iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2016

Abstract: Blood transfusion can be a life-saving intervention. However,it may result in acute or delayed complications and carries the risk of transfusion transmissible infections.WHO emphasizes that blood is an expensive and scarce resource ; unnecessary transfusions may cause a shortage of blood products for patients in real need besides the risk to the recipient.A reduction in unnecessary transfusions through the appropriate clinical use of blood and blood products and the use of simple alternatives to transfusion wherever possible should be considered...............

Keywords: Haemoglobin level, ratinal use of blood, red cell transfusion, single unit blood, transfusion transmissible infections

[1] The Clinical use of Blood. Blood Transfusion Safety .World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002.
[2] Wang JK, Klein HG.Red blood cell transfusion in the treatment and management of anaemia: the search for the elusive transfusion
trigger. Vox Sang,98(1), 2010, 2-11
[3] Practice Guidelines for blood component therapy.A report by the American Society of Anaesthesiologists Task force of Blood
Component therapy. Anaesthesiology , 84, 1996, 732
[4] Napolitano LM, Kurek S, Luchette FA et al. Clinical practice guidelines: red blood cell transfusion in adult trauma and critical care.
Crit Care Med, 37, 2009,3124
[5] Szczepiorkowski ZM, AuBuchan JP. The role of physicians in hospital transfusion services.Transfusion, 45(5), 2006, 862-867

Abstract: Hydranencephaly is a specific worldwide CNS encephaloclastic disorders characterized by destruction of cerebral hemispheres and the corpus striatum and replacement by a thin membranous sac filled with cerebrospinal fluid, glial tissue and ependymal. The sac represents the relatively intact leptomeninges. In this condition midbrain usually remain safe and intact but ambiguity still persists in mode of transmission. However skull and meninges consistent with normal embryogenesis of the telencephalon show their true identity both in congenital or acquired conditions...........

[1]. Stephen L. Kinsman and Michael V. Johnston: Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System:hydranencephaly. Nelson 20thedition.pg no:2817.
[2]. Greco F, Finocchiaro M, Pavone P, Trifiletti RR, Parano E: Hemihydranencephaly: case report and literature review. J Child Neurol 2001,16:218-221. Pavone P, Nigro F, Falsaperla R, Greco F, Ruggieri M, Rizzo R, Pratico AD,
[3]. Pavone L: Hemihydranencephaly: living with half brain dysfunction. Ital J of Pediatr 2013, 39:3.
[4]. Spielmeyer W: Einhydranencephales Zwillingspaar. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr 1905, 39:807.
[5]. Lin YS, Chang FM, Liu CH: Antenatal detection of hydranencephaly at 12 weeks, menstrual age. J Clin Ultrasound 1992, 20:62-64.

Abstract: Haemoglobin variants are inherited disorders of haemoglobin, it is one of the commonest single gene disorder affecting millions of people all over the world, including India. Haemoglobinopathies cause major genetic and public health problems. So, the present study is carried out to find carriers among the healthy individuals to prevent silent transmission of the disorder among the population. Materials and Method: In this study a total of 200 subjects were included amongst the medical students, nurses and nursing students of Silchar Medical College and Hospital for analysis of haemoglobin variants..........

Keywords: Barak Valley Assam, Electrophoresis, Haemoglobinopathies

[1]. Chahal, S.M.S and Rupinder Bansal, Haemoglobin Variants in North Indian Populations, Proteomic Laboratory, Department of Human Biology, Punjabi University, Anthropologist, 2005, Vol.7(1): 1-6
[2]. Longo, Fauci, Kasper, Hauser, Jamsison & Loscalzo , Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, McGraw-Hill companies Inc, USA, 2012, 18th Edition, P-852-859
[3]. Modell B & Darlison M , Global epidemiology of hemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators, Bull World Health Organ, 2008,Vol. 86: 480-87
[4]. Patne Shashikant, C.U & Jyoti Shukla, Hemoglobin E disorders in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2009, Vol.52 (1), January-March
[5]. Patel, J. et al, Prevalence of Haemoglobinopathies in Gujarat, India: A Cross-Sectional Study, The Internet Journal of Hematology, 2009, Vol.5 No.1

Abstract: Thymus is a primary lymphoid organ playing an important role in the development of immune system by generation of "T- cells". It is a bilobed and encapsulated organ consisting of two pyramidal lobes. Understanding age related changes in the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the thymus is important in the evaluation of patients with diseases of thymus which are presented as a variety of immune system disorder and hence this study. The present work is the result of pilot study of 15 human foetal thymus obtained from the museum of department of Anatomy, GIMSR, Visakhapatnam. Age of the fetuses ranged from 19-40 weeks Visakhapatnam...............

