iosr-JNHS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2018

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Comparative Study on Factors Influencing Patient Safety Culture among Staff Nurses
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Sahar Ahmed Abood || Amna Nagaty Abo El-Magd
	:	10.9790/1959-0703030108

Abstract: Safety is a significant part of quality in health care settings; the health care organizations should continually have the attention on improving the safety of their services, while establishing the culture of safety. Aim: to compare factors influencing patient safety culture among staff nurses. Research Design: A comparative descriptive design was used. Setting: Minia University Hospital and Minia General Hospital. Sample: one hundred staff nurses working in critical care units. Tool: Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire. Results: the mean score of patient safety culture categories between Minia University Hospital and Minia General Hospital was nearly the same, with no statistically significant differences; except hospital management support for patient safety was higher..........

 

Keywords: Factors influencing, Patient safety culture, Staff Nurses

[1]. Mahran S. and Ibrahim S. (2016): Patient Safety Culture and Application of Medication Safety Rules as Perceived by Nurses. American Journal of Nursing Science; 5(2): 52-8.
[2]. Azimi L, Tabibi SJ, Maleki MR, Nasiripour AA, and Mahmoodi M. (2012): Influence of training on patient safety culture: a nurse attitude improvement perspective. Int J Hosp Res; 1(1):51-6.
[3]. World Health Organization (2017): Patient safety [Internet]. Denmark: WHO Regional Office Europe Office. Updated 2018; cited 2018 Feb 18]. Available from http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Health-systems/patient-safety.
[4]. Sherwood G, and Barnsteiner J. (2012): Quality and safety in nursing: a competency approach to improving outcomes. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
[5]. Burke, D. (2014): Enhancing Patient Safety Culture of ABSN Students through Instruction on Medical Error Recovery. Doctoral thesis, Capella University.. Available from:https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1499823241/fulltextPDF?source=fedsrch&accountid=375.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Health Behaviors Regarding Oral Hygiene Among Pregnant Women With Diabetes Who Attending Primary Health Care Centers At Baghdad City
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Dr. Iqbal M. Abbas
	:	10.9790/1959-0703030914

Abstract: Background: Dental problems among pregnant woman with diabetes mellitus are one of the major medical and social problems with increasing prevalence in last decades. Objectives: To identify health behaviors regarding oral hygiene among pregnant women with diabetics and find out the relationship between oral hygiene heath behaviors and studied variables. Methodology: A cross sectional design was conducted from 7 July to 30 September 2014 on non probability (convenient sample) of 150 pregnant women with diabetes was selected from twelve Primary Health Care Centers at Baghdad city. Questionnaire format..........

 

Keywords— Diabetes, Health behavior, Pregnant women, oral hygiene

[1]. Sharifirad Gh, Hazavehi M, Baghianimoghadam M. and Mohebi: The Effect of a Health Belief Model Based Education Program for Foot Care in Diabetic Patients Type II in Kermanshah, Iran (2005), Int. J Endocrinol Metab, 2007; 2: 82-90
[2]. WHO: Ten facts about diabetes, WHO 2006, available in http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/diabetes/09_en.html access on 12 may 2015
[3]. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014 (released June 10, 2014) available in http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics access on 12 may 2015
[4]. Loe H. The sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1993;16(1):329-334.
[5]. Debora C. Matthews, Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 2002;68(3):161-164

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determinants of Non- Adherence to Antenatal Care Among Pregnant Women
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Eman Mohammed Eraky
	:	10.9790/1959-0703031524

Abstract: Background: Early antenatal care (ANC) and regular follow up of service more often provide a range of opportunities for delivering health information and interventions that can significantly conveying the well-being of the mother and the fetus. However, in most cases, women in Africa hold up until the momentof the second or third trimester in pregnancy to make the initial antenatal care visit, reducing their chances of making at least four visits. The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of non- adherence to antenatal care among the pregnant women. Methodology:A descriptive exploratory research design was utilized for this study. Convenient sample included 300 pregnant women who attended antenatal care clinic at El-Manial University Hospital with gestational age 16 weeks and more in the first visit, their age 20-39 years,low risk pregnancy and not reported any previous medical problems during..........

 

Keywords: Antenatal care, factors of late booking..

