.
[2] Airport runway location and orientation, Dr.Antanio A. Trani, Virginia Tech.
[3] Runway length requirements analysis, Dayton international airport master plan update, Landrum & Brown, Inc. Draft, February 9, 2005.
[4] Advanced design of flexible aircraftPavements, Leigh Wardle, Mincad Systems, Australia, Bruce Rodway, Pavement Consultant, Australia.
[5] Airport Layout and Design, Trent Baldwin & Jim Clague of PBS&J.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Biomass Conversion Technologies for Renewable Energy and Fuels: A Review Note
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sumit Sharma, Rajendra Meena, Amit Sharma, Pawan kumar Goyal
	:	10.9790/1684-11232835

Abstract: The world's energy markets rely heavily on the fossil fuels coal, petroleum crude oil, and natural gas as sources of thermal energy; gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels; and chemicals. Since millions of years are required to form fossil fuels in the earth, their reserves are finite and subject to depletion as they are consumed. The only natural, renewable carbon resource known that is large enough to be used as a substitute for fossil fuels is biomass. This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of key biomass conversion technologies currently deployed and technologies that may play a key role in the future, including possible linkage to CO2 capture and sequestration technology (CCS). In doing so, special attention is paid to production of biofuels for the transport sector, because this is likely to become the key emerging market for large-scale sustainable biomass use. A range from 200 to 300 EJ may be observed looking well into this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today. A key issue for bio-energy is that its use should be modernized to fit into a sustainable development path.
Keywords: Biomass, Biofuel, Gasification, Ethanol etc.

[1]. ''Bioenergy '96, Proceedings of the Seventh National Bioenergy Conference,'' Vols. I–II. (1996).
[2]. Bisio, A., Boots, S., and Siegel, P. (eds.). (1997). ''The Wiley Encyclopedia of Energy and the Environment, Vols. I–II.'' John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[3]. Bridgwater, A. V., and Grassi, G. (eds.). (1991). ''Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization.'' Elsevier Science, Essex, United Kingdom.
[4]. Chartier, P., Beenackers, A. A. C. M., and Grassi, G. (eds.). (1995). ''Biomass for Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, Vols. I-III (and previous and subsequent biennial books).'' Elsevier Science, Oxford, United Kingdom.
[5]. Cross, B. (ed.). (1995). ''The World Directory of Renewable Energy Suppliers and Services 1995.'' James & James Science, London, United Kingdom.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of the effect of lateral soil pressure on cantilever retaining wall with soil type variation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chetan Sharma, Vijay Baradiya
	:	10.9790/1684-11233642

Abstract: Retaining wall is defined as a structure with a main purpose to prevent lateral movement, retain earth or water and may role to support vertical loads. There are several types of retaining wall and the most common types used are gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort walls and buttressed wall. Therefore, a few components need to be used in order to get the objective. As a result, this system can be used for the design of a cantilever retaining wall. Moreover, it saves time in the design with sufficient layout detail of the cantilever retaining wall. Design of cantilever retaining walls involves stability checks for overturning, sliding and bearing. A trial section is assumed and calculations are made for the stability checks. The important parameters involved are unit weight of backfill soil, stem height and concrete type. The base length and it components namely toe land heel lengths, and base thickness are highly dependent upon these factors and vary sharply with stem height. The trial section geometry for a given wall height, soil data and strength of concrete can be examine from these charts and final section profile may be determined within a minimum time. The charts have been prepared for a wide range of values of soil unit weight, moment.
Keywords: Retaining wall, overturning, sliding,soil bearing capacity.

[1]. M. Ghazavi and S. BazzazianBonab (2011). "Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Using Ant Colony Method." ISGSR 2011 - Vogt, Schuppener, Straub &Bräu (eds), BundesanstaltfürWasserbau ISBN 978-3-939230-01-4.
[2]. S., M., Shaid (2005). "Cantilever Retaining Wall Design and Analysis (Rcwall)." Thesis for Bachelor of Science, Mara University of Technology.
[3]. Anna Scotto di Santolo , Aldo Evangelista (2011). "Dynamic Active Earth Pressure on Cantilever Retaining Walls." Computers and Geotechnics 38, pp.1041–1051.
[4]. ZhifengLiu , C. HseinJuang and SezAtamturktur (2013). "Confidence Level-Based Robust Design Of Cantilever Retaining Walls In Sand." Computers and Geotechnics 52, pp.16–27.
[5]. BabuSivakumar G.L., Basha B.M.(2006), "Inverse Reliability Based Design Optimization of Cantilever Retaining Walls." 3rd International ASRA Net Colloquium, 10th-12th July, Glasgow, UK: pp 3-7.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Experimental Study on Vertically Loaded Driven and Cast-In-Situ Piles
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ms. Vijaylaxmi Dharmatti, Dr. P. G. Rakaraddi
	:	10.9790/1684-11234348