Keywords: Thymus, Cortex, Medulla, Hassall's Corpuscles.

[1] Ajita RK, Naranbabu Singh T H, Ibochouba Singh Y, Chandramani Singh L: An insight into the structure of the thymus in humanfoetus – a histological approach. J. Anat. Soc. India, 2006; 55(1); pp 45-49.
[2] Bodey B, Kayser H E: Development of Hassall's bodies of the thymus in humans and othervertebrates especially mammals (1997) under physiological and pathological conditions:immuno-cytochemical, electron microscopic and in vitro observations. In vivo, 1997; 11 (1):61-85.
[3] Bodey B, Siegel S E, Kaiser H E.: Novel insights into the function of the thymic Hassall's bodies. In vivo, 2000; 14 (3): pp 407-418.
[4] Fawcett D W: A Text Book of Histology in Thymus 1994; 12th Edn, Chapman and Hall: New York. pp. 432-444.
[5] Ghali WM, Abedl –Rahman S, Nagib M and Mahran ZY (1980). Intrinsic innervation and vasculature of pre and post-natal human thymus. ActaAnatomica108 115-123

Abstract: Interlocking intramedullary nails is now the standard in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures however cost, use of traction table and image intensifier precludes itscommon use in developing countries, mak-ing open Kuntscher nailing a common procedure. This study was done to evaluate the outcome of Kuntscher nailing with regard to union, infection, limb length and range of motion. We retrospectively reviewed 30 pa-tients with Fracture shaft of femur treated with openKuntscher nailing. Allfractures were simpletransverse, oblique.Patients were discharged from the hospital after 14 days of surgery.........

Keywords: Kuntscher nail, intramedullary nail, femoral shaft fracture

[1]. Sage FP. The second decade of experience with the kuntscher medullary nail in the femur.Clinic Orthop1968; 60:77-85.
[2]. Kuntscher G. The intramedullary nailing of fractures Clinical Orthop1968; 605-1 2.
[3]. Christensen NO. Technique, errors and safeguards in modern Kuntscher nailing.CORR No 15, March-April1976.
[4]. Schatazker J. Open intramedullary nailing of the femur Orthop Clinics 1980; 11623-631.
[5]. HensenRAWJr. Comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft treated by intramedullary nailing Orthop Clinics1980; 11 :633-646.
[6]. Blacklwrn Z, Rang M. Femoral intramedullary nailing in the growing child..I Trutrinc1984; 4:432-434.

Abstract: Anaemia has long been recognised as a feature of CKD. Severe Chronic Kidney Disease has an adverse effect on haematopoiesis. There is imbalance between haematopoiesis and increased destruction. Many Patients with CKD show smear and megaloblastosis on examination of the bone marrow. This suggests that Vitamin B12& folic acid deficiency might be additional factors contributing to inadequate haematopoiesis in uraemia. The most common causes of megaloblastosis are cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate deficiencies. Various studies carried out on Asian Indians with normal renal function show that they have low levels of Vitamin B12 and high levels of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid............

Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, homocysteinemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Vitamin B12 Levels

[1]. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease:evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139: 137-47.
[2]. J.Goddard,A.N.Turner, A.D.Cumming, L.H.Stewart :Davidson's Principle and Practice of Medicine, 20th edition :485-491
[3]. Cockcroft DW,Gault MH: Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine.Nephron 1976;16:31-41
[4]. Gault MH, Longerich LL, Harnett JD, Wesolowski C: Predicting glomerular function from adjusted serum creatinine.Nephron 1992;62:249-256
[5]. Koch K.M., Cook J. D,Finch C.A: Anaemia of regular haeodialysis patients and its treatment:Nephron 1974;12:405-419

Abstract: FetalCystic hygroma is a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. It's characterized by an anechoic cystic mass, which is located in the posterior cervical and on either side of the median line, having at least two cubicles separated by a median wall. The cervical hygroma is seen at 0.3 to 2 % of fetuses, but this impact varies depending on the population studied and gestational age. We report a case observed for the first time in Lubumbashi probably in the Democratic Republic of Congo during a T2 ultrasound in a primigravida 25 years: male fetus with cervical retro mass with 4 stalls, fetal hydrops, peri- ventricular calcifications and nasal bone hypoplasia.

