iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2017

Abstract: Pregnancy is a physiological state associated with many alterations in the metabolic, biochemical, physiological, hematological and immunological process. If there are no complications, all these changes are reversible in few days to months after delivery. Hypertension during pregnancy is a major health problem being a leading cause of maternal, fetal & perinatal morbidity and mortality. Fifty percent of women diagnosed with gestational hypertension between 24 and 35 weeks develop preeclampsia (PE). Pre-eclampsia is a multi-system disorder of unknown etiology, unique to pregnancy, with onset after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia remains poorly characterized with regard to pathophysiology involved in the development of hypertensive disease in pregnancy. It has been described as a two stage disease

[1]. Lincy Joseph, Mathew George, Anju Alex. A review on estimation of Serum LDH and Uric acid in hypertensive vs normal pregnant
woman and its correlation with maternal outcome in tertiary hospital. Int J Therapeutic Appl, Vol 32, 2016, 35-37.
[2]. Barton JR, O'brien JM, Bergauer NK, Jacques DL, Sibai BM. Mild gestational hypertension remote from
[3]. Ian Donald RenuMisra MS, editor - Ian Donald's Practical Obstetric Problem.6thEdition.New Delhi. BI Publications Pvt
Ltd;2012.Chapter:Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy:281-309
[4]. Roberts JM, Gammill HS. Preeclampsia: recent insights. Hypertension. 2005;46(6):1243-1249.
[5]. Jan AK, Jamil M. Management of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. JPMI 2000; 14(1): 7-19.

Abstract: Bad breath can be detrimental to one's self- image and confidence causing social, emotional, and psychological anxiety. With the majority of breath problems having an oral origin, the dental office is the most logical place for patients to seek treatment. The etiology of halitosis is related to release of odiferous compounds like volatile sulphur compounds in the exhaled air. This article reviews the etio-pathogenesis and patho-physiology of halitosis (oral malodor) , various classification systems, methods of detection and its management.

Keywords: Halitosis, Oral malodor, Periodontitis, Review, Volatile sulphur compounds.

[1]. Loesche, WJ; Kazor, C . "Microbiology and treatment of halitosis". Periodontology 2000 .2002;28:256-79.
[2]. Miyazaki H, Arao M, Okamura K, Kawaguchi Y, Toyofuku A, Hoshi K, YaegakiK.Tentative classification of halitosis and its
treatment needs.Niigata Dent 1999 J 32: 7–11
[3]. Lu, D. Halitosis: an etiologic classification, a treatment approach, and prevention. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, And Oral Pathology
1982; 54(5): 521-526
[4]. Rosenberg M. Bad breath: research perspectives. Ramat Aviv: Ramot Publishing-Tel Aviv University Press; 1997.
[5]. Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements
in the general population. J Periodontol. 1995;66(8):679-84.

Abstract: Background : A multi provider health system comprising of modern as well traditional systems of medicine in the form of AYUSH is of paramount importance. Objectives: 1. To study the utilization of services by patients attending District AYUSH Hospital, Davangere. 2. To find out the client satisfaction among patients towards AYUSH services offered. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among 335 patients attending in District AYUSH Hospital, Davangere in February – March 2014. Data was gathered by direct patient interviews as well as hospital records. Descriptive statistics was done using percentages and proportions..............

Keywords: AYUSH, Ayurveda, ISM&H, Patient satisfaction, Service utilization

[1]. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-III), 2005–06: India: Volume I. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. Mumbai.
[2]. A study report on situational analysis, assessment of expressed need and standardization of "AYUSH" healthcare facilities in Chhattisgarh, 2010. State health resource centre & Dept. of AYUSH, Chhattisgarh.
[3]. Evaluation study report on ayurvedic dispensaries of Delhi Government, 2006. Planning department. (Evaluation unit). Govt. of NCT of Delhi.
[4]. Singh P, Yadav RJ, Pandey A. Utilization of indigenous systems of medicine & homoeopathy in India. Indian J Med Res. 2005 Aug;122(2):137-42. PubMed PMID:16177471.
[5]. Assessment of AYUSH in Rajasthan after mainstreaming, 2010. Society for Economic Development & Environmental Management.

