iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Abstract:A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One of the way is to do this is by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database. It is typically used in security systems and can be compared to other biometrics such as fingerprint or eye iris recognition systems. In this paper we focus on 3-D facial recognition system and biometric facial recognition system. We do critics on facial recognition system giving effectiveness and weaknesses. This paper also introduces scope of recognition system in India. Face recognition has received substantial attention from researchers in biometrics, pattern recognition field and computer vision communities.

[1] M. Abul Kashem, M. Akhter, S. Ahmed, and M. Alam, "Face Recognition System Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Back Propagation Neural Networks(BPNN)", Canadian Journal on Image Processing and Computer Vision Vol. 2, No. 2, No. 4, 2011.
[2] J. Meng, and W. Zhang, "Volume measure in 2DPCA-based face recognition", Pattern Recognition Letters 28 (2007) 1203-1208.
[3] I. Timotius, I. Setyawan, and A. Febrianto, "Face Recognition between Two Person using Kernel Principal Component Analysis and Support Vector Machines", International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics – Volume 2, 2010.
[4] T. Mandal and Q. Jonathan Wu, "Face Recognition using Curvelet Based PCA", IEEE, 2008.
[5] O. Gervei, A. Ayatollahi, and N. Gervei, "#D Face Recognition Using Modified PCA Methods", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 63 2010

Abstract: Crowd density estimation in wide areas is a challenging problem for visual surveillance. So the safety of people in a crowds has been a major problem. Hence proposed a system to estimate the number of people in crowded scenes using AMID and PDC for wide-area surveillance . In monocular image sequences, the Accumulated Mosaic Image Difference (AMID) method is applied to extract crowd areas having irregular motion. The specific number of persons and velocity of a crowd can be adequately estimated by our system from the density of crowded areas. By using multi-camera network, the camera can predict the crowd density several minutes in advance. The system has been used in real applications, and numerous experiments conducted in real scenes (station, park, plaza) demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

Key words: crowd density estimation; prediction system; AMID; visual surveillance

[1] ALI S, SHAH M. A Lagrangian Particle Dynamics Approach for Crowd Flow Segmentation and Stability Analysis[C]// Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2007 (CVPR"07): June 17-22, 2007. Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2007: 1-6.
[2] ANDRADE E L, BLUNSDEN S, FISHER R B. Modeling Crowd Scenes for Event Detection[C]// Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2006 (ICPR 2006): August 20-24, 2006. Hong Kong, China, 2006: 175-178.
[3] BROSTOW G J, CIPOLLA R. Unsupervised Bayesian Detection of Independent Motion in Crowds[C]// Proceedings of 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR‟06): June 17-22, 2006. New York.
[4] CONTE D, FOGGIA P, PERCANNELLA G. A Method for Counting People in Crowded Scenes[C]// Proceedings of 2010 7th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS): August 29-September 1, 2010. USA, 2010:
[5] GUO Jinnian, WU Xinyu, CAO Tian Crowd Density Estimation Via Markov Random Field (MRF)[C]// Proceedings of 2010 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA): July 7-9, 2010. Jinan, China, 2010: 258-263.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the integrated application of embedded technology and computer network technology in the electronic load monitor controlling system and designs a networked electronic load monitor controlling system based on ARM. This electronic load is one kind of instrument, which allow user to examine – or visualize -- the voltage (V) and current (I) delivery ability of an energy source. Using pulsatile loads test the voltage regulation accuracy of a conventional power supply. By including the signal generation, testing algorithms, and data capture/storage functions in a single instrument and making connectivity to web browser forms complete data analysis system. This network monitoring electronic load offers an advantage over lash-ups using several pieces of commercially available gear to achieve the same results.

Keywords: ARM, Electronic Load, power electronics, power resistor, network communication, network monitor controlling.

[1] Zhu Jingang, "Design of Intelligent Electronic Load,"Experimental Technology and Management, Vol. 06, pp. 27-29, 58, 2006.
[2] Gao Jiaying, Gao Yufeng, and Liu Yalong, "Research of constant-current Discharge Equipment with New Type Electronic Load," Power Supply Technologies and Applications, Vol.08, pp. 48-51, 2007.