Keywords: Hygroma, Lubumbashi, Ultrasound, DRC

[1]. Y. Robert, Ph. Bourgeot, B. Guérin, Pathologie cervico-faciale in Bernard Guérin (5e Edition) Echographie en pratique obstétricale,
(Paris : Elsevier Masson, 2014), p. 257
[2]. Aly-Abbara, Hygroma kystique cervical, [internet] http://www.alyabbara.
com/echographie/Atlas_echographie/images/flash2/hygroma_cervical.html
[3]. C. Lajeunesse, A. Stadler, B. Trombert, M. N. Varlet, H. Patural, F. Prieur, G. Chêne, Hygroma kystique découvert à l'échographie
obstétrical du 1er trimestre : caractéristiques échographiques, caryotypiques et de devenir de la grossesse, gynécologie obstétrique et
biologie de la reproduction (2014) 43, 455-462
[4]. G. Ducarme, O. Graesslin b, E. Alanio, V. Bige, D. Gaillard, R. Gabriel, Hyperclarté nucale et hygroma cervical au premier
trimestre de la grossesse : diagnostic prénatal et devenir néonatal, gynéco obst et fertilité, 2005, vol. 33, n°10, 750-754

Abstract: Design: Case control study, Setting: Pediatric department of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Participants: Cases were children of age group 6 months to 5 years presenting with simple febrile seizures. Controls were children of same age group presenting with short febrile illness without any seizures, Materials and Methods: In this study, cases 101 children with febrile seizures and 101 febrile children without seizures were taken. (Control. All children were aged between 6 months to 5 years. The groups were matched in age and gender. Blood samples were collected from each child for measuring of blood indices such as HB, MCV and MCH. Serum Ferritine, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), % saturation of transferine are measured and compared,..........

Keywords: Children, febrile seizures, iron deficiency

[1]. Johnston MV. Seizures in childhood. In: Kleigman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BP. Nelson Text book of Pediatrics, 18th Edition Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. P.2457-8.
[2]. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Prenatal and perinatal antecedents of febrile seizures. Ann Neurol. 1990; 27:127-31. [Pub Med]
[3]. Greenwood R, Golding J, Ross E, Verity C. Prenatal and perinatal antecedents of febrile convolutions and afebrile seizures: Data from a national cohort study. Pediatric Perinat Epidemiol. 1998; 12:76-95. [PubMed]
[4]. American Academy of Pediatrics Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Classifying recommendations for clinical practice guidelines. Pediatrics. 2004;114:874-7. [PubMed]
[5]. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE. Febrile seizuress. BMJ. 2007;334:307-11. [PMC free article][PubMed]

Abstract: Introduction: Choice of dissection scalpel versus electrosurgery for skin and subcutaneous tissue has been always a topic of debate. We in this study have aimed to compare the wound outcomes following both. Aims :Compare the wound outcome following scalpel versus electrosurgery incision for skin and subcutaneous tissues in all major abdominal surgeries, hernia repairs and thyroid surgeries. Methods and Materials: Prospective comparative study conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital from October 2013 to October 2015. Patients undergoing scalpel and electrosurgical dissection were compared in postoperative period for wound outcomes and data recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using Chi Square Test and p-value calculated...........

Keywords: Scalpel, Electrosurgery, Skin and Subcutaneous dissection, Wound complications.

[1]. Shivagouda P, Gogeri B.V., Godhi A.S., Metgud S.C. Prospective randomized control trial comparing the efficacy of diathermy
incision versus scalpel incision over skin in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Recent Research in Science and Technology
2010, 2(8): 44-47
[2]. Cushing H. Electrosurgery as an aid to the removal of intracranial tumors with a preliminary note on a new surgical current
generator. Surg GynecolObstet 1989, 64:47:751-84.
[3]. Leaper DJ. Basic surgical skills and anastomosis. In: Russell RC, Williams NS, Bulstrode CJ. Editors. Bailey and Love's Short
Practice of Surgery. 24th ed. London. Arnold; 2004,95-106.
[4]. Siraj A, Farooq-Dar M, Gilani AB, Raziq S. Elective midline laparotomy: Comparison of diathermy and scalpel incisions.
Professional Med J. 2011, 18(1): 106-111
[5]. Duxbury MS, Blake SM, Dashfield A, Lambert AW. A randomized trial of knife versus diathermy in pilonidal disease. Ann R Coll
Surg Eng 2003, 85: 405-7

