iosr-JMCE   Volume-19 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – Jun. 2022

Abstract: A review is done that utilization of petroleum derivatives is expanding which directly results into expanding contamination, so to decrease the utilization of non-renewable energy sources, alternate fuel is the better choice. PP pyrolysis oil can be utilized as an alternative fuel as the properties of PP and diesel are exceptionally close. PP oil is developed from pyrolysis process. In this study the parameters that is % biodiesel, compression ratio, injection pressure and full load are viewed as the variable for improvement. As these four boundaries in the trial needs advancement at the same time, we have involved Taguchi's technique in this analysis.........

Keywords: PP pyrolysis oil, Alternative fuel, Taguchi method, BTHE, SFC, FC.

[1]. Dobó, Z., Jakab, Z., Nagy, G., Koós, T., Szemmelveisz, K., & Muránszky, G. (2019). Transportation fuel from plastic wastes: production, purification and SI engine tests. Energy, 189, 116353.
[2]. Nabgan, W., Nabgan, B., Abdullah, T. A. T., Ngadi, N., Jalil, A. A., Fatah, N. A. A., ... & Tahir, M. (2020). Exploration of reaction mechanisms on the plastic waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) dissolved in phenol steam reforming reaction to produce hydrogen and valuable liquid fuels. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 150, 104860.
[3]. Jha, K. K., & Kannan, T. T. M. (2021). Alternate fuel preparation in low cost from waste plastic: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 37, 3656-3657.
[4]. Gin, A., Hassan, H., Ahmad, M., Hameed, B., & Din, A. M. (2021). Recent progress on catalytic co-pyrolysis of plastic waste and lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuel: The influence of technical and reaction kinetic parameters. J.
[5]. Chem, 14, 103035.
[6]. Khoo, K. S., Ho, L. Y., Lim, H. R., Leong, H. Y., & Chew, K. W. (2021). Plastic waste associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: Crisis or opportunity?. Journal of hazardous materials, 417, 126108

Abstract: All the plastic waste and metropolitan misuse of plastics can be utilized to create waste plastic oil (WPO) and it tends to be utilized as an alternate fuel since waste plastic oil and diesel have for the most part comparable carbon chain attributes and actual properties. PP is considered among the most unloaded waste plastic. The most great method for changing this waste plastic into PP Oil is by pyrolysis process. In this study specific boundaries, for example, % biodiesel, pressure proportion, Injection Pressure and full load are considered as the factors for enhancement. Consequently constant streamlining is expected for these four boundaries we have utilized Taguchi's Method of enhancement.......

Keywords: Waste Plastic Oil, PP, Plastic, Pyrolysis, Taguchi Method, Carbon Mono-oxide, NOX, HC

[1]. Jha, K. K., & Kannan, T. T. M. (2021). Recycling of plastic waste into fuel by pyrolysis-a review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 37, 3718-3720.
[2]. Rajendran, K. M., Chintala, V., Sharma, A., Pal, S., Pandey, J. K., & Ghodke, P. (2020). Review of catalyst materials in achieving the liquid hydrocarbon fuels from municipal mixed plastic waste (MMPW). Materials Today
[3]. Communications, 24, 100982.
[4]. Quesada, L., Calero, M., Martín-Lara, M. A., Pérez, A., & Blázquez, G. (2019). Characterization of fuel produced by pyrolysis of plastic film obtained of municipal solid waste. Energy, 186, 115874.
[5]. Thahir, R., Altway, A., & Juliastuti, S. R. (2019). Production of liquid fuel from plastic waste using integrated pyrolysis method with refinery distillation bubble cap plate column. Energy Reports, 5, 70-77.