Abstract: With the rapid growth of metropolitan areas and fast industrialization resulting from the fast-paced economic globalization, there has been a need to build heavier and taller structures on marginal sites, where surface soils are weak and shallow foundations are usually not the best design solution. In the present studybehaviors of the axially loaded driven and cast-in-situ piles were investigated. A several number of tests on different model piles like aluminium, wood and steel embedded in different density of sand i.e.,15.9kN/m3 and 17.3kN/m3 attained by sand raining technique were conducted. The model piles with outer diameter 15mm and length 300mm were used for single and group of piles which were subjected to axial compressive load. Smooth and rough piles were used and piles were made rough using standard epoxy and sand particles. The comparisons of ultimate load bearing capacity for different materials at different densities and at various modes of installation are described in the results. The experimental results showed that the axial compressive load varies for different material and ultimate load is more in driven piles as compared to the cast-in-situ piles. The pile capacity increases as the density of the sand increases.
Keywords: cast-in-situ piles, driven piles, sand, ultimate load.

[1]. Meyerhof.G.G.Bearing capacity and settlement of pile foundations,J.GeotechEng.Div., ASCE 102(3), 1976, pp. 197-228.
[2]. Vesic, A.S. Design of Pile Foundation, National Cooperative highway Practice No.42, Transportation Research board, Washington, D.C, 1977.
[3]. Kraft, L.M., Cox, W. R., and Verner, E. A. Pile Load Tests: Cyclic Loads and Varying Load Rates. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 107, 1-19, 1981.
[4]. Briaud, J.L. and Garland, E. Loading Rate Method for Pile Response in Clay. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 111,319-335, 1985.
[5]. Horvath, R. G. Influence of Loading Rate on the Capacity of a Model Pile in Clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 32,364-368, 1995.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Improvement on the Design and Construction of Interlocking Blocks and its Moulding Machine
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Chukwudi Onyeakpa, Lateef Onundi
	:	10.9790/1684-11234966

Abstract: Production of blocks used for wall construction have different techniques adopted which could be in form of hollow or solid blocks produced in varying shapes laid with mortar. An improved form of mortar-less blocks which is an innovative structural component for masonry building construction called interlocking block which can be produced mechanically or manually using interlocking block production machine, particularly an improved interlocking block machine with dual mould. This brings about economical production, reduced cost of labour and appreciation of available local materials for construction of structures for both rural and urban development in the world today, thereby eliminating the use of mortar in laying of blocks.

[1]. Arinze,N., Nkechi, O., Genevieve, O., and Grace, P., (2010). ―Design and Construction of Interlocking Blocks and its Moulding Machine‖, A Project Submitted to the Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Unpublished, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
[2]. Charles, M. O. N., (2008) ―Soil Mechanics Note Book‖, Civil Engineering Department, University of Maiduguri, Unpublished, Nigeria.
[3]. Etherington, A. B., (1983) ―Interlocking Soil-Cement Bricks- A Modified Cinva Ram Brick Making Machine‖, HSD Working Paper No. 8, Asian Institute of Technology-Human Settlement Development Division (AIT-HSD), Bankok.
[4]. Guilland, H., Joffroy, Th., Odul, P., (1995), ―Compressed Earth Blocks- Volume H: Manual of Design and Construction‖, German Appropriate Technology Exchange, (GATE), Vieweg, Braunschweig, Germany.
[5]. Niel, J., and Ravindra, K. D. (1998) ―Civil Engineering Materials‖, Fifth Edition.
[6]. Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technical Research (TISTR), (1985) ―Using Interlocking Soil Cement Blocks‖, Report on a National Training Workshop, Bangkok.
[7]. U.S. Patent No. 6,907,704 (21st June, 2005).
[8]. BS 1377 (1975), ―Cassagrande Apparatus‖.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design and Stress Analysis of Nose Landing Gear Barrel (NLGB) of a typical naval trainer aircraft
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Praveen Joel P, Dr. Vijayan R
	:	10.9790/1684-11236774

