iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2016

Abstract: Of the Civil Engineering construction materials, soil is unique being a natural material, most often engineered, as it exists, unlike other processed or manufactured material like concrete or steel. Therefore it becomes necessary to characterize the soil appropriately based on factual data available at discrete locations. The discrete locations are the places where samples are extracted and in-situ tests are performed, these locations are chosen based on possible variations in soil conditions in the proposed area of construction of a civil engineering structure. Soil conditions between such discrete locations can be deduced by scientific principles. Understanding the behaviour of the soil is improved if rational simplications of realistic situations are made and analyses are performed...........

Keywords: Characterization of the soil, Critical State framework, Cam-clay, Residual soils, Model Parameters

[1]. Aylmore,L.A.G. and Quirk ,J.P 1960.Domain or Turbo-stratic structer of clays .Nature ,187:1046
[2]. Bjerrum L. (1967a), Engineering Geology of Norwegian Normally Consolidated Marine Clay's Related to Settlements of Buildings, Geotechnique, 27(2), 83-117.
[3]. Bjerrum,L.(1967b). Profressive failure in slopes of overcosolidated plastic clay and clay shales. Soil mech.,Cape Town 1,95-99
[4]. Burland, J.B. (1990), On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays. Geotechnique, 40(3): 329-378 and 327-378.
[5]. Chen,W.F.and Mizuno .E.,1990.Nonlinear Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering.McGraw Hill, Newyork p.413.

Abstract: The increasing demand for infrastructural development in the country has necessitated high demand for the construction materials which are already in short supply in some places. This study investigated the suitability of agro-waste materials; Crushed Clam(Egeria radiata) shells (CCS) as partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete production. Concrete cubes and beams of 100mmx100mmx100mm and 100mmx100mmx500mm were casted respectively. The (CCS) were used to replace coarse aggregates from 10% to 40% in steps of 10%..........

Keywords: Concrete, Egeria radiata shells, compressive and flexural strength, coarse aggregates

[1]. Adewoye A.P and Adegoke .T (2008); Exploratory study of periwinkle shell as coarse aggregates in concrete works .J. Engr. Applied Sci.3(6):1-5 http//arpn journals.com/jeas/research-paper/rp_ 2008/jea_ 12-8_ 136 pdf
[2]. BS 1881: Part 116 Method for Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete, British Standards Institute, London, 1983
[3]. BSS 812 part 2, 1995. Method of Department of Bulk Density of aggregate. British Standards Institute, London. United Kingdom.
[4]. Chang. R., 1991. Chemistry. 4th Edition. Mc Graw-Hill, London, /SBN-13:9780070105188, pp:252.
[5]. Claude, E.B 2002: Properties of limiting Materials. J. Fish Aquac, 3:70-74.

Abstract: The paper is trying to give an enlightening about pneumatic tires services in Sudan especially and in the most developing countries. The paper suggested that the tire now a day's shows low time life duration and less safety. It also gives the condition of maintaining correct cold tire inflation pressure rate for different sizes that helps optimize tire performance and fuel economy with respect to tire load capacity and tire size. The paper also recognizes that correctly inflated tires receive appropriate support from the contained air pressure, this provide an even distribution of load across............

Keywords: Pressure rate modeling, Tire cold inflation pressure rate, Tire size, Tire load.

[1] "FEA Chapter III: Tire pressure survey and test results". Retrieved( 2009)-01-16.
[2] Petersen, "Tires - Nitrogen air loss study". Gene (October 4, 2007). Consumer Reports.
[3] Jazar, Reza N. "Vehicle dynamics: theory and applications" Springer.. (2008), p. 11.
[4] Hartley, R., and Okamoto, S, " Concurrent Engineering: Shortening Lead Times, .,(1998)

Abstract: This paper builds on to the previous work carried on a conceptual model for purchasing process using Agent based approach in Indian Manufacturing firms. The aim of this paper is to provide the necessary information technology support for the supply chains, the basic concepts and features of agent technology has been evaluated in order to determine its suitability for the management of supply chains. A conceptual multi agent model is designed and implemented for the supply chain which exhibits the information sharing. The proposed method shows that how the basic............

