iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Virtual Fabrication and Analysis of Flexible Micromachined Touch Mode Capacitive Sensor for Pressure Measurement
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Abhay Raj Kansal, Amit Gangopadhyay
	:	10.9790/1684-11240110

Abstract: Now a days capacitive touch sensors are widely used in consumer products like MP3 players, mobile phones and other portable devices. More and more the technology is utilized in further application fields such as household appliances as well as automotive and industrial applications. There are several reasons for this development as for reasons of usability, robustness and cost efficiency. Capacitive pressure sensors work by detecting the change in capacitance between a fixed plate and the flexible plate. The major difficulty to the designer is the dimensions and properties used in the simulation of the MEMS devices cannot be exactly followed during fabrication. In order to overcome this problem, we must test the device in simulation for bound of parameters involved in it. This will be done by using Intellisuite software modules like Intellifab, Thermoelectromechanical analysis module, Synple etc.
Keywords: Capacitive Sensing, Dynamic Analysis , Frequency Analysis, Static Analysis, of Capacitive Sensor, Virtual Fabrication.

[1]. Maluf, Kirt Williams, An introduction to microelectromechanicl engineering, 2nd ed., British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 2004, pp. 14–55.
[2]. Tai Ran Hsu,MEMS & Microsystem Design and Manufactruring, Ed. New Delhi: TATA McGrawhill, 2011, ch. 7, 8, 9.
[3]. Yafan Zhang, SonbolMassoud-Ansari, GuangqingMeng, Woojin Kim, and Nader Najafi, ―An ultra sensitive, high-vaccum absolute capacitive pressure sensor‖, IEEE 0-7803-5998-4/01, Integrated Sensing Systems (ISSYS), Inc. Ypsilanti, MI 48198, 2001.
[4]. Yang Wei, Russel Torah, Kai Yang, Steve Beeby and John Tudor, ―A novel fabrication process for capacitive cantilever structures for smart fabric applications‖ , in School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK 25-27 April 2012.
[5]. Garron Fish, Mike Dempsey, Juan Gabriel Delgado, Neil Roberts, ―Natural frequency analysis of modelica powertrain models‖, in 9th International Modelica Conference, Munich, Germany 10.3384/ecp12076697, September 3-5, 2012.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ammonia and gasoline composite liquid fuel blends emulsified with ethanol and methanol for direct displacement in internal combustion engines
Country	:	USA
Authors	:	Shehan O. Haputhanthri, Chad Austin, Timothy Maxwell, John Fleming
	:	10.9790/1684-11241118

Abstract: Ammonia, when blended with hydro carbon fuels, can be used as a composite fuel to power existing IC engines using the hydrogen energy contains in the chemical. Such blends, similar to ethanol and gasoline fuel blends can be used to commercialize ammonia as an alternative fuel. Feasibility of developing ammonia gasoline liquid fuel blends and the use of ethanol and methanol as emulsifiers to enhance the solubility of ammonia in gasoline were studied using thermostated vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) high pressure cells, in this research. A small VLE cell was used to quantify the solubility of ammonia in gasoline more accurately and a larger VLE cell was used to develop identified fuel blends in sufficient quantities for engine dynamometer tests. A SuperFlow model 902 engine dynamometer with a GM family II Ecotec LE5 2.4L gasoline engine was used to benchmark performance of ammonia fuel blends against standard fuels.
Keywords: Ammonia, Ethanol, Gasoline, Methanol, Fuel blends, Alternative transport fuel.

[1] R. F. Aguilera, R. G. Eggert, G. L. C. C, and J. E. Tilton, "Depletion and the Future Availability of Petroleum Resources," Energy Journal, vol. 30, pp. 141-174, 2009.
[2] K. B. Martin and S. E. Grasman, "An assessment of wind-hydrogen systems for light duty vehicles," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, pp. 6581-6588, 2009.
[3] C. H. Christensen, T. Johannessen, R. Z. Sørensen, and J. K. Nørskov, "Towards an ammonia-mediated hydrogen economy?," Catalysis Today, vol. 111, pp. 140-144, 2006.
[4] R. Lan, J. T. Irvine, and S. Tao, "Ammonia and related chemicals as potential indirect hydrogen storage materials," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, pp. 1482-1494, 2012.
[5] C. Zamfirescu and I. Dincer, "Ammonia as a green fuel and hydrogen source for vehicular applications," Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 90, pp. 729-737, 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experimental Methods on Glass Fiber Reinforced Self Compaction Concrete
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. Deepak Raj, M. Mergin Benize, J. Esther Daisy, M. Sri Nikhil
	:	10.9790/1684-11241923