Abstract: Introduction: IgM Nephropathy (IgMN) is a relatively new clinico-immunopathologic entity which presents as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children. Paediatric IgMN has a wide clinico-histopathological spectrum with ill-defined treatment options. Nephrologists often face a challenge in diagnosing and deciding the best treatment plan for these children. Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted from January 2010-December 2014 to analyze the clinical spectrum and treatment responses of IgMN in our tertiary centre in Eastern India. All children aged 6 months-14 years with biopsy proven IgMN were included in this study..........

Keywords: IgM nephropathy, immunosuppressants, renal biopsy, Steroid dependent NS

[1]. Al-Eisa A, Carter JE, Lirenman DS, Magil AB. Childhood IgM nephropathy: comparison with minimal change
disease. Nephron. 1996; 72:37–43.
[2]. Myllymaki J, Saha H, Mustonen J, Helin H, Pasternack A. IgM nephropathy: clinical picture and long-term prognosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41:343-50.
[3]. Westphal S, Hansson S, Mjornstedt L, Molne J, Swerkersson S, Friman S. Early recurrence of nephrotic syndrome
(immunoglobulin M nephropathy) after renal transplantation successfully treated with combinations of plasma exchanges,
immunoglobulin, and Rituximab. Transplant Proc. 2006; 38:2659-60.
[4]. Cohen A, Border W, Glassock R. Nephrotic syndrome with glomerular mesangial IgM deposits. Lab Invest. 1978; 38:610-9.
[5]. Bhasin H, Abeulo J, Nayak R, Esparza A. Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Lab Invest. 1978; 39:21-9.

Abstract: Xeroderma Pigmentosa is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease characterised by inability to repair DNA damage caused by UV light. Those affected are extremely sensitive to the UV portion of the light. Affected individuals rapidly develop skin atrophy, splotchy pigmentation, telangectasias and skin cancers. These patients have increased propensity for UV radiation induced mutagenesis. Neoplasms occur commonly in the skin exposed areas. Basal cell carcinomas being the most commonly encountered variety. Squamous cell carcinoma has been infrequently reported. Here we report a case of a 17 year old girl of Xeroderma Pigmentosa with squamous cell carcinoma of lower lip.

Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma, Llower lip, Xeroderma Pigmentosa.

[1]. Norgaurer J, Idrko M, Panther E, Hellstern O, Herouy Y, Xeroderma pigmentosum, Eur J Dermatol 2003, Jan-Feb;13 (1): 4-9.
[2]. Horenstein MG, Diwan AH. Xeroderma pigmentosum. emedicine (http://www.emedicine.BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH
2005; VOL 29 (3) : 105 Xeroderma Pigmentosum with Squamous Cell Carcinoma com/derm/topic 462.htm, accessed on 08 June
2005).
[3]. SarojiniPA,MalhotraYK,BhutaniLK,KandhariKC.The de-sanctiscacchionesyndrome.Indian J DermVener 1969;35:247.
[4]. Kleijer WJ, Laugel V, Berneburg M, Nardo T, Fawcett H, Gratchev A, et al. Incidence of DNA repair deficiency disorders in
western Europe: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008;7:744-50.
[5]. Hirai Y, Kodama Y, Moriwaki S, Noda A, Cullings HM, Macphee DG, et al. Heterozygous individuals bearing a founder
mutation in the XPA DNA repair gene comprise nearly 1% of the Japanese population. Mutat Res 2006;601:171-8

Abstract: Application of root canal irrigant is one of the factors that affect the success of endodontic treatment. Unfortunately, there is no single irrigant which qualify as an ideal irrigant. Lerak fruit can be used as an alternative irrigant for root canal irrigation due to almost qualify as an irrigant. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of various root canal irrigants in removing root canal smear layer. Samples of 50 human extracted mandibular premolars were done crown separation at the CEJ.............

