iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-5 ~ May 2025

Abstract: We present the case of a 20-year-old female with primary amenorrhea who was evaluated for absent menstruation. On examination, breast development was normal (Tanner stage 5), but the patient had no vaginal orifice. Investigations, including hormonal assays, revealed elevated levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH. Imaging studies (ultrasound and MRI) showed the absence of the uterus and ovaries. Karyotyping confirmed a 46, XY chromosomal pattern, leading to the diagnosis of Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). This case highlights the importance of considering AIS in the differential diagnosis of primary amenorrhea, especially in the presence of normal female secondary sexual characteristics and absence of menstruation. The appropriate workup, including hormonal testing, imaging, and karyotyping, is essential for the timely diagnosis and management of AIS.

Keywords:Primary amenorrhea, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, Disorder of Sexual Development.

[1] M.B. Oakes, A.D. Eyvazzadeh, E. Quint, Y.R. Smith, Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome—A Review, J. Pediatric. Adolesc. Gynecol. 21 (December (6)) (2008) 305–310.
[2] C. Chang, S. Yeh, S.O. Lee, Et Al., Androgen Receptor (AR) Pathophysiological Roles In Androgen-Related Diseases In Skin, Bone/Muscle, Metabolic Syndrome And Neuron/Immune Systems: Lessons Learned From Mice Lacking AR In Specific Cells, Nucl. Recept. Signal. 11 (2013) E001.
[3] A. Galani, S. Kitsiou-Tzeli, C. Sofokleous, E. Kanavakis, A. Kalpini-Mavrou, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Clinical Features And Molecular Defects, Hormones 7 (3) (2008) 217–229.
[4] Singh S, Ilyayeva S. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. Treasure Island. Statpearls Publishing; 2021.
[5] Hughes IA. Consensus Statement On Management Of Intersex Disorders. Archives Of Disease In Childhood. 2005;91(7):554 - 563. DOI: 10.1136/Adc.2006.098319

Abstract: Background Childhood immunization is a cornerstone of public health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where vaccine-preventable diseases significantly contribute to child mortality. Despite global efforts, immunization coverage in many LMICs remains below target levels. This article examines the determinants of childhood immunization through the lens of the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM), considering influences at intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels. By integrating findings from diverse studies, this analysis provides a.....

Keywords : Immunization; Socio-Ecological Model; LMICs; Secondary Data Analysis; Health Equity

[1] Frenkel L. D. (2021). The Global Burden Of Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases In Children Less Than 5 Years Of Age: Implications For COVID-19 Vaccination. How Can We Do Better?. Allergy And Asthma Proceedings, 42(5), 378–385. Https://Doi.Org/10.2500/Aap.2021.42.210065
[2] [PDF] The Global Burden Of Vaccine Preventable Infectious Diseases In Children Less Than 5 Years Of Age: Can We Do Better? | Semantic Scholar. (N.D.-B). Https://Www.Semanticscholar.Org/Paper/The-Global-Burden-Of-Vaccine-Preventable-Infectious-renkel/865dba7d04205fa2053a097fa6cdc418f1af05d1
[3] Jones, C. E., Danovaro-Holliday, M. C., Mwinnyaa, G., Gacic-Dobo, M., Francis, L., Grevendonk, J., Nedelec, Y., Wallace, A., Sodha, S. V., & Sugerman, C. (2024). Routine Vaccination Coverage - Worldwide, 2023. MMWR. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 73(43), 978–984. Https://Doi.Org/10.15585/Mmwr.Mm7343a4
[4] Wilson, Lindsay & Rubens-Augustson, Taylor & Murphy, Malia & Jardine, Cynthia & Crowcroft, Natasha & Hui, Charles & Wilson, Kumanan. (2018). Barriers To Immunization Among Newcomers: A Systematic Review. Vaccine. 36. 10.1016/J.Vaccine.2018.01.025.
[5] Wilson, Lindsay & Rubens-Augustson, Taylor & Murphy, Malia & Jardine, Cynthia & Crowcroft, Natasha & Hui, Charles & Wilson, Kumanan. (2018). Barriers To Immunization Among Newcomers: A Systematic Review. Vaccine. 36. 10.1016/J.Vaccine.2018.01.025