[1]. Ali A. A., Osman M. M., Abbaker A. O., & Adam I. (2010). Use of antenatal care services in Kassala, eastern Sudan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, Vol.10, N°67, 1-4; doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-10-67.
[2]. Banda I, Michelo C &Hazemba A. (2012). Factors Associated with late Antenatal Care Attendance in Selected Rural and Urban Communities of the Copperbelt Province of Zambia: Medical Journal of Zambia, Vol. 39, No. 3.
[3]. Basani D. G., Surkan P. J&Olinto M. T. (2009). Inadequate use of prenatal services among Brazilian women: the role of maternal characteristics. IntPerspect Sex Reprod Health, 35: 15–20.
[4]. Bbaale E. (2011). Factors influencing timing and frequency of antenatal care in Uganda. AMJ; 4(8): 431-438.
[5]. Beeckman K. Louckx F. & Putman K. (2010). Determinants of the number of antenatal visits in a metropolitan region Beeckman. BMC Public Health, 10:527: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/527.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Cross Sectional Study To Assess Nurse's Perception of Risk Factors For Infusion Phlebitis In Selected Hospitals, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Entsar Kamel Mohammed || Sangeeta James
	:	10.9790/1959-0703032530

Abstract: Intravenous therapy is one of the most common procedures performed in hospitals that allow rapid and accurate administration of medication. Phlebitis became the most common complication of this type of treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate nurse's perception of risk factors for phlebitis in hospitals of Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The Design of this study was descriptive research design. A convenience sample of hospital nurses recruited in 3 hospitals in jazan, Saudi Arabia. In results it was found that a high rate of incorrect answers related to infusion phlebitis was observed. Conclusions: These finding suggest that nurses should be trained about the risk factors for infusion phlebitis. Recommendation: Strategies for improvement should include knowledge about the risk factors for infusion phlebitis, care of patients with IV cannulization and safe practices.

 

Keywords: Cross-sectional study, Nurses, perception, phlebitis, risk factors

[1]. Curran, E., Coia, J., Gilmour, H., McNamee, S., and Hood, J. 2000. Multi‑centre research surveillance project to reduce infections/phlebitis associated with peripheral vascular catheters. Journal of Hospital Infection, 46(3):194‑202.
[2]. Ferreira, L. R., Pedreira, M. L. and Diccini, S. 2007. Phlebitis among neurosurgical patients. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 20(1):30‑36.
[3]. Furtado, C. 2011. Incidence and predisposing factors of phlebitis in a surgery department. British Journal of Nursing, 20(14):S16‑25.
[4]. Infusion Nurses Society (INS). 2006. Infusion Nursing Standards of practice. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 29(1s):S1‑90.
[5]. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). 2008. Management of peripheral intravascular devices. Best Practice, 12(5):1‑4..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Instructions for Mothers Regarding Weaning on Their Infants Complains
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Marwa Abd Elkreem Ibrahim || Hanaa Diab Kalfallah
	:	10.9790/1959-0703033142

Abstract: Background: Weaning is a gradual process through which an infant moves from total dependence on milk to eating normal family meals. The aim of this research: was to evaluate the effect of instructions for mothers regarding weaning on their infants complains. Design: One group pre-posttest quasi-experimental design was utilized to fit the aim of the study. Setting: The study was conducted in Preventive Medicine Center at Cairo University Specialized Hospital. Sample: A convenient sample of 100 mothers and their infants. Data collection tools: Data were collected using the following tools: structured interview sheet to collect personal data about the infants; his/her mothers, pre-posttest for mothers and infants problem assessment. Results: The study results revealed that, two fifth of mothers had challenges regarding family pressure during the weaning period, the majority of mothers in the study had higher.........

 

Keywords: Weaning Instructions, Infants weaning complains.

[1]. American Academy of Pediatrics (2016). International Child Health. Available at https://www.conferenceabstracts.com/

[2]. Ball, J., Bindler, R., & Cowen, K. (2014). Child health nursing partnering with children and families (2nd ed, Pp. 1483; 1485). USA: Elsevier.
[3]. Carlo W. The newborn infant. In Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. (2016). (19th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; chap 88.

[4]. Canadian Pediatric Society, (2016) National family health survey (NFHS-4) 2012 Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International; (2011). Available from: http://www.rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs4.shtml.