Abstract: Osteochondroma or osteocartilagenous exostosis is not only a common tumour of oral and maxillofacial skeleton but certainly regarded as the most common benign tumour of bone. Osteochondroma constitutes approximately 10-15% of all bone tumours and 20-50% of all benign tumours. Osteochondroma is an exophytic lesion that originates from the cortex of the bone and is cartilage covered lesion. The pathogenesis of osteochondroma is still controversial as the same has also been considered to be a part of an inherited syndrome. Porter and Simpson suggested that a genetic component might also be involved in the neoplastic pathogenesis...........

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Abstract: Aim: It is a retrospective study to compare the LAVH done by a beginner for laparoscopic surgeries and abdominal hysterectomy cases done by the same team of surgeons. Introduction: Laparoscopic surgeries are replacing open surgeries in all fields.Most of the gynaecologists, who are well trained in open surgeries, are hesitant to start doing laparoscopic surgeries.This study which compares LAVH done by a beginner with abdominal hysterectomy will be beneficial for them. Methodology: This study was done in GMKMCH, Salem from March 2015-March 2016.We have done about 40 cases of LAVH and compared with 40 cases of abdominal hysterectomy done by same team of surgeons............

Keywords: laparoscopic, hysterectomy

[1]. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010 May;20(4):570-5. doi: 10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181d8b105.Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) versus total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) in endometrial carcinoma: prospective cohort study.Devaja O1, Samara I, Papadopoulos AJ.
[2]. Comparison of Laparoscopically Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy and Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Randomized Controlled TrialKiattisak Kongwattanakul, MDKovit Khampitak, MDDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen, Thailand DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2011.10.003
[3]. Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) — An effective alternative to conventional abdominal hysterectomyNisha Kapoor, Seema Manuja, Aruna Mittal, Meenakshi GuptaOriginal ArticleFirst Online: 23 June 2011 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-010-0071-7Kapoor, N., Manuja, S., Mittal, A. et al. J Obstet Gynecol India (2010) 60: 429. doi:10.1007/s13224-010-0071-7Tips from Other Journals

Abstract: Background: Peripheral nerve blocks are used as the sole anaesthetic technique to facilitate painless surgery supplemented with monitored anaesthesia care. People have tried mixing local anaesthetic with adjuvant drugs in an attempt to prolong analgesia duration. Aims of this study is to determine the effects of dexamethasone, when added to bupivacaine on the onset, duration of sensory blockade, motor blockade and evaluated its side effects during interscalene brachial plexus block ..........

Keywords: Peripheral nerve block, interscalene block , bupivacaine, dexamethasone, vas score.

[1]. Winnie AP. Interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesthesia& Analgesia 1970 May-Jun;49(3):455-66.
[2]. Kulenkampff, D (1911). "Zuranästhesierung des plexus brachialis [On anesthesia of the brachial plexus]" (in German). Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie 38: 1337–40.
[3]. G.Hirschel, ―Anesthesia of the brachial pleaxus for operations on the upper,‖ München Med Wochenschr, vol. 58, pp. 1555–1556, 1911.
[4]. Colombo G, Padera R, Langer R, Kohane DS. Prolonged duration local anesthesia with lipid-protein-sugar particles containing bupivacaine and dexamethasone. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 75: 458–64
[5]. Drager C, Benziger D, Gao F, Berde CB.Prolonged intercostal nerve blockade in sheep using controlled-release of bupivacaine and dexamethasone from polymer microspheres.Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 969–79

Abstract: Odontogenic keratocyst is characterized by a large squamous keratinization of its border, an aggressive growth[4] and a high recurrent rate. It has recentlybeendesignated by the World Health Organization as a Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumour (KCOT)[6]. The diagnosis can beconfirmed by the histopathologic examination only. The treatment modalities used are decompression, marsupialization, enucleation and curettage and resection. However, the most appropriate treatment protocol still remains a controversy. The follow up is characterized by a high rate of recurrence............