Abstract: Background: Increased overbite is a relatively common condition and a removable biteplane is often used as therapy for bite opening. An advantage of the simple fixed bite plane is in retention. Deep bites have a strong disposition to relapse soon after treatment is completed and during retention. This undesired eruption of the incisors, with or without a partial intrusion of the molars, is often responsible for other types of relapse, such as lower crowding, increase in overjet, and loss of Class II correction. The concept of unlocking the mandible was introduced by the bioprogressive School, proves has shown forward sliding of mandible during bite opening. Concerning deep bite and considering quick unravelling.....

Keywords: anterior bite plane, growth pattern, cephalometric changes

[1] Proffit WR, Fields HW. Contemporary Orthodontics. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosbyco; 2007. P. 3e92.
[2] Al-Khateeb EA, Al-Khateeb SN. Anteroposterior And Vertical Components Of Class II Division 1 And Division 2 Malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2009;79:859e66.
[3] Forsberg C-M And Hellsing E. "The Effect Of A Lingual Arch Appliance With Anterior Bite Plane In Deep Overbite Correction".European Journal Of Orthodontics 6.2 (1984): 107-115.
[4] Richardson A, Adams C P 1963 An Investigation Into The Short And Long Term Effects Of The Anterior Bite Plane On The Occlusal Relationship And Facial Form.Transactions European Orthodontic Society 39: 375383
[5] Woods MG. Sagittal Mandibular Changes With Overbite Correction In Subjects With Different

Abstract: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer among Nigerian men with increasing morbidity and mortality. Due to poor screening knowledge and practice, most of these cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage. The aim of this was to review the challenges experienced by surgeons in the management of these advanced cases in the elderly age groups basically men above 60 years. It was a retrospective study spanning 5 years from January 2020- December 2024. Of the 136 men who had histopathologically confirmed cases of prostate cancer within the study period, 114 men (83.8%) were in the elderly age group......

Keywords: Advanced prostate cancer, challenges in management, elderly age group and Aba.

[1] Jaime Gomez, Milan Radiation Therapy In The Elderly. More Side Effects And Complications. Critical Review In Oncology/ Haematology Volume 71, Issue 1, July 2009, Pages 70-78.
[2] Grace L Smith, Benjamin D Smith Radiation Treatment In Older Patients. A Framework For Clinical Decision Making. J-Clin Oncol 2014 July 28 32 (24) 2669-2678.
[3] Gaurav Trivedi Etal Radiotherapy For Geriatric Cancer Patients, Five Year Experience At North Indian Tertiary Care Hospital Asian Pacific Journal Of Cancer Care Volume 8 No 2
[4] Jiang Tong, Tom K- Hei Aging And Age Related Health Effects Of Ionizing Radiation. Radiation Medicine And Protection Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2020 Page 15-23
[5] Legido-Gomez Etal Effects Of Androgen Deprivation Therapy On Elderly Men With High Risk Prostate Cancer: Prosarc Observational Study Actas Urologicas Espanocas May 2024 Pages 304-310

Abstract: Background and Aims: Endotracheal intubation, essential for airway management in anesthesia, often leads to post-operative sore throat (POST), affecting 18% to 65% of patients. Current treatments, like local anesthetics and steroids, have limitations and may not be suitable for everyone. Recent studies suggest that α2-adrenergic agonists, such as dexmedetomidine and clonidine, may help reduce POST due to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. This study will compare the effectiveness of nebulized dexmedetomidine versus clonidine in reducing POST in patients undergoing elective surgery......