[5]. Cameron, S. L., Heath, A.-L. M., & Taylor, R. W. (2013). Healthcare professionals' and mothers' knowledge of, attitudes to and experiences with, Baby-Led Weaning: a content analysis study. BMJ Open, 2(6). Available at http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001542

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparison of the Effects of Prenatal Perineal Massage Versus Kegel Exercise on Labor Outcome
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Faten Ibrahim Elsebeiy
	:	10.9790/1959-0703034353

Abstract: Background: Today, the fundamental approach related to pregnancy and childbirth is that they are physiological processes and requires minimum level of medical intervention. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of prenatal perineal massage versus kegel exercise on labor outcome. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial was utilized. Setting: The study was conducted at a private clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, at the city of Mit Ghamr, Dakahleya Governate, Egypt. Subjects: 118 pregnant women divided into (37 pregnant women in perineal massage group, 38 in kegel exercise group and 43 in the control group). Tools: Five tools were used: Socio-demographic.........

 

Keywords: Prenatal, Perineal Massage, Kegel Exercise, Labor Outcome.

[1]. Beckmann, M.M. and Stock, O.M. Antenatal Perineal Massage for Reducing Perineal Trauma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,2013; 4, Article No. CD005123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005123.pub3
[2]. Beckmann, M M and Garrett A J (2006). Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD005123.
[3]. Queensland Maternity and Neonatal Clinical Guideline: Perineal Care, Queensland Government (2012).
[4]. Boyle R, Hay-Smith EJ, Cody JD, Mørkved S (2012). Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. doi:10.1002/14651858.
[5]. Meddelton, J., (2009): Pregnancy and childbirth: the effects on pelvic floor muscles. Available at http\\www.nursingtimes.net. Accessed at August, 2016..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Perceptions of Men With Regard To Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Voluntary Counselling and Testing, Windhoek
Country	:
Authors	:	Shipanga Victoria K || Nauiseb Taimi || Kloppers Joan M
	:	10.9790/1959-0703035459

Abstract: The paper presents findings of a study on perceptions of men with regard to the testing of HIV and AIDS. It reflects factors contributing to the low statistics of men accessing the HIV and AIDS testing services. The aim of the study was to explore and describe perceptions of men with regard to HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) in Windhoek. The objectives of the study were twofold; to explore and describe the perceptions of men with respect to HIV voluntary counselling and testing and provide recommendations with regard to VCT based on the perceptions of men. The study applied a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design and data was collected through face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. The population comprised all men aged 18 years and older who were visiting the state health facilities in Windhoek to seek any........

[1]. AVERT. (2015). HIV & AIDS Stigma and Discrimination. Retrieved from http://www.avert.org/hiv-aids-stigma and discrimination.htm (Accessed on 30 April 2015).
[2]. Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods (3rd Ed). Oxford University Press.
[3]. Bwambale, F. M., Ssali, S. N., Byaruhanga, S., Kalyango, J. N., &Karamagi, C.A. S. (2008). Voluntary HIV Counselling and Testing among Men in Rural Western Uganda: Implications for HIV prevention. BMC Public Health, (8), 263.
[4]. Fiboni, V.O.F. (2014). Logical Reasoning. Retrieved from http://www.fibonicci.com/logical-reasoning/ (Accessed on 15 August 2014).
[5]. Levack, A., Raletsemo, R., Budaza, T., Hagopian, A. (2006). Understanding Men's Low Utilization of HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS 2006 - XVI International AIDS Conference: Abstract no. THPE0640..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mothers' Attitudes toward Breastfeeding and Their Association with Infants' Characteristics
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Boshra Attia Mohammed || Samah Abdullah Soliman
	:	10.9790/1959-0703036069

Abstract: Breastfeeding promotes optimal growth and development for infant and children. So this study aims to assess mother's breastfeeding attitudes and identify to their association with infants' characteristics. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The study was conducted in breastfeeding clinic at Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital (DSFH) in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. A convenient sample of the Saudi mothers (276) who were accepted to participate in the study. The mothers 'age was 18 years and above, their infant's age were less than 12 months, Two tools were used to collect data. The first tool: The mother's and infant's demographic characteristics: Mothers' data (age, education level, and husband educational level, occupation status for mothers and their husbands, family income, previous training regarding breastfeeding. Infant's characteristics (gender, birth weight, gestational age, health status, if they admitted to NICU, child order, if the mother planned for pregnancy of this infant and delivery type and using of pacifier). The second tool is the modified Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) was used to measure.........