Abstract: Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is able to flow under its own weight and completely fill the formwork, even in the presence of congested reinforcement, without any compaction, while maintaining homogeneity of the concrete. Compaction is difficult to be done in conditions where there are dense reinforcement and large casting area. Usage of SCC will overcome the difficult casting conditions and reduce manpower required. Addition of fibers will enhance the tensile and ductile behavior of concrete with brittle nature. SCC was added with relatively short, discrete, and discontinuous glass fibers to produce Glass Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete (GFRSCC). The purpose of this study is to investigate the workability and mechanical properties of plain SCC and GFRSCC. The laboratory testing included slump flow test, L-Box test, sieve segregation resistance test, density test, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test, and flexural strength test. The dosage of super plasticizer required increased as fiber content increased. There has been a lack of studies for productivity improvement in the construction industry. A review of literature was done where an inventory of productivity related factors were found and interpolated. A survey of construction practitioners was conducted to rank and determine the degree of influence of various factors on construction productivity. We have selected the major factors such as Material, Labor and accessed it both quantitatively and qualitatively for a real time construction project. The results enhanced profit and productivity.

[1] Barluenga G, Hernandez-Olivares F (2007) "Cracking Control of Concretes Modified with Short Ar-Glass Fibers at Early Age. Experimental results on standard concrete and scc‟, Vol .37, pp 1624–1638.
[2] Barluenga Gonzalo (2009) "Fibre-Matrix Interaction At Early Ages Of Concrete With Short Fibres‟, Vol 4, Pp 1922-1948
[3] Kannan S.U, Selvamony C., Ravikumar M.S. and Basil Gnanappa S (2010), "Investigations and study on the effect of ar glass polymer fibres in self-compacting self-curing concrete‟, vol. 5, pp 41-45.
[4] Libre N.A, Mehdipour I, A. Alinejad, N. Nouri (2008), "Rheological Properties Of Glass Fiber Reinforced Highly Flowable Cement Paste‟, The 3rd Acf International Conference-Acf/Vca, Pp 53-58.
[5] Rathish Kumar P and K. Srikanth (2008), Mechanical Characteristics Of Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Mortars‟, Vol 9, Pp 647-657.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experimental Study on Crimped Steel Fiber Reinforced Deep Beam in Shear
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Vikram Vijaysinh Balgude
	:	10.9790/1684-11242439

Abstract: The experimental work is carried out to evaluate the shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete deep beams without stirrups. For this 18 beams are cast. The beams are tested under two-point loading as per IS after 28 days curing. Fiber fraction is varied as 0%, 1.5% and 3%. The shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d ratio) for beams is kept as 0.60 for specimen series-I and 0.74 specimen series-II. The cube compressive strength is estimated. The experimental results are compared with theoretical results obtained from empirical equations and design codes. Also the experimental results are compared with the equations put forth by the other researchers and codes to estimate the shear strength of the steel fiber reinforced concrete deep beams without stirrups.
Keywords: Crimped steel fiber, Deep Beam without shear reinforcement, Shear Strength, Ultimate Shear strength, Shear span to depth ratio.

[1] T. M. Roberts and N. L. Ho (1982), "Shear Failure of Deep Fibre Reinforced Concrete", The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, Vol. 4, pp. 145-152.
[2] M. A. Mansur, K. C. G. Ong and P. Paramasivam (1986), "Shear Strength of Fibrous Concrete Beams without Stirrups", Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 112(9), pp. 2066-2079.
[3] S. K. Madan, G. R. Kumar and S. P. Singh (2007), "Steel Fibers as Replacement of Web Reinforcement for RCC Deep Beams in Shear", Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 8(5), pp. 479-489.
[4] W. Y. Lu (2006), "Shear Strength Prediction for Steel Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams", Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 62, pp. 933-942.
[5] M. S. Alam, E. Slater and M. Moni (2012), "Predicting the Shear Strength of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams", Construction of Building Materials, Vol. 26, pp. 423-436.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Life Cycle Cost Estimation – Core Requirements
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Real Jagdishsingh, Rahul S. Patil
	:	10.9790/1684-11244042