Abstract: An Image Resolution Enhancement Technique based on Interpolation of the high frequency sub-band of colour images obtained by Discrete Wavelet Transform and the input colour image is proposed in this paper. Interpolation determines the intermediate values on the basis of observed values. One of the commonly used interpolation technique is Bicubic Interpolation. The edges are enhanced by introducing an intermediate stage by using Stationary Wavelet Transform.

[1] Ammu Anna Mathew, S. Kamatchi, "Brightness and Resolution Enhancement of Satellite Images using SVD and DWT, IJETT" vol.4, pp.712, April. 2013.
[2] C. B. Atkins, C. A. Bouman, and J. P. Allebach, "Optimal Image Scaling using Pixel Classification," in Proc. Int. Conf. Image Process., vol. 3, pp. 864–867,Oct. 7–10, 2001.
[3] H. Demirel and G. Anbarjafari, "Satellite Image Resolution Enhancement using Complex Wavelet Transform," IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letter, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 123–126, Jan. 2010.
[4] W. K. Carey, D. B. Chuang, and S. S. Hemami, "Regularity-Preserving Image Interpolation," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 8, no. 9, pp.1295–1297, Sep. 1999.
[5] Y. Piao, I. Shin, and H. W. Park, "Image Resolution Enhancement using Inter Subband Correlation in Wavelet Domain," in Proc. Int. Conf. Image Process., vol. 1, pp. I-445–448, 2007.

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the cooperative diversity technique as a candidate solution for combating turbulence induced fading over Free-Space Optical (FSO) links. In particular, a one-relay cooperative diversity scheme is proposed and analyzed for non-coherent FSO communications with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD). The error performance is derived in semi-analytical and closed-form expressions in the presence and absence of background radiation, respectively. Results show the enhanced diversity orders that can be achieved over both Rayleigh and lognormal fading models. In this transceiver design coherent transmitter and receiver design is carried out with the reference to q-ary PPM(pulse position modulation).performance analysis is carried out in all possible strategy.

Keywords: Free-space optics, spatial diversity, cooperative diversity, atmospheric turbulence.

[1] D. Kedar and S. Arnon, "Urban optical wireless communications networks: the main challenges and possible solutions," IEEE communication. Mag., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 2-7, Feb. 2003.
[2] X. Zhu and J. Kahn, "Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels," IEEE Transaction communication. vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1293-1300, Aug. 2002.
[3] M.-A. Khalighi, N. Schwartz, N. Aitamer, and S. Bourennane, "Fading reduction by aperture averaging and spatial diversity in optical wireless systems," IEEE J. Optical communication. Network, vol. 1, pp. 580-593, Nov.2009.
[4] S. G. Wilson, M. Brandt-Pearce, Q. Cao, and J. H. Leveque, "Free-space optical MIMO transmission with Q-ary PPM," IEEE Trans. Communication., vol. 53, pp. 1402-1412, Aug. 2005.
[5] M. K. Simon and V. A. Vilnrotter, "Alamouti-type space-time coding for free-space optical communication with direct detection," IEEE Trans. Wireless communication. vol. 4, pp. 35-39, Jan. 2005.

Abstract: In this paper, single and hybrid amplifier configurations are implemented with FRA and EDFA amplifiers for 160 channel DWDM systems at 10 Gbps & 25 GHz frequency spacing for L-band. These configurations are transmitted and measured over different distances for 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 km. The performance of single and hybrid optical amplifiers evaluated in terms of output power, BER, eye height and Q factor. Among these setups EDFA-EDFA performed better than other optical amplifiers at 150 km distance. It provides output power (36.55 to -3.45 dBm), least BER (-38.96 to 0), large Q factor (12.71 to 0) and good eye diagram for different transmission distance ranging from 50 to 250 km. These are all setups are arranged without using any gain-flattening technique and receiver filters.

Keywords-FRA, EDFA, DWDM, Transmission Distance, Output Power, BER, Eye Height, Q factor.