 

Keywords: Breastfeeding, Mothers' Attitude, Infants' Characteristics

[1]. Haider R, Saha KK. Breastfeeding and infant growth outcomes in the context of intensive peer counselling support in two communities in Bangladesh. International breastfeeding journal. 2016 Dec; 11(1):18.
[2]. World Health Organization. E-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA). 2018; http://www.who.int/elena/titles/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/.
[3]. Horta BL, Victora CG. Long-term effects of breastfeeding-a systematic review. 2013.
[4]. Yan J, Liu L, Zhu Y, Huang G, Wang PP. The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. BMC public health. 2014 Dec; 14(1):1267.
[5]. Tasnim S. Effect of breast feeding on child development: at birth and beyond. South East Asia Journal of Public Health. 2015 Feb 2; 4(1):4-8.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Maternal stress among pregnant women in a birth cohort in Harare, Zimbabwe
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Rudo Nyamakura || Clara Maphosa Haruzivishe || Simbarashe Rusakaniko || Kerina Duri || Asaph Ziruma || Babill Stray-Pedersen
	:	10.9790/1959-0703037074

Abstract: Although beneficial strides have been made in making Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV protocols accessible to pregnant women, mental health issues such as maternal stress have received limited attention. The purpose of this pilot study was to characterize the prevalence, causes and ways of coping with maternal stress among HIV positive and HIV negative pregnant women in a birth cohort in Zimbabwe. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a purposive sample of 15 HIV positive pregnant women and a control group of 15 HIV negative pregnant women from 3 antenatal clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to measure maternal stress. Data were collected through face to face interviews and use of participants' medical records. Raw data were analyzed using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) software package..........

 

Keywords: Maternal Stress, Stressors, Ways of coping, Coping Mechanisms

[1] Staneva A, Bogossian F, Pritchard M, Wittkowski A. The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: A systematic review. Women Birth. 2015 Sep 1;28(3):179–93.

[2] Kapetanovic S, Dass-Brailsford P, Nora D, Talisman N. Mental Health of HIV-Seropositive Women During Pregnancy and Postpartum Period: A Comprehensive Literature Review. AIDS Behav. 2014 Jun;18(6):1152–73.

[3] Bernatsky S, Souza R, de Jong K. Mental health in HIV-positive pregnant women: Results from Angola. AIDS Care. 2007 May;19(5):674–6.

[4] Garcia J, Hromi-Fiedler A, Mazur RE, Marquis G, Sellen D, Lartey A, et al. Persistent household food insecurity, HIV, and maternal stress in peri-urban Ghana. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):215.

[5] Choi KW, Sikkema KJ, Velloza J, Marais A, Jose C, Stein DJ, et al. Maladaptive coping mediates the influence of childhood trauma on depression and PTSD among pregnant women in South Africa. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015 Oct 1;18(5):731–8.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Maternal Stress and Its Effects on Infant Outcomes: A Proposal for Research
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Rudo Nyamakura || Clara Maphosa Haruzivishe || Simbarashe Rusakaniko || Babill Stray-Pedersen
	:	10.9790/1959-0703037579

Abstract: The burden of maternal stressamong HIV positive pregnant women in the Sub Saharan Africa region is a cause for concern. In addition, while Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT)programmes have reduced HIV transmission to infants, high morbidity and mortality have been documented among the growing population of HIV exposed uninfected (HEU) infants. The reasons for high infant mortality and morbidity among HEU infants has not been fully established. This research proposal is based on a study to improve our understanding onthe prevalence of maternal stress, nature of stressors, the ways adopted by the study participants to cope with stress and the association between maternal stress and infant outcomes. A nested prospective open cohort study design will be adopted. A systematic sample of at least 242 participants (121 HIV positive pregnant women and a control group.........

 

Keywords: Maternal Stress, Stressors, Ways of coping, infant stress, infant morbidity, infant mortality

[1] Zhou F, Li J, Lin K, Ji P, Sun Y. Across-sectional study on anxiety and stress in pregnant women with chronic HBV infection in the People's Republic of China. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2225–32.

[2] Beijers R, Buitelaar JK, Weerth C de. Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress on child outcomes: beyond the HPA axis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Oct 1;23(10):943–56.

[3] Staneva A, Bogossian F, Pritchard M, Wittkowski A. The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: A systematic review. Women Birth. 2015 Sep 1;28(3):179–93.