Abstract: There are many possible sources of data that can be used in cost estimates for life Cycle Costing. Irrespective of the source, the accuracy of the data always remains the responsibility of the cost Estimator. In almost all the cases, the data will need to be adjusted or normalized. For example, the reference system cost should be adjusted to account for any differences in system parameters (it may be technical, physical, complexity, or hardware cost) or operating conditions between the reference system and the proposed system being calculated. The Success of the Life Cycle costing depends on the accuracy of the cost factors and as such huge efforts are needed to map a system which would help in the accurate prediction of the various cost categories.Actual cost incurred on past and current project procurement programs often forms the basis of estimates of future projects. Project managers use the Quantity Survey system to report data on contractor development, production, and sustainment costs and resource usage incurred in construction projects and their facility management. It is important to assess the accuracy of the outputs from the estimating methods and models, drawing conclusions about reasonableness and validity. Peer review is often helpful at this point. For complex cost estimates, with many elements provided from different sources, considerable effort and care are needed to deconflict and synthesize the various elements. This paper explains the importance and process for estimation for LCC.
Key Words: Life cycle costing, sensitivity analysis, pertmaster, monte carlo simulation.

[1]. Cost and software data (reporting) CSDR system
[2]. ISO 15686-5: Building and construction assets-service life planning (draft)
[3]. NS 3453: Life cycle cost for building and civil engineering work- principles and classification
[4]. Task Group 4: Life cycle cost in construction
[5]. Procurement guide 07: Whole –life costing and cost management.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Factors Affecting the Properties of Conglasscrete
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M. N. Bajad, C. D. Modhera, A. K. Desai
	:	10.9790/1684-11244248

Abstract: Chloride attack is one of the most important aspects for consideration when we deal with the durability of concrete. Chloride attack is particularly important because it primarily causes corrosion of reinforcement. Statistics have indicated that over 40% of failure of structures is due to corrosion of reinforcement. This paper deals with an experimental study on the mechanism of chloride attack. Cement replacement by glass powder in the range of 5% to 40% in increments of 5% and EPCO KP-200 used in concrete as a corrosion inhibitor with 2% by weight of cement has been studied. Concrete produced by replacing 20% of cement by glass powder and the addition of 2% EPCO KP-200 by weight of cement not only increased strength but also reduced the ingress of chloride ion in concrete mass.
Keywords: Chloride attack, corrosion, durability, strength.

[1] Bashar Taha,Ghassan Nounu, Utilizing waste recycled glass as sand/cement replacement in concrete , Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering, 2009,709-721.
[2] Ilker Bekir Topcu and Mehmet Canbaz, Properties of concrete containing waste glass, Cement And Concrete Research, 34, 2004, 267-274.
[3] Bashar Taha and Ghassan Nounu, Properties of concrete contains mixed color waste recycled glass as sand and cement replacement, Construction and Building Materials, 22, 2008, 731-720.
[4] Baxer.S, Jin W and Meyer C., Glasscrete-concrete with glass aggregate, ACI Materials Journal, 2000,208-213.
[5] Suryanshi.C.S., Use of industrial and domestic waste in concrete, Civil Engineering and Construction Review, 26, 1999,26-31.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determination of Internal Pressure in a Shell and Tube Type of Heat Exchanger by Using IBR and ASME Codes
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. V. Patil, S. S. Bhutada, N. R. Katruwar, R. R. Rai, K. N. Dhumke
	:	10.9790/1684-11244954

Abstract: The shell and tube type heat exchanger is a non-fired pressure system consisting of two different pressure chambers such as shell chamber and tube chamber. It is separated by the internal tube wall, two media flow past each other with such alignment that, if there is a heat difference, they will mutually exchange heat without mixing in the process..While there is an enormous variety of specific design features that can be used in shell and tube exchangers, the number of basic components is relatively small. This paper aims at performing a comprehensive comparison of the design outputs by IBR and ASME codes of critical components of a shell and tube type heat exchanger in an attempt to show the redundancy in designing the components using both these codes simultaneously.
Keywords: Shell and tube type heat exchanger, IBR, ASME, tube sheet, steam drum.

[1]. F. Vera-García et al, A simplified model for shell-and-tubes heat exchangers: Practical application, Engineering, Volume, July 2010, Pages 1231–1241.
[2]. G. Manenti et al, Design of SRU thermal reactor and waste heat boiler considering recombination reactions. 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA 2012, 25 – 29 August 2012, Prague, Czech Republic, Proc. Engineering 42 (2012) 376 – 383.
[3]. A. V. Hantodkar, "Design and Analysis for Tube Sheet of Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger Using Finite Element Technique". ASME, paper no G201
[4]. F. Osweiller, "Tube sheet Heat Exchangers: Analysis And Comparison Of TEMA Codap And ASME Methods", Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference Held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, 11–15 September 1988-1989, Pages 385–400.
[5]. IBR 1950 and latest amendments.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design of A Setup of Cvd* For Cnt Synthesis and Study of Properties of Cnts Reinforced With Aluminium Based Composites
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Jeetendra Kumar, Sumit Kumar Mahato, Deendayal Singh Yadav
	:	10.9790/1684-11245564