Keywords: Lerak, root canal irrigant, smear layer

[1]. Agrawal Vineet S, Rajesh M, Sonali K, Mukesh P. A contemporary overview of endodontic irrigants – A review. Journal of Dental
application 2014; 1(6): 105-15.
[2]. Young GR, Parashos P, Messer HH. The principle of technique for cleaning root canal. Australian Dental Journal 2007; 52(1 Suppl): 52- 3.
[3]. Torabinejad M, Walton RE. Endodontics principles and practice. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 258- 68.
[4]. Kocani F, Kamberi B, Dragusha E, Mrasori S, Haliti F. The cleaning efficiency of the root canal after different instrumentation
technique and irrigation protocol: A SEM analysis. Journal of Stomatology 2012; 2: 69-76.
[5]. Dechichi P, Moura CCG. Smear layer: a brief review of general concepts. Part I. characteristics, compounds, structure, bacteria and
sealing. RFO UPF 2006; 11(2): 96-9.

Abstract: The birth injuries are avoidable and unavoidable mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant at birth and this study aims to know the birth injuries in neonates attended Neonatal OPD / admitted in NICU of Government General Hospital, Kurnool. This study is a hospital based prospective cohort study conducted from March 2013 to February 2014. The babies were examined for birth injuries, relevant obstetric history regarding maternal age, number of previous pregnancies, parity of mother, mode of delivery, difficult labour like malpresentations, malposition, history of any instrumentations used like forceps or vacuum , caesarean sections, Gestational age and birth weight of the baby were noted..........

Keywords: Neonatal birth injuries, birth asphyxia, normal presentations, abnormal presentations and birth weight.

[1]. Petrovic O, Bilic I. Birth trauma – obstetric view. Gynaecol Perinatol 2008; 17(2):68–72.
[2]. Hayman R. Caesarean section. In: Luesley DM, Baker PN, editors. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Evidence-based Text Book for
MRCOG. London: Arnold Publishers; 2004. 374-356.
[3]. Charusheela Warke, Sushma malik, Manish chokhandre, Ashwin saboo . Birth Injuries - A Review of Incidence, Perinatal Risk
Factors and Outcome. Bombay Hospital Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2012; 202-208
[4]. Alexander JM, Leveno KJ, Haulth J et al. fetal injury associated with caesarean delivery. Obste Gynecol 2006; 108(4) 885-90.
[5]. Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC et al. Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infantal adverse outcomes and
population based retrospective analysis. BMJ, 2004; 329: 24-29.

Abstract: Sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The sacral hiatus is the deficiency in the lower part of the dorsal wall of the sacral canal resulting from the failure of the fusion of most commonly the laminae of the 5th sacral vertebra. During caudal epidural anaethesia, the anaesthetic drug is injected through the sacral hiatus to gain access to the epidural space of the sacral canal. The study is an attempt to examine the morphological as well as morphometrical aspects of sacral hiatus. Thirty sacra were taken up for the study. The sacra were studied for shape of sacral hiatus, position of the apex, position of the base, width of the base, length of hiatus and its depth at the apex...........

Keywords: Sacrum, sacral hiatus, sacral canal, caudal epidural anaesthesia.

[1]. Standring S. The back in Anatomy : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 40th edition (Edinburgh : Elsevier, 2008), 707-48.
[2]. Kumar V, Nayak SR, Potu BK. Sacral hiatus in relation to low backache in South Indian population. Brat isk. Lek. Listv. 110(7),
2009, 436-41.
[3]. Nagar SK. A study of sacral hiatus in dry human sacra. Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 53 (2), 2004, 18-21.
[4]. Patel ZK, Thummar B, Rathod SP, Single TC, Patel S, Zalawadia A. Multicentric morphometric study of dry human sacrum of
Indian population in Gujarat region. NJIRM, 2(2), 2011, 31-35.
[5]. Shewale SN, Laeeque M, Kulkarni PR, Diwan CV. Morphological and morphometrical study of sacral hiatus. International Journal
of Recent Trends in Science and Technology, 6 (1), 2013, 48-52.

Abstract: Introduction: The evaluation of a neck mass is a common clinical condition to which an ENT clinician routinely encounters. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, quick and cost effective method to sample superficial masses found in the neck. It causes minimal trauma to the patient and carries virtually no risk of complication. Masses located within the region of head and neck including salivary glands and thyroid masses can be readily diagnosed using this technique. Material and Method: The material consists of 100 patients with neck swellings coming to the ENT OPD at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi..........