Keywords: Keraocystic odontogenic tumour, Recurrence, Enucleation, Chemical cauterization, Carnoys solution.

[1]. PhilipsenHP. Om keratocyster (kolesteatomer) ikæberne. Tandlægebladet 1956;60:963–81. Quoted from M.A. Pogrel: The keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT)—an odyssey. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2015; 44: 1565–1568.
[2]. Browne RM. The odontogenic keratocyst. Clinical aspects. Br Dent J 1970;128:225–31.
[3]. Browne RM. The odontogenic keratocyst Histological features and their correlation with clinical behaviour. Br Dent J 1971;131:249–59.
[4]. Shear M. The aggressive nature of the odontogenic keratocyst: is it a benign cystic neoplasm? Part 1. Clinical and early experimental evidence of aggressive behaviour. Oral Oncol. 2002;38(3):219-226. A.
[5]. Shafer, Hine, Levy. Cysts and Tumours of Odontogenic origin. Oral Pathology. 6th edition, Elsevier, 2009, p254-308.

Abstract: We report on a case of a giantfibroadenoma in a 22-years-old women in whomsurgical ablation of a bilateralaxillary mass histologicaldocumented as accesorybreasts. Throughthis observation and review of the literature, wedescribeclinicalfeatureswhichcan orient clinician to a diagnosis of supernumeraryaxillarybreast and emphasizethat, pathologies in normal locatedbreastcanoccur in a supernumerary one.........

Keywords: Axillarybreast, fibroadenoma, post-partum.

[1]. Velanovich V. Ectopic breast tissue, supernumerary breasts, and supernumerary nipples. South Med. J., 1995, 88, 903-906.
[2]. de Andrade J.M., Marana H.R., SarmentoFilho J.M., Murta E.F., Velludo M.A., Bighetti S. Differentialdiagnosis of axillarymasses.
Tumori, 1996, 82, 596-599.
[3]. Espie M. et Gorins A. Développement et anatomie du sein normal. In le sein, Editions Eska, Paris, 1999. 28-31.
[4]. Baruchin A.M., Rosenberg L. Axillary breast tissue: clinical presentation and surgical treatement. Ann. Plast. Surg., 1996, 36, 661-
662.
[5]. Lesavoy M.A., Gomez-Garcia A., Nedl R., Yospur G., Syiau T.J., Chang. Axillary breast tissue: clinical presentation and surgical
treatement. Ann. Plast. Surg., 1995, 35, 356-360.

Abstract: Knowledge about the possible existence and the racial prevalence is mandatory for successful endodontic treatment of cases ofRadix Entomolaris (RE). Factors such as an extra cusp usually buccal (protostylid), prominent distolingual lobe, complexity of the external contour of the furcation and convexity in the cervical region help to diagnose the presence of an RE. Radiographically, double periodontal ligament images or outline of the distal root contour can hint the presence of an RE...........

Keywords: Bilateral Radix Entomolaris,endodontic treatment, Cone beam computed tomography.

[1]. Carabelli G. SystematischesHandbuch der Zahnheikunde. 2 nd ed. Vol. 114. Vienna: Braumuller and Seidel; 1844.
[2]. Carlsen O, Alexandersen V. Radix paramolaris in permanent mandibular molars: Identification and morphology. Scand J Dent Res
1991;99:189-95
[3]. Bolk L. Bemerkungen u berWurzelvariationen am menschlichenunterenMolaren. Zeiting fur Morphologie Anthropologie
1915;17;605-10.
[4]. Garg AK, Tewari RK, Kumar A, Hashmi SH, Agrawal N, Mishra SK. Prevalence of Three-rooted Mandibular Permanent First
Molars among the Indian Population. Journal of Endodontics 2010;36(8):1302-5.
[5]. Walker RT, Quackenbush LE. Three-root lower first permanent molar in Hong-Kong Chinese. Br Dent J 1985;159:298-9. Back to
cited text no. 22

Abstract: Background: Platelets are components of blood involved in processes such as inflammation, metastasis and atherosclerosis by the use of adhesion molecules.sP-Selectin is a cellular adhesion molecule that promotes platelet-tumor cell interactions, venous thromboembolism and tumor metastasis. High plasma levels independently predict venous thrombosis in cancer patients and are known to play a major role in tumor metastasis. No study has determined the levels and associations of sP-selectin in prostate cancer patients in Africa............