Keywords: hemodynamics, clonidine, dexmedetomidine

[1] Jenkins K, Green D, Noonan M. The Incidence Of Sore Throat After Tracheal Intubation. British Journal Of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(3):346-8.
[2] Peden CJ, Eberhart LH, Riedel BJ, Et Al. Sore Throat After Tracheal Intubation: A Review Of The Literature. British Journal Of Anaesthesia. 2006;97(5):652-7.
[3] Bakkum EA, Dahan A, Rietjens M, Et Al. The Incidence And Severity Of Postoperative Sore Throat After Endotracheal Intubation: A Comparison Of Different Cuff Pressures. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(12):1220-5.
[4] Khan ZH, Saha A, Rafiq M, Et Al. Factors Affecting The Incidence Of Postoperative Sore Throat. Journal Of Anesthesia. 2013;27(3):385-90.
[5] Hirsch JM, Schöber A, Albrecht K, Et Al. The Effects Of Dexmedetomidine On Airway Inflammation In Patients Undergoing Surgery. British Journal Of Anaesthesia. 2009;102(3):402-9.

Abstract: Eyes are the windows of brain' through which one recognizes the world." Orbital mass is defined as lesions which causes mass effect in bony orbital cavity and usually present with proptosis :which is an important manifestation of orbital disorders and is defined as abnormal protrusion of globe beyond the orbital margin.orbitalmass lesion have got varied etiological causesranging from orbital pseudotumour tomalignant rhabdomysarcoma. Most of the lesions are retro-orbital in location and is more often not accessible to clinical evalution, that is why orbital imaging for mass lesion is demanding and is considered essential for orbital mass lesion.

[1] Forbes G. CT Of Orbit. RCNA 1982; 20 (1): 37-49.
[2] Tamraz JC. Tamraz CO And Saban R. MRI Anatomy Of The Optic Pathway. RCNA 1993; 37 (1): 10-12.
[3] Som PM. Curtin DH. Head And Neck Imaging In Orbit: Embryology, Anatomy And Pathology Mafee MF (Ed) 4 Edition, 531.
[4] Dubey RB, Tara NP And Sisodiyer KN. Computed Tomography Evaluation Of Orbital Lesions Pictorial Essay. Ind J Radiol 2003; 13 (3): 261-270.
[5] Son PM, Curtin DH. Head And Neck Imaging In Orbit: Embryology, Anatomy And Pathology. Mafee MF (Ed) 4th Edition, 533-543.

Abstract: Carving the tooth using Lacron's Carver from a wax block is an important activity during the first-year BDS practical sessions. For a better understanding of students, the model is made using wax block. Such model preparation practice is very important as it improves five neuromotor skills which are necessary in clinical practice and also helpful to understand morphology of tooth. The model making is preceded by explanation in theory class and demonstration in practical class. However, during the making of the model from the wax block, students are prone to many mistakes including common mistakes. As the time passes and repetitions are done, the ability of a student to make the model without mistakes increases. A study was carried out in AMC Dental College to evaluate understanding of students on carving of tooth from wax block. This paper aims to discuss mistakes during the carving of teeth from wax blocks and solutions for such mistakes along with scope of improvement among the students.

Keywords: Tooth, Model making, Mistakes, Solutions, Wax block, Lacron's Carver, Neuromotor skills

[1] Sanam Faheed Et. Al, , Clinical Relevance Of Wax Carving And Its Integration In The Undergraduate Dental Curriculum : Student's Perception And Experiences, International Journal Of Dentistry And Oral Science, 3, 2022, 5264-8,
[2] Deniel B. Conte Et. Al, Educational Interventions To Improve Dental Anatomy Carving Ability Of Dental Students: A Systematic Review, Anatomical Sciences Education,14, July 2021,99-109 [3] Rajib Chaulagain Et. Al, Perception Regarding Tooth Carving Using Wax Block Among Dental Students In Kathmandu, JNDA, Aug. 2020, 19(2), 18-22
[4] Rasha Abu Eid Et. Al, Self-Directed Study And Carving Tooth Models For Learning Tooth Morphology: Perceptions Of Students At The University Of Aberdeen, Scotland, Journal Of Dental Education, Sept. 2013, 1147-53

Abstract: Osteochondromas are the most common benign bone tumors, predominantly affecting the metaphyses of long bones. Their occurrence in the pelvis, particularly the iliac wing, is exceedingly rare. We present a case of a solitary osteochondroma in a 28-year-old male patient, diagnosed through clinical evaluation and imaging. Surgical excision was performed, and histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis..