[1]. B.S. Sahay, Jatinder N.D. Guptay, Ramneesh Mohan "Managing Supply Chains for Competitiveness the Indian Scenario" Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 11/1 (2006) 15–24 @ Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 1359- 8546] [DOI 10.1108/13598540610642439]
[2]. Choudhury Abul Anam Rashed, abdullahil Azeem, Zaheed Halim "Effect of Information and Knowledge Sharing on Supply Chain Performance: A Survey Based Approach" Volume 3(December 2010) JOSCM Journal
[3]. Dharamvir Mangal, Pankaj Chandna "Inventory Control In Supply Chain Through Lateral Transshipment - A Case Study In Indian Industry" International Journal of engg.(IJE), Volume (3); issue (5)
[4]. Faraz Tahiri, Mohammad Rasid Osman, Aidy Ali "A Review of Supplier Selection Methods in Manufacturing Industries"Suranaree J.Sci.Technol. 15(3); 201-208
[5]. Fantazy KA, Kumar V, Kumar U (2010). Supply management practices and performance in the Canadian hospitality industry. Int. J. Hosp. Manage., 29(4): 685- 693

Abstract: Within the category of vulnerable road users pedestrian are recognised as those with the highest probability in road accidents to be affected by serious or fatal casualties. However, due to the randomness of their behaviour and sometimes the limited attention of traffic light operation settings devote to this road user category, in particular in isolated signalised junctions, there is a huge potential in the capability of new and intelligent systems to play a fundamental role in the improvements of pedestrian safety. In this paper an in-depth analysis of a 4 arms isolated signalised.............

Keywords: Pedestrian behaviour, road safety, signalised intersection, Time to Collision

[1]. Istituto Statistica Torino (ISTAT), Rapporto sugli incidenti stradali in Italia – Anno 2011(ISTAT,2011)
[2]. P. Gårder, Pedestrian safety at traffic signals: A study carried out with the help of a traffic conflicts technique, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 21 (5), 1989, 435-444.
[3]. G. Tiwari, S. Bangdiwala, A Saraswat, S. Gurav,Survival Analysis: Pedestrian Risk Exposure at signalised intersection. Transportation Research Part F, 10 (2), 2007, 89-97
[4]. J.J. Faria,S. Krause, J. Krause,. Collective behavior in road crossing pedestrians: the role of social information. Behavioral Ecology, 21,2010, 1236–1242

Abstract: This paper trying to emphasizes the uses of ergonomic or human factor engineering tools in the field of physiotherapy for the betterment of patient in easiest way. The sole objective of this paper is to review, world most pioneered and most recent developed techniques in physiotherapy by ergonomics engineers. However, in this paper software's tools are also are also discussed in brief. Ergonomics is a multidisciplinary science which comprises of man, machine and factory conditions.........

Keywords: Ergonomics, Physiotherapy, Occupational therapist, Musculoskeletal Disorder etc

[1] Jean E Cromie,Valma J Robertson and Margaret O Best, "Occupational health and safety in physiotherapy", Occupational health and safety in physiotherapy, Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2001 Vol. 47.
[2] Murat Dalkilinç, Gonca Bumin & Hülya Kayihan, "The effects of ergonomic training and preventive physiotherapy in musculo-skeletal pain"The Pain Clinic Volume 14, 2002 Issue 1.
[3] C. S Ruszala, I Musa, "An evaluation of equipment to assist patient sit-to-stand activities in physiotherapy", march 2005, volume 91, issue 1, pages 35-41. [4] Marsot J, Claudon L, "Design and Ergonomics. Methods for Integrating Ergonomics at Hand Tool Design Stage" International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE) 2004, Vol. 10, No. 1, 13–23.
[5] Lene Bjerg, Hall-Andersen, Ole Broberg, " Integrating ergonomics into engineering design: The role of objects", Applied Ergonomics 45 (2014) 647-654.