Keywords: Platelet activation, P-selectin, Prostate cancer, Venous thromboembolism

[1]. Wagner DD. The Weibel-Palade body: the storage granule for von Willebrand factor and P-selectin. ThrombHaemost.
1993;70:105–110.
[2]. Kim YJ, Borsig L, Varki NM &Varki A (1998). P-selectin deficiency attenuates tumor growth and metastasis. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95: 9325-9330.
[3]. Friederichs J, Zeller Y, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Grone HJ, Ley K, Altevogt P. The CD24/ P-selectin binding pathway initiates lung
arrest of human A125 adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2000;60:6714-6722
[4]. Reyes-Reyes ME, George MD, Roberts JD, Akiyama SK. P-selectin activates integrinmediated colon carcinoma cell adhesion to
fibronectin. Exp Cell Res. 2006;312:4056-4069.
[5]. Basu A, Gosain R, Tantry U, Miller K, Gurbel PA. Platelet Activation and Aggregation in Patients with Advanced
Adenocarcinoma Undergoing Chemotherapy: Correlation with a Validated Venous Thromboembolism Risk Score. Blood 2015;
126(23)

Abstract: Introduction: The symptomatic outcome following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with gallstone disease has notbeen evaluated extensively. Objective:To assess the symptom prevalence of pre and postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out on 60 patients treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomyfrom 2013 to 2016.Patients with choledocholithiasis were excluded.The symptom profile of the patients was evaluated by a standardized interviewer administered questionnaire which included demographic details; pre and post-operative symptoms; returning to full activity; wound complications and their general acknowledgement of the surgical intervention.............

[1]. Walsh TN, Russell RCG. Cholecystectomy and gallbladder conservation. BrJSurg. 1992; 79:4-5
[2]. Morgenstem L, Wong L, Berci G. Twelve hundred open cholecystectomies before the laparoscopic era. Arch Surg1992; 127: 400-3
[3]. Henry ML, Carey LC. Complications of cholecystectomy. SurgClin North Am.1983; 63:1191-204
[4]. Soper NJ, Flye MW, Brunt LM. Dark lining of silver cloud: Biliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gastroenterology 1992;38: A572

[5]. Hess Thaysen E, Pedersen L. Idiopathic bile acid catharsis. Gut1976; 17:965-70

Abstract: Introduction: A comprehensive knowledge of the regional anatomy and abnormalities of the arterial supply to the extra- hepatic biliary system is a requisite for safe biliary tract surgery. Objective: To describe morphological characteristics of arterial supply to extra- hepatic biliary system using human cadavers. Method: Descriptive-prospective cross sectional study was performed in 60 cadavers, to observe variations in arterial supply to extra- hepatic biliary system...............

[1]. Chummy S. Sinnatamby (2000), Last's Anatomy, Regional and Applied, 13th edtion, Churchill Livingstone, UK, page 257-260
[2]. Chaurasia, B.D. (1995). Lower limb and Abdomen. Human Anatomy. Volume two 3rdedn, New Delhi, CBS publishers and distributors, page 237-42,
[3]. Anne M, Agur R, Ming J. Lee Grants (1999). Abdomen, Atlas of Anatomy, 09th edn, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins publishers and distributers. pp 118-120
[4]. Lamah M, Karanjia ND, Dickson GH. Anatomical variations of the extrahepatic biliary tree: review of the world literature. Clin Anat. 2002; 15(4): 314-5
[5]. Champetier J, Letoublon C, Arvieux C, Gerard P, Labrosse PA. Variations of division of the extrahepatic bile ducts: significance and origin, surgical implications.JChir 1989 ; 126(3): 147-54.

Abstract: The management of reproductive failure and infertility requires careful consideration of the endocrine, chromosomal, anatomic, infectious and immunological factors. Current studies have implicated the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to the success and failure of pregnancy. This study was aimed at determining the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IFNγ) and anti-inflammatory (IL10, IL6) cytokines in infertile and fertile women. This is a case-control study involving 80 women (40 infertile women and 40 fertile women) attending............

Keywords: fertility, infertility, cytokines; IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ.