Abstract: Flash Floods are a constant sudden threat to roads constructed in desert environment. It is significant to take action for the protection of such roads while preserving our natural resources. Such action includes data collection, analysis, and design of protection structures. This work introduces a study to protect roads in desert environment against Flash Floods and to benefit harvesting this water with practical application to a case study of a planned road surrounding a resort in the Eastern Desert in Egypt. Topographic, metrological and hydrological data was collected. Applying GIS computer program to the digital maps, the DEM is obtained. Complete system of hydrologic modeling programs is applied to set the morphological characteristics of the basins, determine the hyetograph of the design storm, trace flow direction and to accumulate flow discharges at every DEM cell. The system outputs include hydrographs, discharges, volumes, and peak time at any point of the study area. Analyzing the numerical results helped in choice and the hydraulic design of protection and storage structures at different locations of streams attacking the road. The used structures include Storage Barrier, Detention Barrier, Diversion Dyke, Culverts, Drainage Channels, and Sediment Traps..

Keywords: Hydrologic studies, Desert Environment, Flash Flood, Road Protection

[1]. Brooks, H. and Stensrud D., (2000) "Climatology of heavy rain events in the United States from hourly precipitation observations", Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 128, pp 1194-1201.
[2]. Davies-Jones R., (2002) "Linear and nonlinear propagation of super cell storms", Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, pp 3178-3205.
[3]. Doswell C., Brooks A, and Maddox R., (1996) "Flash-Flood forecasting: An ingredients-based methodology". Journal of Weather and Forecasting, Vol. 11, pp 360-381.
[4]. Droegemeier K., Lazarus K., and Davies-Jones R., (1993) "The influence of helicity on numerically modelled storms", Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 121, pp 2005-2029.
[5]. Errico R., Stensrud D., and Raeder K., (2001) "Estimation of the error statistics of precipitation produced by convective parameterization schemes for application to the variational assimilation of precipitation observations Quarterly", Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 127, pp 2495-2512.

Abstract: Light gauge framed steel structure is based on factory made galvanized steel sections of appropriate size. It is manufactured by using cold-formed steel method at manufacturing plants and assembled as panels on site forming the structural steel framework of the building. The current paper covers various aspects of LGS methodology applied in an expansion project. As light gauge steel structure has advantages like more durability, speed in construction etc. it became absolute solution for existing as well as proposed shed.

Keywords: Light gauge framed steel structure, cold-formed steel, light gauge steel

[1]. J Michael davies,"Light gauge cassette wall construction – theory and practice", Journal of constructional steel research 62 (2006) 1077-1086.
[2]. S. Vigneshkannan, J. Abdul Bari, P. Easwaran, "A General study of Light Gauge steel structure – A review",International Journal of advance research methodology in engineering and technology, ISSN 2456-6446, Volume I, Isue 4, December 2017.
[3]. Thanuja Ranavaka, M.Mahendran "Experimental study of the mechanical properties of light gauge cold formed steel at elevated temperatures", Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 219-229
[4]. Benjamin J. Schafer, "Cold formed steel structures around the world- A review of recent advances in aplilcation, analysis and design"
[5]. Reynaud L. Serrette, "Seismic Design of Light Gauge Steel Structure: A discussion", Fourteenth International speciality conference on Clod Formed Steel Structures, St. Louis, Missouri U.S.A., October 15-16, 1998.

Abstract: The mechanical properties of traction, microhardness, fatigue and microstructure in joints welded by rotational friction (FRW) in dissimilar steels: AISI 1020 and AISI 2205 were studied. The purpose was to observe the behavior of these joints, combining various test parameters. Specimens for tensile tests according to ASTM E-8, and specimens for Fatigue test according to E466 – 96 were made. The parameters used were: Rotation speed: (1000-1400) rpm; Friction time: (4-6-8) sec; Upset time: 4 sec; Friction Pressure: (3-5) MPa, Upset Pressure: 6 MPa. The tensile tests were carried out on a INSTRON machine of 10 Tn. The microhardness profile was measured longitudinally on the Vickers (HV) scale. Microscopy was performed at the optical level and electronic SEM......

