iosr-JMCE   Volume-19 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – Jun. 2022

Abstract: The increase in the use of Aluminium (Al) components in different industries such as Automobile, Aerospace, building, electronics, cooking utensils, marine, beverages, construction, etc, has accounted for the high volume of Al scraps that littered the environment thereby causing seriou ecological problem in most developing countries like Nigeria. In this study, Al alloy produced from Al scraps through sand casting were heat treated to improve tensile strength and hardness characteristics. The Scraps were sourced from scraps market in Bauchi and casted into simple cylindrical shapes at the foundry workshop in Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. Samples for chemical composition analysis, hardness and tensile strength tests were prepared according to the standard specification..........

Key words: Auminium alloy, temperature, holding time, tensile strength and hardness

[1]. Akindayo, A. S. (2019) Municipal solid waste management and the inland water bodies: Nigerian Perspectives. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84921
[2]. Blaza Stojanovic, Мilan Bukvic, Igor Epler (2018) Application of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys in Engineering, Applied Engineering Letters Vol.3, No.2, 52-62 (2018)
[3]. Chemingui M., khitouni M., Mesmacque G. and A.W. Kolsi (2009) Effect of heat treatment on plasticity of Al-Zn-Mg alloy: Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties, Physics Procedia 2 (2009) 1167–1174
[4]. Datau, S. G., Bawa, M. A., Jatau, J. S., Muhammad, M. H.; & Mohammed, I. Y. (2020):
[5]. Preparation and Characterization of Aluminum Ingot Recycled from Beverage Can Scraps, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 17, Issue 2 Ser. I (Mar - Apr 2020), PP 23-32

Abstract: Micro-hydropower plants are very applicable in rural and off-grid areas where water resources become available. This is because they can be installed with fraction of the cost as compared to large hydropower plants or even grid extension. Also, in rural and off-grid areas, the population density is small and very sparsely distributed which makes it un-economical for the development of large electricity supply projects. In this case the mini and micro energy projects are the suitable technology to be used to supply power to the consumer load demand in the rural and off-grid areas. One of the sustainable way to do is to use the available water resources like small rivers to develop micro-hydropower plants. The effective use of water from local rivers to develop micro-hydropower plants.........

Keywords: Crossflow, Hhaynu, Micro-hydropower, Hydro turbine, Mbulu, Tanzania.

[1]. Energy.gov. Water power technologies office; hydropower turbines. Available from: https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types, accessed on 20 May 2022.
[2]. Ngoma, D.H. and Y. Wang, Hhaynu micro hydropower scheme: Mbulu–Tanzania comparative river flow velocity and discharge measurement methods. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2018. 62: p. 135-142.
[3]. Paish, O., Small hydro power: technology and current status. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2002. 6: p. 537-556.
[4]. Timilsina, A.B., S. Mulligan, and T.R. Bajracharya, Water vortex hydropower technology: a state-of-the-art review of developmental trends. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2018. 20(8): p. 1737-1760.
[5]. Penche, C., Layman's guidebook on how to develop a small hydro site, published by European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), Second edition, Belgium. 1998..

Abstract: This paper applied Ritz method in the stability analysis of thin CSCS and CSSS isotropic plates subjected to vibrational load. From principles of theory of elasticity, the total potential energy functional for a thin plate was derived. By minimization method, the total potential functional was differentiated with respect to deflection coefficient through which a unique governing equation for critical buckling load subjected to vibrational load was obtained. The shape functions used in this study are of polynomial family. Applications of the derived equation for thin CSCS and CCCS plates were performed. Comparing the results of non – dimensional critical buckling load of the earlier and present studies for thin CSCS and CSSS plates at aspect ratios it was noticed that their maximum absolute.......

Keywords: Ritz Method, Total potential energy functional, Strain energy, Buckling load, Vibrational load.

[1]. Bulson, P.S. (1970). The Stability of Flat Plates. Chatto and Windus, London, UK.
[2]. Chajes A. (1993). Principles of Structural Stability Theory, Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall.
[3]. Ezeh, J.C., Ibearugbulem, O.M., Nwadike, A.N., and Maduh, U.J. (2013). International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume 02, Issue 12.
[4]. Gambhir, M.L. (2013). Elastic Buckling of Thin Plates in: Stability Analysis and Design of Structures, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
[5]. Ibearugbulem, O.M. (2012). Application of a direct variational principle in Elastic Stability of Rectangular Flat Thin Plates. PhD Thesis submitted to Postgraduate School, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
[6]. Ibearugbulem, O.M., Ezeh, J.C. and Ettu, L.O. (2014). Energy Methods in Theory of Rectangular Plates (Use of Polynomial Shape Functions), Liu House of Excellence Venture – Imo State, Nigeria.