[1]. Ruststein SO, Iqbal HS.(2004) Infecundity, infertility and childlessness in developing countries.DHS comparative reports.ORC Macro and Geneva:World Health Organization.9:1-57.
[2]. Clerici M and Shearer GM (1993). A Th1-Th2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection, Immunol Today.14:107-12 Clark DA,
[3]. Wegmann TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mosmann TL.(1993).Bidirectional cytokine interaction in the maternal-fetal relationship;is successful pregnancy a Th2 phenomenon? Immunol Today;14:353-8
[4]. Krishan L, Guilbert L, Wegmann TG, Belosevic M and Mosmann TL (1996). Correlation with increased IFN-γ,TNF and reduced IL-10 production by placental cells. J immunol; 156:653-62
[5]. Jenkins C, Robert J,Wilson R,Maclean MA,Shilito J,Walker JJ.(2000).Evidence of a Th1 type response associated with recurrent miscarriage.Fertil.Steril;73,1206-1208.

Abstract: Background: Prediction the width of unerupted permanent canines and premolars is far important in assessing the space available to them in an attempt to prevent the future malocclusion. The present study utilized the combined mesio-distal crowns widths of maxillary and mandibular central incisors and first molars to predict the combined mesio-distal crowns widths of maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars in an Iraqi sample.............

Keywords: Prediction, teeth width, space analysis

[1]. Black GV. Descriptive anatomy of human teeth. 4th ed. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing; 1897.
[2]. Tanaka MM, Johnston LE. The prediction of the size of unerupted canines and premolars in a contemporary orthodontic population.
JADA 1974; 88(4): 798-801.
[3]. Moyers RE. Handbook of orthodontics. 4th ed. Chicago: Year Book medical publishers; 1988. pp: 235-40.
[4]. Brown JE. Predicting the mesio-distal crown width of un-erupted maxillary canines, first and second premolars. A master thesis.
School of Dentistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1955.
[5]. Hixon EH, Oldfather RE. Estimation of the sizes of un-erupted cuspid and bicuspid teeth. Angle Orthod 1958; 22(4): 236-40.

Abstract: Coronal fracture of permanent dentition is the most frequent type of dental injury. The immediate agglutination of original fractured tooth is a good alternative option in the scope of emergency treatment for remaining esthetical and functional problems. This article reports the management of Ellis Class II Fractured tooth using adhesive reattachment of the same fragment.

Keywords: Crown fracture, Reattachment, Trauma, Ellis Class II Fracture, uncomplicated fracture, Resin composite

[1]. Andreasen JO, Ravn J J. Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries to primary and permanent teeth in a Danish population sample. Int J Oral Surg 1972;1(5):235-239
[2]. Zerman N, Cavalleri G. Traumatic injuries to permanent incisors. Endodont Dent Traumatol 1993;9(2):61-64.
[3]. Martens LC, Beyls HM, de Craene LG, D'Hauwers RF. Reattachment of the original fragment after vertical crown fracture of a permanent central incisor. J Pedod 1988;13(1):53-62.
[4]. Simonsen R., Thompson V.P., Barrark G.: Etched cast restorations: clinical and laboratory technique. Chicago, Quintessence Publishing Co. 1985: 150 - 151.
[5]. Tennery N.T.: The fractured tooth reunited using the acid etch bonding technique. Tex Dent J 1988; 96: 16 – 17

Abstract: Introduction and purpose: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is multi organs disorder with hyper reactive immune system reflected by excessive skin sclerosis and affected organs. Cytokines were release as basic procedures in SSc pathogenesis as they are convolute in T and B cell activation leading to inflammation, auto antibodies, and microvascular injury this entire event leading to fibrosis.This study is designed to investigate the changes of IL- 6 and Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the whole saliva and serum of patient with SSc. Study design: forty female systemic sclerosis patient diagnosed previously by Rheumatologist in Bagdad teaching hospital in Bagdad cityfrom 2015-2016, serum and saliva werecollect, IL-6 and TGF-B1were investigate and statistical data compared with control subjects. Method: The quantitative determination of TGF-β1was used from Elabscience Company, quantitative determination of human TGF-β1 concentrations in serum, plasma and other biological fluids by ELISA technique.......

Keywords: SSc, IL-6, TGF- β1.