Abstract: During the conceptual design phase of aircraft the integration of undercarriage system is very important and it is often difficult to achieve on the first time. The nose wheel landing gear preferred configurations for light naval trainer aircraft. The main objective of this project is to improve the static strength criteria and fatigue life of Nose Landing Gear Barrel considered. The investigations includes preliminary design layout for Nose Landing Gear Barrel and initial sizing has been done. It has been designed and evaluated for strength criteria.

[1] Avinash V. Gaikwad, Rajesh U. Sambhe, Pravin S. Ghawade, Modeling and Analysis of Aircraft Landing gear: Experimental Approach, International Journal of Science and Research, 7(2), July 2013, ISSN 2319-7064.
[2] Ajayi J. A, Joseph O. O, Oloruntoba D. T & Joseph O. O, Experimental failure investigation of an Aircraft Nose Landing gear, International Journal Metalurgical & Materials Science and Engineering, 1(3), March 2013, 85-92.
[3] Norman S. Currey, Aircraft landing gear design: Principles and practices (AIAA Education Series, 1988).
[4] H. G. Conway, Landing gear design (The royal aeronautical society, Chapman & Hall Ltd, 1958).
[5] Nitin S Gokhale, Sanjay S Deshpande, Sanjeev V Bedekar, Anand N Thite, Practical Finite Element Analysis (Dr Peter Fischer, Finite to Infinite, 2008).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Case Study on Optimum Days Rquired for Crushing Of Boulder Slag by Using Least Square Method
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Md. Tanweer Ahmad, Anil P. Goyal
	:	10.9790/1684-11237579

Abstract: Vehicle utilization at the organizational level has been defined as a "Strategy for the acquisition, utilization, improvement and retention of an enterprise's functions". The primary objective of this study is to identify the existing system of crushing and number of days required for crushing of boulder slag for future year by applying least square method of linear regression. In-Plant logistics is one of the most important sections within enterprises, especially in the large manufacturing companies. It manages, arranges, plans and delivers the finished products as well as waste product. As we know that the slag formation is the waste material of steel industries through blast furnace in which the main product is hot metal. This slag are of two types:- one is granulated slag and other is boulder slag, the granulated slag is directly sell to the cement industry and boulder slag which becomes lump with moisture is crushed then sell to the cement industry. Our attention is on boulder slag which is crushed through various machining process.
Keywords: bottleneck identification, data analysis, internal logistics, least square method, turn-around time.

[1] Barnes, R.L.,(1980) "Motion and time study", Design and Measurement of work, 7th Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[2] Barnes, Ralph M. (1957). "Work sampling", 2nd Edn., New York and London, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[3] Bechtold et al., (1991) "The labour tour scheduling methods as per labour demand requirements distributions", Journal of production and operation 12, 104-129
[4] International Labour Office Geneva. (1957). "Inroduction to Work Study", 3rd Edn, Universal Book Corporation, Mumbai, 9-20.
[6] A book of operation Management by B. Mahadevan.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Digital fuel level indicator in two-wheeler along with distance to zero indicator
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A.AvinashKumar, U.Singaravelan, T.V.Premkumar, K.Gnanaprakash
	:	10.9790/1684-11238084

Abstract: Today in this digitized world, if the fuel indicator in the automobiles is also made digital it will help to know the exact amount of fuel available in the fuel tank. The above furnished fact is considered in our project and we found out a proper solution for indicating the exact availability of fuel in the tank digitally . Here, we are indicating the amount of fuel in the tank in litres . This value in litres will be in numerical digits (ex:1.2, 1.3, 1.4). This project mainly concentrates about the indication of fuel level in two- wheeler tanks . Various other features like the distance can be travelled to the corresponding fuel , is added with this arrangement which will explain the clear performance of the vehicle to the corresponding fuel.
Keywords: A/D Converter, Analog fuel gauge, Mileage, Two-wheeler.