Abstract: The power system is always designed to fulfill the energy demand of the country. Most effective way to meet the momentary rise in energy demand is to develop advanced storage systems and technologies. Power source, energy storage has many potential applications in renewable energy generation grid integration, power transmission and distribution, distributed generation, micro grid and ancillary services such as frequency regulation, etc. In this article, the latestenergy storage technology profile is analyzed and summarized, in terms of technology maturity, efficiency, scale, lifespan, cost and applications, taking into consideration their impact on the whole power system, including generation, transmission, distribution and utilization. The application scenarios of energy storage....

Keywords: Problems; Energy Storage & Power Plants.

[1]. Hu J, Yang SL, Hou CY et al (2015): Present condition analysis on typical demonstration application of large-scaleenergy storage technology and its enlightenment. Power SystTechnol 39(4):879–885
[2]. Wang CS, Wang D, Zhou Y (2015) Framework analysis and technical challenges to smart distribution system. AutomElectrPower Syst 39(9):2–9.doi:10.7500/AEPS20141202002
[3]. Wang HJ, Jiang QY (2014) An overview of control and con- figuration of energy storage system used for wind power fluc- tuation mitigation. AutomElectr Power Syst 38(19):126–135. doi:10.7500/AEPS20140214008
[4]. Yuan XM, Cheng SJ, Wen JY (2013) Prospects analysis of energy storage application in grid integration of large-scale wind power. AutomElectr Power Syst37(1):14–18
[5]. LiuWJ,SunL,LinZZetal(2015)Short-periodrestorationstrategy in isolated electrical islands with intermittent energy sources, energystoragesystemsandelectricvehicles.AutomElectrPowerSyst 39(16):49–58.doi:10.7500/AEPS20141226008

Abstract: The need to reduce the high cost of concrete product in order to provide accommodation for the populace has led to intensified efforts at sourcing local materials that could be used as partial or complete replacement for granite coarse aggregate. This work investigated the comparative analysis of coconut shell as a partial replacement of granite aggregate in concrete production. Batching of the concrete ingredients were done by weight using concrete mix ratio of 1:1:5:3 and water/cement ratio of 0.55. The partial replacement of the granite aggregate with coconut shell of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Two cubes for each percentage replacement of coconut shell making it a total of forty 150 x 150 x 150 mm concrete cubes.......

Keywords: Coarse aggregate, coconut shell, compressive strength, granite.

[1]. BS 1881 - 102 (1983) Testing Concrete-Part 102: Method for determination of Slump. London: British Standard Institution.
[2]. BS 1881 - 102 (1983) Testing Concrete-Part 102: Method for determination of Density of Hardened Concrete. London British Standard Institution.
[3]. BS 1881 - 102 (1983) Testing Concrete-Part 102: Method for determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes, London: British Standards Institution.
[4]. Chander SP, Gunasekaran K, Satyanarayanan K.S Annaderai R. (2017) Study on some durability properties of Coconut Shell concrete with quarry dusk. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering DOI:10:1080/19648189. 2017. 1418435.
[5]. Damodhara Reddy et al. experimental Analysis of the use of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate "IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Vol. 10, Issue 6.

Abstract: In this study, a non-linear three-dimensional finite element model was developed to study the flexural performance of thin reinforced concrete (RC) slabs externally strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates at their soffit. Based on the results obtained from [1] study, a numerical model has been developed in my study to validate the experimental results through nonlinear finite element software ABAQUS [2]. The concrete damage plasticity model was used for the concrete part, a traction-separation law for the CFRP-concrete interface. A detailed parametric analysis was performed to understand the various factors affecting the CFRP strengthened Slab. The parameters used for the study include compressive strength of concrete, use of transverse laminate of CFRP, different flexural steel reinforcement ratios, and the number of layers of CFRP.

Keywords: strengthening, concrete slab, finite element analysis, ABAQUS, debonding.

[1]. Hawileh, R., Abdalla, J.A., and Mahmoud, H., (2016). "Strengthening of Thin Reinforced Concrete Slabs with CFRP Laminates". 7th International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
[2]. Simulia, (2013). "Abaqus 6.13 Abaqus/CAE User's Guide), " p. 1138.
[3]. Askar, M. K., Hassan, A., F., Al-Kamaki, Y., S., (2022). "Flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using FRP composites: A state of the art". Case Studies in Construction Materials, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01189.
[4]. Harshavardhan, K., Keshav, L., (2022). "Numerical Investigation of RC Beam Using Externally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymer". Earth and Environmental Science, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012075.
[5]. Fathelbab F., Ramadan M., Al-Tantawy A., (2014). "Strengthening of RC bridge slabs using CFRP sheets". Alexandria Eng J 2014; 53(4):843–54.

Abstract: Nowadays the weight of the vehicle plays a very important role in the performance of the vehicle, the brake pedal, accelerator pedal and the clutch are usually metallic in most teams I have come through at the SAE BAJA competition, which plays a role in adding 1,2 kgs more to the vehicle's total weight, and yes! 1 or 2 kg increase also matters a lot when it comes to performance of the vehicle at a competition level. In this research paper, all the possible tweaks in the configuration and design of the brake pedal are considered and a brake pedal is design with carbon fibre Epoxy 290, and static structural analysis of the design is done as well. Basically, here we have reduced the weight substantially and as well as that we have increased the strength of the pedal profoundly.