[1] H. Masuda, S. Kawai and K. Aida, "Ultra-wideband hybrid amplifier comprising distributed Raman amplifier and erbium doped
fiber amplifier", IEEE Electronic Letters, Volume 34, Number 13, 1998, pp. 1342-1344.
[2] Hari Bhagwan, Tarun Gulati and Bharat Rawat, "Evaluation of optical amplifiers", International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622, Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2012, pp. 663-667.
[3] M. M. J. Martini, C. E. S. Castellani, M. J. Pontes, M. R. N. Ribeiro and H. J. Kalinowski, "Multi-pump optimization for
Raman+EDFA hybrid amplifiers under pump residual recycling", IEEE MTT-S International Microwave & Optoelectronics
Conference, 2009, pp. 117-121.
[4] J. M. P. Delavaux, C. F. Flores, R. E. Tench, T. C. Pleiss, T. W. Cline, D. J. Digiovanni, J. Federici, C. R. Giles, H. Presby, J. S.
Major and W. J. Gignac, "Hybrid Er-doped fiber amplifiers at 980-1480 nm for long distance optical communication", IEEE
Electronics Letters", Volume 28, Number 17, 1992, pp. 1642-1643.
[5] J. H. Lee, Y. M. Chang, Y. G. Han, H. Chung, S. H. Kim and S. B. Lee, "Experimental performance comparison for a variety of
single pump, highly efficient, dispersion compensating Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifiers",Optical Fiber Communication Conference,
Volume 4,6-11 March 2005.

Abstract: Antenna diversity is an important technique for modern wireless communication systems. By employing multiple-antennas, effects such as multi-path, small-scale fading as well as co-channel interference, can be reduced. Furthermore, the system's capacity can be increased significantly by using multiple–antenna However, for compact devices, mutual coupling between antenna elements may become severe due to their small distance. In order to improve the isolation between array elements.

[1] Y. Li, W. Li, Q. Ye. (2012) "Compact reconfigurable UWB antenna integrated with SIRs and switches for multi-mode wireless
communications‟.
[2] M.Jusoh, M.F.Jamlos and M.R.Kamarudin. (2010) ‟Configuration Study and Analysis of UWB MIMO Antenna Performance
[3] Ali Imran Najam, Yvan Duroc and Smail Tedjini. (2009)‟Design of MIMO Antennas for Ultra-Wideband Communications‟
[4] A. I. Najam, Y. Duroc, and S. Tedjni. (2011) "UWB-MIMO antenna with novel stub structure‟
[5] K.Manuel Prasanna and S.K.Behra. (2012) "Compact Two-Port UWB- MIMO Antenna system with high isolation using a Fork
shaped structure‟
[6] Yingsong Li, Wenxing Li, Chengyuan Liu, Tao Jiang, (2012) "A Printed Diversity Cantor Set Fractal antenna for Ultra Wideband
Communication Applications‟.

Abstract: The UMTS marked the beginning of a new Era that demanded, by mobile phone users, the provision of data services at high rates of transmission, that are almost always associated with the mobility of the terminal. This paper aims to present the main results obtained by the authors of the Analysis and Planning of an UMTS systems. The planning is accomplished through scientific methods and mathematical expressions implemented in Matlab software for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the parameters involved with the goal of providing better cost-effective to the end user.

Keywords: mobile systems, quality of service (QoS), UMTS.

[1] A. Mariano, Analysis and Plannning of UMTS Systems,MSc Thesis, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, RJ, 2012.
[2] H. Aghvami and B. Jafarian, A Vision of UMTS/IMT-2000 Evolution, Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal,
pp.148-152, Jun 2000.
[3] S. Haykin and M. Moher, Sistemas Modernos de Comunicações (Rio de Janeiro RJ: Bookman, 2008).
[4] K. Seunghwan, Efficient Implementation of OVSF Code Generator for UMTS Systems, IEEExplore, pp. 483-486, 2009.
[5] 3GPP, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network - Spreading and modulation - FDD - (Release 11) TS 25.213; v11.3.0;
(2012-09).
[6] A.S. Tanenbaum, Redes de Computadores (Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Ed. Campos, 2003).
[7] P. C. Mason, J. M. Cullen and N. C. Lobley, UMTS Architectures, IEEExplore, pp.1-11, 1996.
[8] M. Hata, Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
Vol.VT-29, Nº3, pp. 317-325, August 1980.