Keywords: Osteochondroma, Pelvic bone, Iliac wing, Benign bone tumor, Rare case, Surgical excision, Orthopedic oncology, Case report.

[1] Kulkarni SL, Mannual S, Daragad MS, Girirajaiah SH. Iliac Wing Osteochondroma In A 16-Year-Old Boy: A Case Report. Int J Res Orthop. 2020;6(6):1174–1177. DOI: 10.18203/Issn.2455-4510.Intjresorthop20205585
[2] Jain MJ, Kapadiya SS, Mutha YM, Mehta VJ, Shah KK, Agrawal AK. Unusually Giant Solitary Osteochondroma Of The Ilium: A Case Report With Review Of Literature. J Orthop Case Rep. 2023;13(11):42–48. PMID: 38025355
[3] Ali N, Bhat A, Bangroo FA, Sharma S. Isolated Osteochondroma Of The Iliac Wing: Case Report With Review Of The Literature. J Orthop Case Rep. 2014;4(4):31–34. DOI: 10.13107/Jocr.2250-0685.170
[4] Nekkanti S. A Rare Sessile Variant Of Osteochondroma Presenting At An Unusual Site Of The Iliac Wing In A 15-Year-Old Boy. HHM Global. Published July 5, 2017. Link
[5] Nekkanti S, Bhat A, Bangroo FA, Sharma S. Iliac Blade Osteochondroma: A Rare Case Presentation And Review Of Literature. J Orthop Case Rep. 2023;13(9):25–29. DOI: 10.13107/Jocr.2023.V13.I09.4595

Abstract: Squamous papilloma of ear canal is not very common finding. It Caused by lowrisk Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) subtypes 6 and 11. Other sites such as nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, and tracheobronchial tree is relatively common. Mostly diagnosed by clinical examination. Treated by complete surgical excision with normal surrounding skin to avoid recurrence. Histopathological examination is important as risk of malignant transformation. Follow-up is very important due to high recurrence rate. Here we presenting a case report of squamous papilloma of external auditory canal was treated by local excision under local anesthesia and followed up for 1 year and there was no recurrence noted..

Keywords: Squamous papilloma, external ear canal papilloma, Human papilloma virus

[1] Wang S, Yee H, Wen HY, Wang BY. Papillomas Of The Ex Ternal Ear Canal: Report Of Ten Cases In Chinese Patients With HPV In Situ Hybridization. Head And Neck Pathol 2009; 3:207–11.
[2] Abboud O, Saliba I. Ear Canal Papillomas. QJM. 2012 Jul;105(7):707-8. Doi: 10.1093/Qjmed/Hcr103. Epub 2011 Jul 12. PMID: 21750024.
[3] J.A. Kirchner, Papilloma Of The Larynx With Extensive Lung Involvement, Laryngoscope 61 (1951) 1022 /1029.
[4] T. Al-Saleem, A.R. Peale, C.M. Norris, Multiple Papillomatosis Of The Lower Respiratory Tract, Cancer 22 (1968) 1173 /1184.
[5] C.M. Myer, S.M. Woodruff, Pathologic Quiz Case: Squamous Papilloma Of External Auditory Canal, Arch. Otolaryngol. 109 (1983) 200 /203.

Abstract: Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy are a group of inherited disorders affecting haemoglobin structure or production, and they can significantly impact maternal and fetal outcomes. The most common types include sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemias (alpha and beta).These inherited disorders may lead to maternal complications like anemia, infections, pre-eclampsia, and thromboembolism, conditions like fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weight can lead to serious health complications. Early identification through prenatal and neonatal screening plays a critical role in ensuring prompt and effective treatment.