Keywords: Neck swellings, Fine needle aspiration cytology, Histopathology

[1]. Lumley JSP, Chan S, Harris H, Zangana MOM. Physical signs. 18th edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997.
[2]. Celeste NP, Williams JF. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the head and neck. USA: Butterworth Heinemann; 1996. p 1–13.
[3]. Gamba PG, Messineo A, Antoniello LM, Boccato P, Blandamura S, Cecchetto G, Dall'Igna P, Guglielmi M. A simple exam to screen superficial masses: fineneedle aspiration cytology. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995 Feb;24(2):97-9.
[4]. Watkinson JC, Wilson JA, Gaze M, Stell PM, Maran AGD. Stell and Maran's Head and neck surgery, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 4th edition, chapter 2; 2000. p 20-21
[5]. Russel RCG, William NS, Bulstrode CJK. Bailey and Love's short practice of surgery. 24th edition. London: Arnold; 2004

Abstract: Background: Ropivacaine is considered to have more selectivity for sensory blockade with lower systemic toxicity compared to agents like bupivacaine. In this study, spinal block characteristics of hyperbaric ropivacaine with and without fentanyl in cesarean section were studied. Materials and methods: One hundred (100) parturients undergoing elective lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) were recruited in this randomized double-blind controlled study. They were allocated into two groups: Group A –15mg 0.6% hyperbaric ropivacaine and..........

Keywords:- Ropivacaine, fentanyl, spinal anesthesia, caesarean section

[1]. Gupta R, Bogra J, Singh PK, Saxena S, Chandra G, Kushwaha JK. Comparative study of intrathecal hyperbaric versus isobaric
ropivacaine: A randomized control trial. Saudi J Anaesth 2013;7:249-53.
[2]. Afolabi BB, Lesi FE. Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17.
Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076903. [Last accessed 2015 Aug 20].
[3]. Kuthiala G, Chaudhary G. Ropivacaine: A review of its pharmacology and clinical use. Indian J Anaesth 2011; 55:104-10.
[4]. Gupta A, Bogra J, Singh PK, Kushwaha JK, Srivastava P (2014) A Randomised Double-Blinded Dose Response Study of the
Fentanyl with Hyperbaric Ropivacaine in Cesarean Section. J Anesth Clin Res 5:467. doi: 10.4172/2155-6148.1000467.
Available from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/a-randomised-doubleblinded-dose-response-study-of-the-fentanyl-
2155-6148.1000467.php?aid=34018 [Last accessed 2015 Sep 20]
[5]. Fatima N, Singh NR, Singh LP, Doddaiah DB, Singh TH, Taloh Y. Comparative study of the effect of dexmedetomidine and
butorphanol as epidural adjuvants in abdominal hysterectomy under intrathecal levobupivacaine anesthesia. J Med Soc
2016;30:166-71.

Abstract: Background: The present study is undertaken to compare the safety and efficacy of 25ug oral Misoprostol with that of 25ug vaginal Misoprostol & foley bulb with oxytocin induction in prolonged pregnancy (>41 Weeks)& study of the maternal & fetal outcome. Methods: About 150 women are to be randomized to either oral Misoprostol or vaginal Misoprostol or foley bulb with oxytocin induction. The effect on labour induction and induction – delivery interval is studied. The mode of delivery, the maternal and fetal outcome between 3groups are compared. The cost effectiveness between 3 methods of induction is assessed.........

Keywords:- Foley bulb, Induction, Misoprostol, Prolonged pregnancy.