Abstract: Wireless Power Transfer Technology is an emerging trend in the world today. This technology eliminates the drawbacks of existing wired technology. In this project, wireless power transfer is used in charging the mobile phones of the passengers travelling in buses and battery of the bus. Rechargeable wireless chargers or wired mobile phone chargers cannot provide charge for mobile phones at all time at all places. It may be difficult to carry a wired charger with us when moving from one place to another. If the charge of their mobile phone becomes low during emergency situation they cannot search for plug points inside the vehicles. To overcome these drawbacks we implement wireless power transfer technology by which mobile phone and vehicle can be charged wirelessly. The working principle behind wireless power transmission is electromagnetic induction. The vehicle will be controlled by using switches in the vehicle. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.

Keywords: WPT Wireless Power Transfer (or) Transmission, Electromagnetic induction, Charging mobile phones

[1] Z. N. Low, R. A. Chinga, R. Tseng, and J. Lin, "Design and Test of a High-Power High-Efficiency Loosely Coupled Planar Wireless Power Transfer System," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 1801-1812, May 2009.
[2]. A.K. Ram Rakhyani, S. Mirabbasi, M. Chiao, 'Design and Optimization of Resonance-based Efficient Wireless Power Delivery Systems for Biomediacal Implants', IEEE Trans. On Biomediacal Circuits and Systems, Vol.5, No.1, Feb.2011.
[3]. J. A. Taylor, Z. N. Low, J. J. Casanova, J. Lin, "A Wireless Power Station for Laptop Computers," Proceedings of IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, pp. 625-628, January 2010.
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wireless power transmission

Abstract: Home Fires have taken a growing toll in lives and property in recent years. LPG is highly inflammable and can burn even at some distance from the source of leakage. Most fire accidents are caused because of a poor-quality rubber tube or when the regulator is not turned off. The supply of gas from the regulator to the burner is on even after the regulator is switched off. By accident, if the knob is turned on results in the gas leaks. This paper deals with the detection, monitoring and control system of LPG leakage. Using relay DC motor the stove knob is automatically controlled. Along with safety measures the system has additional advantage of automatic rebooking of cylinder when the level of gas goes below the normal weight of cylinder.

Keywords: Gas Leakage detection, Gas sensor, GSM, DC Motor, Knob control, Microcontroller.

[1] http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/n_renew/lpg.htm, http://barabanki.nic.in/bbkgas/aboutlpg.asp.
[2] http://www.pipelineandgasjournal.com/
[3] http://playground.arduino.cc/
[4] V. Ramya and B. Palaniappan, "Embedded system for Hazardous gas detection and Alerting," in Proc. of International Journal of Distribted and parallel system(IJDPS), vol. 3, no. 3, May 2012.
[5] www.indane.co.in, www.hpgas.co.in
[6] H. Huang, H. Bainand S. Zhu, "A Greenhouse Remote Monitoring System Based on GSM," in Proc. of IEEE International Conference on information management, pp. 357-360, 2011.

Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has grown to a popular communication technique for high speed communication in the last decade. OFDM is an important member of the multicarrier modulation (MC) techniques and it has been adopted as a standard for various high data rate wireless communication systems due to its spectral bandwidth efficiency, robustness to frequency selective fading channels, etc. Although it is having many advantages it has two major drawbacks namely high PAPR and inter carrier interference (ICI). This paper is aimed to reduce the effect of PAPR and we proposed two techniques for the reduction of high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) based on Clipping, Differential Scaling.

keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), partial transmit sequences (PTS), peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR), selected mapping (SLM), tone reservation (TR), inter carrier interference (ICI), Companding, Active constellation, Multi carrier(MC).