[1] Kohne E. Hemoglobinopathies: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, And Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011 Aug;108(31-32):532-40. Doi: 10.3238/Arztebl.2011.0532. Epub 2011 Aug 8. PMID: 21886666; PMCID: PMC3163784.
[2] Ludwig H. Hämorrhagische Diathesen Und Schwangerschaft [Hemorrhagic Disorders In Pregnancy]. Ther Umsch. 1999 Oct;56(10):608-15. German. Doi: 10.1024/0040-5930.56.10.608. PMID: 10549234.
[3] Townsley DM. Hematologic Complications Of Pregnancy. Semin Hematol. 2013 Jul;50(3):222-31.
Doi: 10.1053/J.Seminhematol.2013.06.004. PMID: 23953339; PMCID: PMC3748382.
[4] Cardosa D, Ridout A, Nanda S, Howard J, Robinson SE, Oteng-Ntim E. Maternal Sickle Cell Disease And Twin Pregnancy: A Case Series And Review Of The Literature. Hematology. 2019 Dec;24(1):148-158. Doi: 10.1080/10245332.2018.1535534. Epub 2018 Oct 21. PMID: 30345909.
[5] Politou M, Dryllis G, Efstathopoulou M, Valsami S, Triantafyllou FE, Tsaroucha A, Kattamis A, Vlahos NF. Pregnancy Complications In A-Thalassemia (Hemoglobinopathy H): A Case Study. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2018 May 27;2018:8532081.
Doi: 10.1155/2018/8532081. PMID: 29992068; PMCID: PMC5994311.

Abstract: Background: Cancer pain is one of the most debilitating pain. With advanced treatments cancer patients live longer, but their quality of life is poor due to uncontrollable pain. Oral cancer causes intense pain at the primary site and significantly impairs speech, swallowing, and masticatory functions. Oral cancer pain is usually refractory to opiods and conventional pharmacotherapy. In such cases sympathetic blockade helps in relieving pain. We report A cases of cancer related orofacial pain which have successful pain relief with USG guided stellate ganglion block. patients was pain free for 3 months post block. Thus USG guided stellate ganglion block can be considered as palliative treatment of orofacial pain due to cancer........

Keywords: cancer, orofacial pain, stellate ganglion block, sympathetic ganglia, USG-ultrasonography, NRS-numeric rating scale.

[1] Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI. Reviewing The Epidemiology Of Head And Neck Journal Of Family Medicine And Primary Care Cancer: Definitions, Trends And Risk Factors. Br Dent J 2022;233:780-6.
[2] Ortíz VM, Ornelas GE, Cantisani JA, Torres JI, Flores FC. Interventional Techniques For Head And Neck Cancer Pain. Head And Neck Cancer: Diagnosis And Management Of. Turkey: Intech Open; 2017. P. 168. Doi: 10.5772/Intechopen. 69655.
[3] Narouze S. Ultrasound-Guided Stellate Ganglion Block: Safety And Efficacy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2014;18:424.
[4] Lam DK, Schmidt BL. Serine Proteases And Protease-Activated Receptor 2-Dependent Allodynia: A Novel Cancer Pain Pathway. Pain 2010;149:263–272.
[5] Cardona-Guarache R, Padala SK, Velazco-Davila L, Cassano A, Abbate A, Ellenbogen KA, Et Al. Stellate Ganglion Blockade And Bilateral Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation In Patients With Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017,28:903-8.
[6] Narouze S. Ultrasound-Guided Stellate Ganglion Block: Safety And Efficacy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2014;18:424.

Abstract: Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is defined as any uterine bleeding that is more than the normal volume, longer duration and varying in regularity or frequency. Human uterus is considered to be relatively rich in mast cells than other tissues of the body. Myometrium is richer in mast cells compared to endometrium. Mast cells are present in endometrial stroma in fairly constant number throughout the menstrual cycle. Mast cells undergo activation prior to menstruation having a role in regulation of menstruation.........

Keywords: Endometrium, Myometrium, Mast cells, Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Hematoxylin and Eosin, Toluidine Blue.

[1] Davis E, Sparazak PB. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing;2022
[2] Francisco J. Ruiloba | Ally Murji | Qinjie Tian| Sarah Maheux-Lacroix | Goknur Topcu | Priyankur Roy | Akaninyene Eseme Ubom | Malcolm G. Munro World Association Of Trainees In Obstetrics And Gynecology FIGO Committee On Menstrual Disorders And Related Health Impacts. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2025;168:1009-1016.
[3] Traina, G. Mast Cells In Human Health And Diseases. Int. J.Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 6668.
[4] Mikes BA, Vadakekut ES, Sparzak PB. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. [Updated 2025 Feb 21]. In: Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.
[5] Jain V, Munro MG, Critchley HOD.Contemporary Evaluation Of Women And Girls With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: FIGO Systems 1 And 2. Int J Gynecol Obstet.2023;162(Suppl. 2):29-42.