Abstract: The physics of Carbon Nanotubes has rapidly evolved into a research field since their discovery by lijima [4] in multiwall form in 1991. In this research we have attempted an approach to obtain homogeneously dispersed CNTs in Al powders for preparing Al/CNTs nanocomposite. Ball milled Al and CNTs mixture has been compacted by universal testing machine under the load of 3 tons. Micro hardness and relative density of compacted composites of different weight percentage ratio of CNTs has been measured. By using Vicker hardness test, Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques we analyzed the hardness, micro structures and grain boundaries of casted Al-CNTs composites and compared the hardness of pure Al and CNTs reinforced Al composites at different weight percentages of CNTs. Also we checked the mixing pattern of Al CNT composites using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique.
Keywords: Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs); *Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD); Al CNTs Composites; X-Ray Diffraction; Hardness.

[1]. A Thesis by Zhiyang Rong" Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications", (2008).
[2]. Xudong Yang, Enzuo Liu; Chunsheng Shi; Chunnian He; Jiajun Li; Naiqin Zhao; Katsuyoshi Kondoh "Fabrication of carbon
nanotube reinforced Al composites with well-balanced strength and ductility" Journal of Alloys and Compounds 563 (2013).
[3]. Jianlin Li; Lianjun Wang; Tin He; Wan Jiang C A R B ON 4 7 (2 0 0 9) 11 35 –1 1 4 0.
[4]. Iijima S.; Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature (1991); 354:568.
[5]. http://people.bath.ac.uk/tl258/Nanotechnology/Types.html.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration by Multiple Linear Regression Method
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sriram A. V., Rashmi C. N.
	:	10.9790/1684-11246570

Abstract: Prediction of evapotranspiration is important for study, design and management of irrigation systems. In this study, the potential of Multiple Linear Regression model using least squares is investigated in modeling of mean monthly evapotranspiration (PET) obtained using the standard FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation. Various combinations of daily climatic data, namely solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, are used as inputs to the model, so as to evaluate the degree of effect of each of these variables on PM estimated PET. Residual Analysis, Co-efficient of Determination and Residual Error is used as comparison criteria for evaluation of the model performance. The Multiple Linear Regression model gave Residual errors of 0.83mm/day and Co-efficient of Determination of 0.995 for the meteorological station considered. Based on the residual analysis results it was found that the Multiple Linear Regression model followed a linear trend. The input variables of the model were adequate and this model could be successfully employed in estimating the monthly Potential Evapotranspiration in the study area.
Keywords: Method of Least squares, Multiple Linear Regression, Potential Evapotranspiration.

[1] Singh, V.P. (1988). Hydrologic system rainfall-runoff modeling. Vol. 1, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0134480511, NJ, USA.
[2] Kisi, O., (2009). Evapotranspiration modelling from climatic data using a neural computing technique Hydrological process,
Volume 21, Issue 14, pp 1925-1934.
[3] Allen, R.G, Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., 1998: Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water
requirements - FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO, Rome.
[4] Droogers, P., and Allen, R.G., 2002. Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions. Irrig. Syst.16, 33-45.
[5] Gavilan, P., Lorite, I. J., Tornero, S., and Berengena J. 2006. Regional calibration of Hargreaves equation for estimating reference
ET in a semiarid environment, Agr. Water Manage. 81, 257–281.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Modal analysis of a stator of Double Rotor Traveling Wave Rotary Ultrasonic Motor (DTRUM) (Single Degree of Freedom)
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Abdulrahaman Shuaibu Ahmad, Prof. Dr. Qing He, Abdulrrahman Ahmad Umar, Saidu Bello Abubakar
	:	10.9790/1684-11247175

Abstract: This paper outlined the modal analysis of a Double Rotor Bar-type Rotary Traveling Wave Ultrasonic Motor (DBTRUM) with single degree of freedom (SDOF). The first bending vibration mode generated from the inverse piezoelectric effect produces traveling wave in the stator, the traveling wave generated in the stator is converted to rotary motion on the two rotors by the use of friction layer between the rotor and the stator surfaces. The system was first designed theoretically after which it was then simulated with finite element method software (ANSYS) to obtain the modal frequency and mode shape.
Keywords: Rotor, Stator, Ultrasonic Motor, Traveling wave, Frequency, Bending mode, mode shape.