[1]. Nirmala Hanji, sreelatha S,Tejaswini.B.Hiremath-A comparative study of oral versus vaginal 25ug Misoprostol for induction of
labour in postdated pregnancy-Scholars journal of applied Medical sciences 2014;2(3D):1164-1170
[2]. Murthy Bhaskar Krishnamuthy,Arkalgud Mangala srikantaiah- To compare the safety, efficacy, cost and fetal outcome of
misoprostol with that of combination of dinoprostone and oxytocin for induction of labor-J Obstet and Gynecol 2006-
september/October.vol,56,No.5;page 413-41.
[3]. Khadija Bano ,Mahjabeen,Shereen,Zufiquar Bhutta –A comparative study of Oral and Vaginal Misoprostol in Induction of labour.-
Journal of clinical and diagnostic research- 2013 Dec; 7(12): 2866–2869.
[4]. Fatemeh vahid Roudsari,Sedigheh Ayati,Marzieh Ghasemi,Maliheh Hasanzadeh Mofrad,Mohmed,Taghi Shakeri-Comparision of
vaginal Misoprostol with Foley catheter for cervical ripening and Induction of labour-Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
(2011) 10(1):149-154 January 2010.
[5]. Katrein Oude Rengerink,Marta Jozwiak,Jan Willaim de Leeuw,Irene de Graaf,Marielle G.van Pampus-Induction of labor at term
with oral misoprostol or Foley catheter, the PROBAAT-II trial (NTR3466) AJOG-january 2015 Volume 212, Issue 1, Supplement,
Pages S14–S15.

Abstract: Aim: To compare open haemorrhoidectomy with minimally invasive procedure for haemorrhoids with special reference to operative time, post operative pain, post operative bleeding, duration of hospital stay and recurrence. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study comparing the two types of surgical procedures for haemorrhoids 1. Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy, Minimally invasive Procedure for haemorrhoids in 45 patients admitted and underwent surgery in with complaints of bleeding per rectum, pain during defecation, mass per rectum, discharge and irritation...........

Keywords:- Stapler haemorrhoidopexy, Milligan-Morgan Haemorrhoidectomy, Minimally invasive procedure

[1]. Jean François Gravié et al; comparative study between stapler haemorrhoidectomy and open haemorrhoidectomy, Randomized Control Trials conducted in France; Annals of Surgery;2005; 242(1) 29-35.
[2]. Kim JS et al; Stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus milligan-morgan hemorrhoidectomy in circumferential third-degree hemorrhoids: long-term results of a randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013 Jul;17(7):1292-8. Epub 2013 May 14.
[3]. Ammaturo C et al; Stapled haemorrhoidopexy vs. Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy for grade III haemorrhoids: a randomized clinical trial. Conducted in Italy; G Chir. 2012 Oct;33(10):346-51.
[4]. Tjandra JJ,Chan MK. Systemic review on the procedure for prolapse and haemrrhoides(stapled hemrrhoidopexy). Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50(6):878-92.
[5]. Nisar PJ, Acheson AG, Neal KR, Scholefield JH. Stapler hemorrhoidopexy compared with conventional hemorrhoidectomy: systemic review of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47(11):1837-45.

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetes and its complications pose a major threat to the public health throughout the world. Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the common causes of hospital admissions among diabetics in India. This study was aimed at creating a database on epidemiology and biochemical profile of diabetic foot ulcer patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted among 32 diabetic foot ulcer patients and various epidemiological data were collected using proforma. Biochemical parameters such as HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins, blood urea and serum creatinine were estimated within 24 hours of hospital admission..........

Keywords:- Diabetic foot ulcer, HbA1C, Kerala, Lipid profile

[1]. Vijay V, Snehalatha C, Ramachandran A. Socio-cultural practices that may affect the development of the diabetic foot. IDF
BULLETIN. 1997;42:10-13.
[2]. Assal JP, Groop L. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. World Health Organization.
1999:1-65.

[3]. Li X, Xiao T, Wang Y, Gu H, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Lu Z, Yang X, Lan Y, Xu Z. Incidence, risk factors for amputation among
patients with diabetic foot ulcer in a Chinese tertiary hospital. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2011 Jul 31;93(1):26-30.
[4]. Reiber GE, Boyko EJ, Smith DG. Lower extremity foot ulcers and amputations in diabetes. Diabetes in America. 1995 Jul 1;2:409-
27.
[5]. Stockl K, Vanderplas A, Tafesse E, Chang E. Costs of lower-extremity ulcers among patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004
Sep 1;27(9):2129-34.

Abstract: Vaginal discharge is one of the most common symptoms of gynecological morbidity. Vaginitis is the most prevalent cause followed by cervicitis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) often present with vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge (safed pani in Hindi) is one of the leading symptoms for which the women seek care. The concept of safed paani is linked to ayurvedic beliefs about balance among the body dhatus. Safed pani is also widely attributed to heat. It is associated with a variety of psychological disorders...........