Keywords: Friction Welding; Fatigue, Mechanical strength, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel,

[1] Radosław W., Mieczysław K., Friction welding of ductile iron with stainless steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 213 (2013) 453– 462
[2] Sahin M., Akata H., Gulmez T., Characterizacion of mechanical properties in AISI 1040 parts welded by friction welding, Materials Characterization, Volume 58, p.p 1033-1038, September 2006.
[3] Gurler M. Friction welding characteristics of aluminum alloy. PhD. Thesis. Marmara University, Institute of Science, Istanbul; 2000.
[4] Kırık I, Ozdemir N, Sarsılmaz F. Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of friction welded AISI 2205/AISI 1040 steel joints. Mater Test 2012; 54(10):683–7

Abstract: The most favorable way to transform this waste plastic into HDPE Pyrolysis oil is by pyrolysis process. The waste plastic can be used to produce waste WPO and it can be used as an alternative fuel because waste plastic oil and diesel have mostly similar carbon chain characteristics and physical properties. In this study certain parameters such as % biodiesel, compression ratio, Injection Pressure and load are considered as the variables for optimization. Hence continuous optimization is required for these four parameters we have used Taguchi's Method of optimization. The optimum set of parameters which are obtained from Taguchi's method shows that 0%- Biodiesel, 18- CR, IP – 200, 0- Load which gives the lowest Carbon Mono-oxide (CO), 100%- Biodiesel, 17-CR, 220– IP, 0- Load which gives lowest NOx and 0%- Biodiesel, 15 – CR, 180 – IP and 0 – Load which gives HC. From the experiment performed the experimental value and predicted value are very closer.

Keywords: HDPE Pyrolysis oil, Taguchi Method, Carbon Mono-oxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Hydrocarbon (HC)

[1]. Nileshkumar, K. D., Jani, R. J., Patel, T. M., & Rathod, G. P. (2015). Effect of blend ratio of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel on the performance of single cylinder CI engine. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Eng, 1(11), 195-203. [2]. Kaimal, V. K., &Vijayabalan, P. (2016). An investigation on the effects of using DEE additive in a DI diesel engine fuelled with waste plastic oil. Fuel, 180, 90-96. [3]. Sharuddin, S. D. A., Abnisa, F., Daud, W. M. A. W., &Aroua, M. K. (2016). A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy conversion and management, 115, 308-326. [4]. Senthilkumar, P., &Sankaranarayanan, G. (2016). Effect of Jatropha methyl ester on waste plastic oil fueled DI diesel engine. Journal of the Energy Institute, 89(4), 504-512. [5]. Rinaldini, C. A., Mattarelli, E., Savioli, T., Cantore, G., Garbero, M., & Bologna, A. (2016). Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a IDI engine running on waste plastic oil. Fuel, 183, 292-303.

Abstract: Pyrolysis is considered to be one of the most reliable oil conversion methods from HDPE Pyrolysis oil waste into diesel fuel, but it requires a large amount of energy. HDPE Pyrolysis oil is obtained from pyrolysis process. In this study the parameters that is % biodiesel, compression ratio, injection pressure and load are considered the variable for optimization. As these four parameters in the experiment needs optimization simultaneously, we have used Taguchi's method of optimization in this experiment. The result obtained from Taguchi experiment shows that 100 % biodiesel, 16- CR, 220- IP, 100- load are optimum set of parameters for getting highest break thermal heat efficiency, lower specific fuel consumption and lower fuel consumption.

Keywords: HDPE Pyrolysis oil, Alternative fuel, Taguchi method, BTHE, SFC, FC.

[1]. Poompipatpong, C., &Kengpol, A. (2015). Design of a decision support methodology using response surface for torque comparison: an empirical study on an engine fueled with waste plastic pyrolysis oil. Energy, 82, 850-856.
[2]. Nileshkumar, K. D., Jani, R. J., Patel, T. M., & Rathod, G. P. (2015). Effect of blend ratio of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel on the performance of single cylinder CI engine. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Eng, 1(11), 195-203. [3]. Kaimal, V. K., &Vijayabalan, P. (2016). An investigation on the effects of using DEE additive in a DI diesel engine fuelled with waste plastic oil. Fuel, 180, 90-96. [4]. Sharuddin, S. D. A., Abnisa, F., Daud, W. M. A. W., &Aroua, M. K. (2016). A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy conversion and management, 115, 308-326. [5]. Senthilkumar, P., &Sankaranarayanan, G. (2016). Effect of Jatropha methyl ester on waste plastic oil fueled DI diesel engine. Journal of the Energy Institute, 89(4), 504-512.