Abstract: Purpose : To describe a case of endophthalmitis complicating a sclera wound in a child. Introduction : Endophthalmitis is an infection of the vitreous and/or aqueous humor by bacteria and fungi. Post-traumatic open globe injury endophthalmitis is a serious complication that can lead to irreversible blindness. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis accounts for 25 to 30% of all cases of endophthalmitis. Observation : We reported the clinical case of a 3-year-old female child, who consulted for a right eye trauma by a metal wire that occurred 72 hours before his admission during a game......

Keywords: Endophthalmitis-Open-globe injury-Intraocular Infection.

[1] Durand M. L., "Bacterial And Fungal Endophthalmitis," Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Vol. 30, No. 3, Pp. 597–613, 2017.
[2] Bhagat N, Nagori S., And Zarbin M., "Post-Traumatic In Fectious Endophthalmitis," Survey Of Ophthalmology, Vol. 56, No. 3, Pp. 214–251, 2011.
[3] Gokce G., Sobaci G., And Ozgonul C., "Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis: A Mini-Review," Seminars In Ophthalmology, Vol. 30, No. 5-6, Pp. 470–474, 2015.
[4] Azad R, Ravi K, Talwar D, Rajpal, Kumar N. Pars Plana Vitrectomy With Or Without Silicone Oil Endotamponade In Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003 Jun ;241(6):478-83. Doi: 10.1007/S00417-003-0670-4. Epub 2003 May 14. PMID: 12756578.
[5] Jonas JB, Knorr HL, Budde WM. Prognostic Factors In Ocular Injuries Caused By Intraocular Or Retrobulbar Foreign Bodies. Ophthalmology 2000 ;107:823-8.

Abstract: Background: Anaemia, particularly when induced by haemolysis, can lead to significant renal dysfunction due to oxidative stress and impaired oxygen delivery. Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), a potent hemolytic agent, induces oxidative damage to red blood cells and is associated with secondary nephrotoxic effects, including elevated serum urea, creatinine, and electrolyte imbalances. Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) is a nutrient-rich, antioxidant-laden plant traditionally used for its hematinic and restorative properties. However, its potential renoprotective effect in the context of anaemia-induced renal impairment remains underexplored......

Keywords: Telfairia occidentalis, renal function, phenylhydrazine, anaemia, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, nephroprotection, oxidative stress.

[1] Andriastuti, M., Ilmana, G., Nawangwulan, S. A., & Kosasih, K. A. (2020). Prevalence Of Anemia And Iron Profile Among Children And Adolescent With Low Socio-Economic Status. International Journal Of Pediatrics And Adolescent Medicine, 7(2), 88-92.
[2] Athmuri, D. N., Bhattacharyya, J., Bhatnagar, N., & Shiekh, P. A. (2024). Alleviating Hypoxia And Oxidative Stress For Treatment Of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Biomaterials Perspective. Journal Of Materials Chemistry B.
[3] Mccabe, K. M., Zelt, J. G., Kaufmann, M., Laverty, K., Ward, E., Barron, H., ... & Holden, R. M. (2018). Calcitriol Accelerates Vascular Calcification Irrespective Of Vitamin K Status In A Rat Model Of Chronic Kidney Disease With Hyperphosphatemia And Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. The Journal Of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics, 366(3), 433-445.
[4] Omote, D., Kuramoto, N., Tomikawa, A., Yasui, M., Fukuta, M., & Hiraguri, M. (2024). Roxadustat-Induced Central Hypothyroidism In Renal Anemia Patients: Insights From Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Related Vasculitis Cases. Cureus, 16(6).
[5] Gardner, P. J., Liyanage, S. E., Cristante, E., Sampson, R. D., Dick, A. D., Ali, R. R., & Bainbridge, J. W. (2017). Hypoxia Inducible Factors Are Dispensable For Myeloid Cell Migration Into The Inflamed Mouse Eye. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40830.