Keywords:- Perception, vaginal discharge, review article

[1]. Loretta B. Reproductive tract infection and abortion among adolescent girls in rural Nigeria. Lancet 1995;345:300-4.
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[3]. Tswana SA. Hospital based study of sexually transmitted diseases at Murewa, Zimbabwe. Sexually Transmit Dis 1995;22:1-6.
[4]. Narjis Rizvi, Stephen Luby. Vaginal Discharge: Perceptions and Health Seeking Behavior among Nepalese Women.JPMA 54:620;2004).
[5]. Obeyesekere G.1976.The impact of ayurvedic ideas on the culture and the individual in Sri Lanka.In Asian Medical Systems.C.Leslie,ed,Berkeley:University of California Press.

Abstract: Introduction: Laparoscopic gynecological surgeries have gained popularity due to wide range of benefits. However the complications related to abdominal entry site persists. Major complications are large blood vessel and gastrointestinal tract injury accounting for 50% prior to the commencement of surgery.(1 and 2) The access locations usually are 1.Umbilical point 2.Left upper quadrant or Palmer's point and Jain point .The present study was performed to assess the safety profile of different laparoscopic entry sites in gynaecological surgeries..........

Keywords:- Port entry,palmer's point, jain point

[1]. J. Magrina complications of laparoscopic surgery clin obstet Gynecol, volume 45, 2002, pp. 469-480
[2]. F.W. Jansen, w. Kolkman, E.A Bakkum, C.D. De Kroon, T.C.M. Trimbos Kemper, J.B. trimbos Complications of laparoscopic: an inquiry about closed verses open entry technique Am J Obstet Gynecol vol 190, 2004, pp 634-638.
[3]. Liakakos T, Thomakos N, Fine PM, Drevenis C, Young RL. Peritoneal adhesions Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical significance. Recent advances in prevention and management. Dig surge 2001, 18:260-273.
[4]. Ellis H, The magmnitude of adhesions related problems. Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1998;87:9-11.

[5]. Krishnakumar S, Tambe P. Entry complications in laparoscopic surgery. J Gynecol Endosc Surg.2009;1:4–11.

Abstract: Cysticercosis is a systemic helminthic infection endemic in India, caused by larva of cestode Taenia solium. It has variety of clinical features depending upon the site involved, most common sites being brain, subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscles. It can be diagnosed by variety of diagnostic modalities like radiology, cytology and histopathology. Fine needle aspiration cytology is the preferred diagnostic tool for diagnosis of Cysticercosis in a secondary level care centre like ours due to its low cost.

Keywords:- Fine needle aspiration cytology, Cysticercosis, Cysticercus cellulosae, Intramuscular

[1]. Vija yaraghavan SB. Sonographic appearances in cysticercosis. J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:423-7.
[2]. Carpio A, Escobar A, Hauser WA. Cysticercosis and epilepsy: A critical review. Epilepsia 1998;39:1025-40.
[3]. Mittal A, Das D, Iyer N, Nagaraj J, Gupta M. Masseter cysticercosis: A rare case diagnosed on ultrasound. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2008; 37:113-6.
[4]. Sahoo RK, Subudhi SK, Panda A, Pathak H, Panda S. Isolated masseter cysticercosis in a healthy woman. J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2015;3:11-4.
[5]. Elias FM, Martins MT, Foronda R, Jorge WA, Arajio NS. Oral cysticercosis : case report and review of the literature. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2005;47(2):95-8.

Abstract: Background: In our environment the paediatric population constitutes a large number of our otolaryngologic surgical patients. This study determined the pattern of paediatric otolaryngological surgeries in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Patients And Methods: This was a retrospective study of paediatric patients who had otolaryngological surgeries in the department of Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) surgery of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Port Harcourt from January 2000 to December 2012. The patient's data were retrieved from the theatre and clinic registers...........

Keywords:-Paediatric otolaryngological surgeries, Adenotonsillectomy, Direct lanryngoscopy, Tracheostomy, Upper airway obstruction.