[1]. Ismet H.B., Kryeziu A, Sherifi F.Oral manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis and Correlation with anti-Topoisomerase I Antibodies
(SCL-70)Med Arh. 2015 Jun; 69(3): 153-156
[2]. Mayes M.D., Lacey J.V., Beebe-Dimmer J, Gillespie B.W., Cooper B, Laing T.J., SchottenfeldD. Prevalence, incidence, survival,
and disease characteristics of systemic sclerosis in a large US population. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:(8) 2246–55.
[3]. LeRoy E.C., Medsger T.A. Criteria for the classification of early systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(7):73-6.
[4]. Minier T, Guiducci S, Bellando-Randone S, et al. Preliminary analysis of the Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic
Sclerosis EUST AR multicentre study : evidence f or puffy finger s as a pivotal sign for suspicion of systemic
sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014; 73(12):2087-93.
[5]. Katsumoto T.R., Whitfield M.L., Connolly M.K. The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Annu Rev Pathol 2011; 6:509–537.

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of transverse olecranon fractures treated with tension band wiring and transcortical screw. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial study was carried out for a total of 40 cases of transverse olecranon fractures aged between 18-70 years. After initial work up the patients underwent surgery by either of two techniques. All patients were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months and the results were assessed radiologically and clinically using Mayo Elbow Performance Score............

Keywords: Tension band wiring, Transcortical screw, MEPS.

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104 (2):191-7.
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and Green's Fractures in Adults. 6th ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 95-144.
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failure. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery/ American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. 2006; 15:351-356.
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Joint Surgery. 1995; 77A:316-327.
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the hand. J Hand Surg [Am]1989;14:474-481.

Abstract: Infections caused by Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) lead to persistent infection in most of the times and may cause fibrosis of liver, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present, there is no vaccine available for prevention or treatment of it. With the development of newer and effective anti viral drugs, most of the infections are curable. But a proportion of infections may progress to cirrhosis of liver /or hepatocelllar carcinoma in spite of being cured from the infection. So, early diagnosis of HCV infections and treatment with effective antiviral drugs is required for prevention of end stage liver disease.

Keywords: hepatitis C, transmission, cirrhosis, treatment, prevention.

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[2]. API Medicine Text book
[3]. Westbrook RH, Dusheiko G. Natural history of hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2014; 61 (1 suppl); S58-68
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1224-32

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the color difference between the facing of resin-veneered prostheses after fabrication and the original shade guide tab specified, as well as to investigate the factors affecting reproducibility. A total of 187 resin-veneered prostheses were fabricated and the color of the veneer facing was compared with the Vita Lumin Classical Shade Guide tab specified. Information regarding the shade guide tab, tooth type, position, dental laboratory, and resin material was recorded. The veneer facing of the completed prosthesis was colorimetrically measured in three regions (incisal, body, and cervical) by a spectrophotometer, and the color of the target shade guide tab was measured in the same way............

Keywords: color, reproducibility, resin-veneered prosthesis, shade guide.

[1] Wee AG, Monaghan P, Johnston WM. Variation in color between intended matched shade and fabricated shade of dental porcelain.
J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:657-66.
[2] Klemetti E MA, Haag P, Kononen M. Shade selection performed by novice dental professionals and colorimeter. J Oral Rehabil
2006;33:31-5.
[3] Derdilopoulou FV, Zantner C, Neumann K, et al. Evaluation of visual and spectrophotometric shade analyses: a clinical comparison
of 3758 teeth. Int J Prosthodont 2007;20:414-6.
[4] Li Q, Wang YN. Comparison of shade matching by visual observation and an intraoral dental colorimeter. J Oral Rehabil
2007;34:848-54.
[5] Judeh A, Al-Wahadni A. A comparison between conventional visual and spectrophotometric methods for shade selection.
Quintessence Int 2009;40:e69-79.

Abstract: Schwannomas are derived from Schwann cells, the most common sites being upper extremiteis, trunk, retroperitoneum, head and neck, mediastinum. However they can arise from the gastrointestinal tract too, including the biliary system. We present a case of a 40 year old gentleman, who presented with obstructive jaundice whose computed tomography of the abdomen was suggestive of mass lesion at the porta causing intra hepatic biliary radicle dilatation. And MRCP s/o similar findings with an endosonography s/o hydatid cyst. He underwent local resection with biliary enteric reconstruction and the histopathological examination confirmed a biliary duct schwannoma. On follow at 6 months, the patient is a symptomatic and shows no signs of recurrence. We have also reviewed the literature of biliary tract schwannomas.

Keywords: Biliary Tract, Hilarcholangiocracinoma, Schwannoma.

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