[1] Chunsheng Zhao, Ultrasonic Motors (Technologies and Application), Beijing: science press. 2011
[2] Dongzhe Bai,et al. An Ultrasonic Motor Driven by the Phase-Velocity Difference Between Two Traveling Waves, IEEE transactions on ultrasonic, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, vol. 51, no. 6, June 2004
[3] Kenji Ucheno, Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Motors, A journal of Ultrasonic motors using piezoelectric resonant vibration, 7 (1998), 273-285.
[4] Kenjiro Takemura, Nobuyuki Kojima, Takashi Maeno. Development of Bar-Shaped Ultrasonic Motor for Multi – Degree of Freedom Motion, A journal of Bar–type Ultrasonic Motors for the application in dexterous robot arms and manipulators. 2011
[5] Nishant Venkatesan. An evaluation of the traveling waves ultrasonic motor for force feedback applications, University of Kentucky Master's degree Theses, February 13, 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Review of Nusslet Number under Laminar Flow Condition in Heat Exchanger
Country	:	India
Authors	:	K. Ashok Reddy, M. Bhagvanth Rao, P. Ram Reddy
	:	10.9790/1684-11247680

Abstract: We present the results of measured heat transfer coefficients for different sodium car boxy methyl cellulose concentrations at two different lengths of coil L=2.82m, L=2.362m and with two different heat inputs 1.0kW and 1.5kW . Test solutions of sodium car boxy methyl cellulose concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% were used in our experimental runs. The rheological properties like flow behavior index, consistency index and viscosity data were measured experimentally using Rotating Cylinder Method for the test solutions used. Correlations are presented for Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids in laminar flow conditions. Individual heat transfer coefficients of the helical coil has been evaluated using modified Wilson Plot at different flow rates. A helical coil with diameter D=156mm, constant pitch=6mm and having three turns was used in our study. A four flat blade paddle impeller was used to verify the mixed fluid, under unsteady heating of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in an flat bottom agitated vessel without baffles. The curvature ratio δ= 0.04102 is maintained constant. A Kanthal Heating Element Equipment have been design and fabricated to optimize the heating of the fluids in an agitated vessel.

[1]. E N Sieder & G N Tate; Heat Transfer & Pressure Drop of Liquids in Tube, Inds. Engineering Chemistry 28 (1936) p1429.
[2]. Kanthal; Handbook Wikipedia, Encyclopedia, Hallstahammer Sweden p106-115
[3]. Kanthal; Handbook Heating Alloys for Electric Household Appliances Design Factors p20-41
[4]. Kanthal; Handbook - Resistance Heating Alloys & Systems for Industrial Furnaces p1-28
[5]. Hakes Information Hakes Mess-Technique; GmbH Co Diesis stir Germany VT500 Hakes Visio tester p1-10.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Redesign of Drive Shaft`s tripod Assembly, to improve the performance & reduce failure
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. Harikrishnan, S. Anantharaman, G. C. Sreenath, B. Deenadayalan
	:	10.9790/1684-11248187

Abstract: The aim of the project is to enhance the performance of the drive shaft`s tripod assembly to reduce failure and to increase the performance of the product. Drive shaft transfer the engine power to the wheels and it allows for steering and suspension movement and reduce vibration for the driver. Loss of drive in the vehicle due to inboard / Tripod assembly damage (Drive shaft inboard joint failure). Reducing the Failure of drive shaft improves performance and warranty life for both existing product and new product. Even though the interconnecting shaft was intentionally made for fail during excessive loading, unfortunately the inboard joint fractures during static testing and on field. The failure due to the inboard joint (Tripod assembly roller damage) is high. Objective is to find the Root cause for tripod assembly Failure, by the Adams simulation case study, It has been observed bottom needle only getting loaded with the maximum load of 27KN and to improve the static load test load has to be uniformly distributed or roller and Needle geometry has to be improved to withstand the load. The aim of the project is to design and develop a tripod assembly withstand Minimum 1600 Nm. design.
Keywords: Adams,Drive shaft tripod Assembly.

[1] Tyler G Hicks (2006), "Handbook of Engineering Calculations", McGraw-Hill.
[2] GKN Intranet – Design and standards Guide Lines
[3] GKN – After markets websites
[4] Constant-velocity joint - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia websites
[5] Rzeppa, Alfred H. (1927). Universal Joint. US patent no. 1,665,280.