[1]. Ibekwe MU, Mbalaso O.C. Pattern of Paediatric Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases in Port Harcourt, South, South, Nigeria. The
Nigerian Health Journal 2015; 5(2): 48-54.
[2]. Fasunla AJ, Samdi M, Nwaorgu OG. An audit of Ear, Nose and Throat diseases in a tertiary health institution in South-western
Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2013; 14:1.
[3]. Hamid A, Satter F, Shah-e-Din. Prevalence rate and morbidity pattern of common ENT diseases and disorders in infants and
children. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute, 1991; 5(2):59-67.
[4]. Maw AR. Is your grommet really necessary?. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1987; 62: 656-658.
[5]. Kishve SP, Kumar N, Kishve PS, Aarif SMM, Kalakoti P. Ear, Nose and Throat disorders in paediatric patients at a rural hospital in India. Australasian Medical Journal AMJ. 2010; 3(12):786–790.

Abstract: Blood transfusion is a frequent and integral part of critical care. Although life saving it can occasionally be unsafe and results in spectrum of adverse events. Acute transfusion reactions (ATRs) are probably under diagnosed in critically ill patients due to confusion of the symptoms with the underlying disease. This was a retrospective review from Dec 2014 to Dec 2016. The ATRs related to the administration of blood components in the patients admitted to ICU for various reasons were recorded, analyzed and classified on the basis of their clinical features and laboratory tests..........

Keywords:- ATRs – Acute transfusion reaction, FNHTR - Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reaction, ICU – Intensive care unit, PRBCs – Packed red blood cells

[1]. Sahu S, Hemlata, Verma A. Adverse events related to blood transfusion. Indian J Anaesth 2014; 58: 543-51.
[2]. Faber J C. Worldwide overview of existing hemovigilance systems. Transfusion Apher Sci 2004; 31: 99-100.
[3]. Mazzezi CA, Popovsky MA, Kopko PM. American Association of Blood Banks. 16th ed Maryland 2008. Noninfectious complications of blood transfusion. In Technical Manual; pp 5-51.
[4]. Rao MP, Boralessa H, Morgan C, Soni N, Goldhill DR, Brett S J, et al. North Thames Blood Interest Group. Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 527-9
[5]. Callera F, Silva CO, Moura AF, Melo DB, Melo CM. Description of acute transfusion reactions in a Brazilian transfusion service. Bras Hematol. Hemoter 2004; 26(2): 78-83.

Abstract: Introduction: Laryngoscopy and intubation is known to cause exaggerated hemodynamic response and increased intracranial pressure. Earlier studies have shown that the type of laryngoscope blade influences the degree of hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation. The aim of the study was to to compare the stress response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubationwhile using Macintosh and McCoy type blades. Materials & Methods: It is a prospective, comparative study including 60 patients undergoing various surgical procedures requiring general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation between age group 20-50 years of both sexes with ASA grade 1 and 2 were chosen...........

Keywords:- Hemodynamic Response, Laryngoscopy, McCoy's Blade, Macintosh Blade, Stress Response

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Abstract: Background: The outcome in children with traumatic brain injury is distinctive because of the different biophysical properties of the skull and brain, and their reaction to injury. Methods: In this prospective study of 403 children with traumatic brain injury, managed over a period of two years, at SKIMS, the factors influencing outcome were analysed . Results: Out of 403 children 252(63%) were males and 151(37.75%) were females. Most of patients 161/403(40%) were under 5 years of age. Fall was most common mode of injury in 228/403(56.60%) followed by Road traffic accidents.229/403(57.30%) patients presented with GCS 13-15, 122/403(29.80%) with GCS OF 9-12 and 52/403(13%) with GCS of 8 and less..........

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Abstract: Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) cuts across all age groups and its management has been revolutionized by the use of microscopes and other modern equipments in developed countries. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management is the key to good clinical recovery. This study established the clinical profile of adult CSOM in Port Harcourt Nigeria and highlighted its management challenges. Patients And Methods: This was a retrospective study of adult patients who presented to the department of Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) surgery of the UPTH, Port Harcourt from January 2002 to December 2012. The patient's data were retrieved from the clinic registers and patients' case notes...........

Keywords:-Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media, tubotympanic disease, antico-antra disease, conservative medical treatment, tympanic membrane perforation, surgical treatment.

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