[1] R.W Chang, "Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing," U.S Patent 3388455,Jan 6, 1970, Filed Nov.4.1966.
[2] T. Hwang, C. Yang, G. Wu, S. Li, and G. Y. Lee, "OFDM and its wireless application: A survey," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.
58, no. 4, pp. 1673–1694, May 2009.
[3] A. Jha, Md. Tariq Hasan, and S.M., "Reduction of PAPR in OFDM: A novel approach based on clipping and amplification," IEEE
Computer Society, 2009.
[4] T. Jiang and G. Zhu, "Nonlinear companding transform for reducing peak-to-average power ratio of ofdm signals," IEEE
Transactions on Broadcasting, Sept. 2004.
[5] B. S. Krongold and D. L. Jones, "An active-set approach for OFDM PAR reduction via tone reservation," IEEE Trans. Signal
Process., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 495–509, Feb. 2004.
[6] L. Wang and C. Tellambura, "Analysis of clipping noise and tonereservation algorithms for peak reduction in OFDM systems,"
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1675–1694, May 2008

Abstract: Achieving high spectral efficiency in optical transmissions has recently attracted much attention, aiming to satisfy the ever increasing demand for high data rates in optical fiber communications. Therefore, strong Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding in combination with multilevel modulation schemes is mandatory to approach the channel capacity of the transmission link. In this paper we give design rules on the joint optimization of coding and signal constellations. We propose a novel coded modulation scheme based on 512–IPM for a fiber optical transmission link of 800km.The spectral efficiency achieved was 10% greater i.e,12.1 b/s/Hz at a post FEC BER of <10-15 by using coded optimized constellation. In detail, the "Turbo Principle" to BICM-ID is adapted and combine it with a high-rate outer algebraic code to obtain a post-FEC BER <10-15, which is a typical demand in optical transponders. Furthermore we give simple design principles for the design of BICM-ID based on the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis.

[1] R.Nagarajan, D.Lambert, M.Kato, V.Lal, G.Goldfarb, J.Rahn, et.aL,‟10 Channel 100Gbit/s per Channel, Dual Polarisation,
Coherent QPSK, Monolithic Inp Receiver Photonic Integrated Circuit‟, in Proc. OFC/NFOEC, OML7, San Diego, CA, USA, 2011.
[2] T. Lotz, W. Sauer-Greff, and R. Urbansky, "Capacity approaching coded modulation in optical communications," in Proc.
ICTON'11,Tu.D1.2.
[3] X. Zhou, L. E. Nelson, P. Magill, B. Zhu, and D. W. Peckham, "8X 450-Gb/s, 50-GHz-spaced, PDM-32 QAM transmission
over400-km and one 50 GHz-hrid ROADM," in Proc. OFC'11, Post-Deadline Paper PDPB3.
[4] T. Kobayashi, A. Sano, A. Matsuura, M. Yoshida, T. Sakano, H.Kubota, Y. Miyamoto, K. Ishihara, M. Mizoguchi, and M.
Nagatani,"45.2 Tb/s C-band WDM transmission over 240-km using 538-Gb/s PDM-64 QAM single carrier FDM signal with digital
pilot tone,"in Proc. ECOC'11, Post-Deadline Paper Th.13.C.6.
[5] W. Shieh, H. Bao, and Y. Tang, "Coherent optical OFDM: Theory and design," Opt. Exp., vol. 16, pp. 841–859, 2008.

Abstract: This paper discuss about new AM-FM methods for image reconstruction. This approach is based on 2 basic ideas: i) AM-FM Demodulation using new gabor filterbank ii) New accurate methods for instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation. This project includes quasi-eigen function approximation(QEA), quasi local method(QLM) and variable-spacing local linear phase (VS-LLP) methods for improved accuracy. The new VS-LLP method is a generalization of QEA method where we choose the best integer spacing between the samples to adapt as a function of frequency. We also introduce QLM method for IF and IA estimation. We present different noises (salt&pepper, speckle, poisson, Gaussian) decompositions to show that the proposed methods can be used to reconstruct and analyze general images. However each technique has different properties, making it more suited for specific applications and this technique is implemented by using MATLAB.