[1]. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN AUTOMOTIVE COMPOSITE BRAKE PEDAL Mohd Sapuan Salit*, Mohd Syed Ali Molla and Md Liakot Ali
[2]. Brake design and Safety by Rudolf Limbert.
[3]. Analysis on Multi Linkage Brake System with Variable Pedal Ratio Author links open overlay panelA.DeepaD.Yashwant SinghS.V.Mukesh VarmaPranshuKhakhar
[4]. ANALYSIS OF A REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING AN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL BRAKE J. K. AHN, K. H. JUNG, D. H. KIM, H. B. JIN, H. S. KIM and S. H. HWANG*
[5]. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (IJAME) ISSN: 2229-8649 (Print); ISSN: 2180-1606 (Online); Volume 13, Issue 3 pp. 3555 - 3563, December 2016 ©Universiti Malaysia Pahang Publishing DOI: https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.13.3.2016.2.0292 3555 Dynamic simulation of brake pedal force effect on heavy vehicle braking distance under wet road conditions M. Zamzamzadeh1*, A.A. Saifizul1, 2, R. Ramli1 and M.F. Soong1

Abstract: The price of cement (the binding ingredient in concrete) is increasing in the developing world because of inflation. Since concrete in itself is the most used materials in the world because of some of its properties like fire resistance and toughness, therefore, the more the production of concrete, the more the need for cement. As a result, there is the need to reduce the quantity of cement used. Banana stem, which is an agricultural waste, can be used as a partial replacement for cement. In this research, banana stem was dried and burned at 600ºC to obtain banana stem ash. A total of seventy-two 150 mm 150 mm 150 mm concrete cubes and seventy-two cylindrical concrete of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height were cast in order to determine their compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively using percentages of banana stem ash of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% to replace cement in the water curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was observed that 2.5% replacement of cement with banana stem ash showed the maximum value for both compressive strength and spilt tensile strength.

Key Word: Concrete, Pozzolans, compressive strength, split tensile strength

[1]. Neelam, S. (2020). Reinforced Cement Concrete Design. S. K. Kataria and Sons, India.
[2]. Oyedepo, O. J., Olanitori, L. M. and Akande, S. P. (2015). Performance of coconut shell ash and palm kernel shell ash as partial replacement for cement in concrete. Journal of Building Materials and Structures, 2(1), 18–24.
[3]. Jugal, R. P. and Aman, S. K. (2018). Experimental Investigation on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Banana Leave Ash., 6th International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology.
[4]. Akingbonmire, S. L. and Ikumapayi, C. M. (2019). Appraisal of different production methods on coarse aggregate performance in concrete, International Journal of World Policy and Developmental Studies, 4(3), 20 – 29.
[5]. Karim, N. A. (2014). Strength Performance of Banana Fiber Ash as Cementitious Materials with Different Temperature. Malaysia: Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources University Malaysia Pahang

Abstract: Nowadays the weight of the vehicle plays a very important role in the performance of the vehicle, the brake pedal, accelerator pedal and the clutch are usually metallic in most teams I have come through at the SAE BAJA competition, which plays a role in adding 1,2 kgs more to the vehicle's total weight, and yes! 1 or 2 kg increase also matters a lot when it comes to performance of the vehicle at a competition level. In this research paper, all the possible tweaks in the configuration and design of the brake pedal are considered and a brake pedal is design with carbon fibre Epoxy 290, and static structural analysis of the design is done as well. Basically, here we have reduced the weight substantially and as well as that we have increased the strength of the pedal profoundly.

[1]. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN AUTOMOTIVE COMPOSITE BRAKE PEDAL Mohd Sapuan Salit*, Mohd Syed Ali Molla and Md Liakot Ali
[2]. Brake design and Safety by Rudolf Limbert.
[3]. Analysis on Multi Linkage Brake System with Variable Pedal Ratio Author links open overlay panelA.DeepaD.Yashwant SinghS.V.Mukesh VarmaPranshuKhakhar
[4]. ANALYSIS OF A REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING AN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL BRAKE J. K. AHN, K. H. JUNG, D. H. KIM, H. B. JIN, H. S. KIM and S. H. HWANG*
[5]. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (IJAME) ISSN: 2229-8649 (Print); ISSN: 2180-1606 (Online); Volume 13, Issue 3 pp. 3555 - 3563, December 2016 ©Universiti Malaysia Pahang Publishing DOI: https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.13.3.2016.2.0292 3555 Dynamic simulation of brake pedal force effect on heavy vehicle braking distance under wet road conditions M. Zamzamzadeh1*, A.A. Saifizul1, 2, R. Ramli1 and M.F. Soong1.