[4] Garcia J, Hromi-Fiedler A, Mazur RE, Marquis G, Sellen D, Lartey A, et al. Persistent household food insecurity, HIV, and maternal stress in peri-urban Ghana. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):215.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Can Physical Therapy Help A Virgin 10 Years Old Complaining From A Terrible Vaginal Noise? A Case Report
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Maha Mohamed Mady || Women's Health Pt.Phd
	:	10.9790/1959-0703038084

Abstract: Vaginal Noise (VN) is an embarrassing symptom of pelvic floor dysfunction which creates social and psychological problems. objective: This report studied the efficacy of physical therapy rehabilitation program in hindering VN in a virgin 10 yrs old had Rectocele. Subjects & Methods: A female virgin,10 yrs old, BMI=26 kg/m2 suffering from a terrible complain of VN countless times a day since 3 yrs. Her prolonged suffering from VN was exceptionally embarrassing caused school absenteeism, social and psychological problems. Evaluation was done before the start of the study and every month for 5 months using: VN questionnaire regarding frequency, severity of VN and its effect on QOL, in addition to Dynamic trans-perineal ultrasound before the start of the study and after 5 months of treatment.........

 

Keywords: Vagina, noise, Electrical stimulation, Biofeedback, Pelvic floor exercises.

[1]. Neelsa H, Mortiersa X, de Graafa S, Tjalmaa W, De Wachter S, Vermandela A. Vaginal wind: A literature review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2017; 214;97–103.
[2]. Veisi F, Rezavand N, Zangeneh M, Malekkhosravi S, Rezaei M. Vaginal Flatus and the Associated Risk Factors in Iranian Women: A Main Research Article. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology.2012; 20,12, 1-5
[3]. Slieker-Ten Hove M, Pool-Goudzwaard A, Eijkemans M, Steegers-Theunissen R, Burger C, Vierhout M. Vaginal noise: prevalence, bother and risk factors in a general female population aged 45–85 years. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2009; 20(8), 905–911.
[4]. Miranne J, Marek T, Mete M, Iglesia C.Prevalence and Resolution of Auditory Passage of Vaginal Air in Women With Pelvic Floor Disorders. Obstet Gynecol.2015;126(1),136–43
[5]. Krissi H, Medina C, Stanton S. Vaginal wind—a new pelvic symptom‖, International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.2003;14(6):399-402.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Expressed Breast Milk versus Leg Massage on Preterm Neonates' Pain during Heel Lance
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Gehan Maher Khamis Ibrahim
	:	10.9790/1959-0703038594

Abstract: Nowadays, pain management is particularly essential for preterm neonates who are not able to verbally express their pain. So, non pharmacological interventions play crucial role in treating procedural pain among those neonates. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of expressed breast milk versus leg massage on preterm neonates' pain during heel lance. Setting: This study was carried out at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital in Alexandria. Subjects: The study subjects comprised of 75 preterm neonates. Tools: Two tools were used to collect necessary data namely; characteristics of the preterm neonates and Premature Infant Pain Profile Scale (PIPP). Results: The main result showed that, none neonate of expressed breast milk group and only 4% of neonates of leg massage group had severe pain score during heel lance compared to 48% of neonates of control group..........

 

Keywords: Expressed Breast Milk Leg Massage Preterm Neonates' Pain Heel lance

[1]. Hyesang I, Eunjung K , Eunsook P, Kyungsuk S, Wonoak O. Pain reduction of heel stick in neonates: Yakson compared to non-nutritive sucking. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2007; 54 (1): 31-35.
[2]. Jain S, Kumar P, McMillan D. Prior leg massage decreases pain responses to heel stick in preterm babies, Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 2006; 42 : 505–8.
[3]. Eriksson M, Storm H, Fremming A, Schollin J. Skin conductance compared to a combined behavioural and physiological pain measure in newborn infants. Acta Pediatrica 2008; 97: 27–30.
[4]. Aliabadi F. Askary R. Effects of Tactile–Kinesthetic Stimulation on Low Birth Weight Neonates. Iran J Pediatr. 2013; 23(3): 289–294.
[5]. Mirzarahimi M, Mehrnoush N, Shahizadeh S, Samadi N, Amani F. Effect of non-nutritive sucking and leg massage on physiological and behavioral indicators of pain following heel blood sampling in term neonates. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies 2013; 2 (2): 74-79.