Abstract: Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and ischemic stroke accounts for approximately 87% of all strokes. Despite the considerable advancement in acute stroke management, a vast majority of patients develop devastating neurological dysfunction. Citicoline (CDP choline) is a neuroprotective agent that has been found to reduce neuronal injury and also improve recovery following ischemic insults through several mechanisms......

Keywords: Ischemic stroke, Citicoline, Neuroprotection, Functional outcome, NIHSS

[1]. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, Biller J, Brown M, Demaerschalk BM, Hoh B, Jauch EC. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e344 418.
[2]. Hankey GJ. Secondary prevention of recurrent stroke. Stroke. 2005 Feb 1;36(2):218 21.
[3]. Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. Citicoline mechanisms and clinical efficacy in cerebral ischemia. Journal of neuroscience research. 2002 Oct 15;70(2):133 9.
[4]. Cavalu S, Saber S, Ramadan A, Elmorsy EA, Hamad RS, Abdel‐Reheim MA, Youssef ME. Unveiling citicoline's mechanisms and clinical relevance in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders. The FASEB Journal. 2024 Sep 15;38(17):e70030

Abstract: Introduction: Fractures of the lower extremities, particularly around the knee joint, pose significant challenges in orthopedic trauma due to their impact on mobility and long-term function. Timely and effective management is crucial to ensure optimal bone healing, restore joint function, and prevent complications such as malunion, nonunion, or limited range of motion. This study aims to evaluate the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of patients treated for such injuries......

Keywords: Open Reduction and Internal Fixation, Tibial Plateau Fracture Schatzker type II, Buttress Plate, Bone Graft.

[1]. Mann HS, Sahni G, Singal S, Singh H. Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis in the treatment of diaphysealtibial fractures without the use of image intensifier-a study of 30 cases. Indian J Orthop Surg. 2019;5(1):66–71.
[2]. Solomon L, Warwick D, Nayagam S. Apley's system of orthopaedics and fractures [Internet]. CRC press; 2010
[3]. Wagner M, Frenk A, Frigg R. New concepts for bone fracture treatment and the Locking Compression Plate. Surgical Technology International. 2004;12:271–7.
[4]. Cole PA, Zlowodzki M, Kregor PJ. Treatment of proximal tibia fractures using the less invasive stabilization system: surgical experience and early clinical results in 77 fractures. Journal of orthopaedic trauma. 2004;18(8):528–35.
[5]. Cole PA, Zlowodzki M, Kregor PJ. Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) for fractures of the proximal tibia: indications, surgical technique and preliminary results of the UMC Clinical Trial. Injury. 2003;34:A16-29.

Abstract: Background: Abnormal vaginal discharge during pregnancy is frequently associated with infectious etiologies such as Candida spp., bacterial vaginosis (BV), and Trichomonas vaginalis, all of which have been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Early recognition of clinical and microbiological risk factors is essential for improving maternal-fetal health outcomes. Aim of the study: This study aimed to identify......

Keywords: Vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis, mixed infection, pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, predictors

[1]. Kelleher AM, DeMayo FJ, Spencer TE. Uterine glands: developmental biology and functional roles in pregnancy. Endocrine reviews. 2019 Oct;40(5):1424-45.
[2]. Wisner W. Normal vs. Abnormal Pregnancy Discharge and When to Seek Help. Health [Internet]. 2024 Dec 27 [cited 2025 May 20]. Available from: https://www.health.com/pregnancy-discharge-8749597 [3]. Khadawardi K. Prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharge among pregnant women. Med J Cairo Univ. 2020;88(2):677-83.
[4]. Konadu DG, Owusu-Ofori A, Yidana Z, Boadu F, Iddrisu LF, Adu-Gyasi D, Dosoo D, Awuley RL, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP. Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the middle belt of Ghana. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2019 Dec;19:1-0.
[5]. Peebles K, Velloza J, Balkus JE, McClelland RS, Barnabas RV. High global burden and costs of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2019 May 1;46(5):304-11..