Abstract: In this study, it is proposed to extend analytical solutions of the discrete one-dimensional elements for solution of rectangular thin plate problems. The derivations of the governing differential equations used to obtain exact shape functions and stiffness terms of one dimensional beam elements can be useful tools for solution of complex plate problems. Finite grid method is a numerical method and provides advantages in the sense of variable plate geometry and local changeable thickness, local changeable boundary conditions and loading. The maximum displacement of plate under distributed or concentrated load on the middle are calculated and compared the finite grid method and some other methods for variable boundary condition cases. The results verified that the ease in arriving at results of engineering accuracy by this method outweighs small errors

Keywords: Boundary conditions, finite grid method, shape functions, stiffness matrices, thin plate

[1] AG, Razaqpur, M. Nofal, and A. Vasilescu, An improved quadrilateral Fnite element for analysis of thin plates, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 2003, 40(1): 1–23.
[2] WB. Kraetzig, and J-W. Zhang, A simple four-node quadrilateral finite element for plates, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 1994, 50: 361-373.
[3] M. A. A. Alsarraf and H. S. El Din, The effective width in multi-girder composite steel beams with web openings, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 2014, 5(9), 260-265.
[4] P. K. Sinha and Rohit, Analysis of complex composite beam by using Timoshenko beam theory and finite element method, International Journal of Design and Manufacturing Technology, 2013, 4(1), 43-50.
[5] R. Bares and C. Massonnet, Analysis of beam grids and orthotropic plates, Crosby Lockwood & Son, Ltd, London, 1968

Abstract:The key component in designing a freeform lens for LED lighting is the mapping grids of light rays from one mesh to another. For different mappings and illumination with discrete uniformities, the design was based on iteration and modification. However, the light utilization efficiency is typically limited. An approach for freeform lens design of illumination with discrete uniformities is proposed in this study. The proposed approach is composed of smooth source-to-target mapping for arbitrarily-shaped illumination without iteration modification. The adequacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by the Monte Carlo ray tracing simulation and one experimental case study. The light utilization efficiency can be as high as 0.9 or above

Keywords: Freeform lenses, Illumination, Grid mapping, Discrete uniformities

[1]. H. Ries and J. Muschaweck, "Tailored freeform optical surfaces," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19(3), 590–595 (2002).
[2]. F. Z. Fang, X. D. Zhang, and X. T. Hu, "Cylindrical coordinate machining of optical freeform surfaces," Opt. Express 16(10), 7323-7329 (2008).
[3]. F. Chen, K. Wang, Z. Qin, D. Wu, X. Luo, and S. Liu, "Design method of high–efficient LED headlamp lens," Opt. Express 18(20), 20926–20938 (2010).
[4]. K. C. Lin, "Smooth energy mappings of freeform lens design for non-circular distribution of luminance," presented at 15th International Conference on Modeling and Simulation, Cambridge University, UK, 10-12 April 2013.
[5]. K. C. Lin, "Smooth energy mappings for freeform lens design," Opt. Rev. 21(5), 639-641 (2014).

Abstract: Khartoum Metropolis Sewerage System is in crisis since it serves <5% of households while >30% of families use septic tank system, disposing effluents into groundwater instead of leaching fieldsand. Khartoum has no experience in water recycling although installed cluster wastewater systems are producing adequate-quality effluents at reasonable costs. Sudanese wastewater disposal standards into streams are exceptionally stringent despite the great flows of Nile Rivers. This paper, which is a result of several studies conducted by the author, stresses the crippling problems that retarded development of wastewater system and offers practical proposals for revitalisation..................

Keywords: Decentralized systems, Disposal standards, Khartoum, Reclamation, Restructuring, Wastewater

[1]. Al-Hagri, Mohammed A., 2009. Water Reuse in Saudi Arabia (Saudi Aramco), Water Arabia, March 2-4, 2009
[2]. Bannaga, Dr. Sharaf Eldin Ibrahim, 2012. "Khartoum and the Sustainable Urban Restructuring March for Absorption of Rapid Growth and the Urban Changes" A paper presented to AESOP, 26th Annual Congress, Ankara, Turkey, July 11-15, 2012
[3]. California Department of Public Health, January 2009. "Regulations Related to Recycled Water"
[4]. Commission on Environment, Council Of European Communities, May 1991. Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive - 91/271/EEC
[5]. Hidalgo, D. and Irusta, R. 2004 " The cost of wastewater reclamation and reuse in agricultural production in the Mediterranean countries.‟