[1] Jaimon Chacko Varghese, Binesh Ellupurayil Balachandran "Low Cost Intelligent Real Time Fuel Mileage Indicator for
Motorbikes" (IJITEE), Volume-2, Issue-5, April 2013
[2] Deep Gupta, Brajesh Kr. Singh and Kuldeep Panwar "A Prototyping Model for Fuel Level Detector and Optimizer" page no 226-
229 - African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 4 (6): 226-229, 2012 ISSN 2079-2034
[3] Daniel R. McGlynn, "Vehicle Usage Monitoring And Recording System", US Patent 4072850, February 1978.
[4] S. Kawamura, :Development of Navigation Control," Toyota Technology, Vol. 34, December 1984.
[5] Ti-Ho Wanga, Ming-Chih Lua and Chen-Chien Hsu, 2009. "Liquid-level measurement using a single digital camera", Elsevier,
Measurement, 42(4): 604-610.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Simulation OF Quarter Car Model
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Priti Tiwari, Dr. G. R. Mishra
	:	10.9790/1684-11238588

Abstract: The automobile suspension's design incorporates three conflict criteria's which are road handling, load carrying and passenger comfort. All these suspensions systems are generally require maintaining vehicle stability by reducing the effect of dynamic loads. The response of system is simulated by using the software "Symbol's Shakti". The bond graph model of the system with active and passive suspension is simulated at various operating speed was the fourth order runge-kutte method. The concept of using an active suspension system for vehicle is to provide the best performance of car controlling. The basic purpose of a fully active suspension system is to control the suspension over the full bandwidth of the system. the introduction of the different types of suspension system such as passive, semi-active, active suspension system. The physical and mathematical modeling for quarter car model with suspension system is presents.
Keywords: Car models, Bond graph modelling, Dynamic behaviour, Active suspension system, Passive suspension systems, Comfort evaluation About five key words in alphabetical order, separated by comma.

[1] Yagiz, N., Hacioglu, Y., Backstepping control of vehicle with Passive suspensions Control Engineering Practice, 2-11, 2008.
[2] Sun, L., Optimum design of "road-friendly‟ vehicle suspension systems subjected to rough pavemen surfaces, Applied Mathematical Modeling, 26, 635- 652,2002
[3] Sireteanu, T., Stoia, N., Damping optimization of passive and semi-active vehicle suspension by numerical simulation, Proceedings of the Romanian Academy, 2003.
[4] Miller L.R (1988), "Tuning passive, semi-active, and fully active suspension systems," In Proc.27th IEEE conference on Decision and Control, vol. 3, pp. 2047-2053,
[5] Mouleeswaran S. K. (2008) "Development of active suspension system for automobiles using PID controller," Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering , London, U.K.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Agricultural Residue Potential for Electricity Generation in Bangladesh
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	P. K. Halde, M. A. Hossain, N. Paul, I. Khan
	:	10.9790/1684-11238995

Abstract: Renewable energy based electricity generation is getting momentum around the world to mitigate the rapid depletion of fossil fuel and its negative impact on environment. Bangladesh is an energy poor country has given the emphasis to extract energy from available renewable sources. Rural energy need of the country is mainly met by agricultural residue. This paper presents the country's total agricultural residue potential available during the fiscal year 2012-2013. The assessment estimated that the total amount of dry recoverable agricultural residue is 36.48 million tons. This amount has an energy potential of 582.36 Peta Joules (PJ) which is equivalent to 161.81 Trillion Watt hour (TWh) of electricity. The paper also shows the present status of electricity generation based on agricultural residue in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Energy crisis, Agricultural residue, Electricity, Bangladesh.

[1] Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Agricultural Year Book of Bangladesh. http://www.bbs.gov.bd/home.aspx. (Accessed on January 2014)
[2] Heifer International Bangladesh. http://www.heiferbangladesh.org/get-involved/82-inside.html. (Accessed on January 2014)
[3] M. S. Islam. Partnership experiences from Grameen Shakti. Regional Training Workshop on Widening Access to Energy Services through Pro-Poor Public-Private Partnerships, UNCC, Bangkok, Thailand, 2013.
[4] Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/.(Accessed on January 2014)
[5] S. Islam. Renewable Energy Development in Bangladesh, presented at Executive Exchange on the Use and Integration of Renewable Energy in the Power Sector, Madrid, Spain; 2009.