Key words: Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation(AM-FM), Image reconstruction, Instantaneuos frequency,Multiscale

[1] Victor Murray, Paul Rodriguez, Marios S. Pattichis, "Multiscale AM-FM Demodulation and Image Reconstruction Methods With Improved Accuracy" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 19, NO. 5, MAY 2010.
[2] G. Girolami and D. Vakman, "Instantaneous frequency estimation and measurement: A Quasi-local method," Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, pp. 909–917, Jun. 2002
[3] J. P. Havlicek, D. S. Harding, and A. C. Bovik, "Multidimensional quasi-eigenfunction approximations and multicomponent AM-FM models," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 227–242, Feb. 2000.
[4] S. Hahn, "Multidimensional complex signals with single- orthant spectra," Proc. IEEE, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 1287–1300, Aug. 1992.
[5] M. S. Pattichis and A. C. Bovik, "Analyzing image structure by multidimensional frequency modulation," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 753–766, May 2007.

Abstract: Mobile communication networks have witnessed a perpetual evolution since their launching as voice only networks. In the few past years, the focus was addressed to high data rate networks that offer high quality of service. The lately released LTE-Advanced network was the first to completely fulfill 4G requirements. However, performance gains remain limited due to severe interference levels. This paper is a survey upon the evolution of interference mitigation solutions from Release 8 to Release 11. This problem was addressed since earlier releases by coordinating transmission/reception among different cells. Many enhancements were then carried out by each subsequent specification. The originality of this work resides on the comparison between the different schemes and the perspective of developing a new interference coordination method available for 4G and beyond systems with small cells deployment. Several similarities are noted and differences on performance impact are highlighted.

Keywords: COMP, e-ICIC, ICIC, LTE, LTE-Advanced

[1] http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/98-lte
[2] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.7.0 (2008-12)
[3] Huawei, ―3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #41, R1-050507 – Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme for UTRAN LTE,‖ 2005.
[4] Siemens, ―3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #41, R1-050476: Evolved UTRA uplink scheduling and frequency reuse,‖ 2005.
[5] A Survey on Inter-Cell Interference Coordination Techniques in OFDMA-based Cellular Networks, Abdelbaset S. Hamza, Shady S.
Khalifa, Haitham S. Hamza, and Khaled Elsayed, Cairo University, March 19, 2013
[6] 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #41, Athens, Greece, 9 – 13 May, 2005
[7] R. Kwan and C. Leung, \A Survey of Scheduling and Interference Mitigation in LTE," Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol.
2010, 2010.

Abstract: This is the world of wireless technology. This article describes an intelligent path finder system which is composed of microcontroller AT-Mega16, GSM modules which use RS232 standard and RF media for data transfer.,SD Card.. The hardware and software used in this system were characterized proto-type has been built to overcome many of the traditional information and navigation tools available to visitors. The system has shown a good performance in searching desired location in crowded area, especially In this article we present an evaluation of proto-type, focusing on the security and flexibility of visitor's experience when using the system.

Keywords: GSM module,,microcontroller AT-Mega16,RFID reader, SD Card.

[1] K.Cheverst,N.Davies,K.Mitchell,A,Friday,and C.Efstratiou,"Developing a Context-aware Electronic Tourist Guide:Some Issues and Experience".Sci.Res.Ess.,Vol.5,No.8,pp.714-720,Apr.2010
[2] H.L.Chan,P.K.Chao,Y.C.Chen,and W.J.Kao,"Wireless Body Area Network for Physical –Activity classification and Fall Detection ".Med.Dev Biosens.,pp.157-160,Dec.2008
[3] Z.P.Liu,and G.L.Zhao,"Short –range wireless data transmission based on Nrf24L01".Appl.Sci.Technol.,Vol.35,No.3,pp.55-58,Mar.2008.
[4] C.W.Liu,J.L.Zhao,and W.D.Yi."Design of wireless image sensor node based on Nrf24l01",Electrons Meas.Technol.,vol.6,No.31,pp.136,jun.2008.
[5] NordicSemiconductor,nRF240L01productspecification.http://www.nordicsemi.com/index.cfm?obj=product&act=display&pro=89

Abstract: Recent advances in wireless inter-vehicle communication systems enable the establishment of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) and create significant opportunities for the deployment of a wide variety of applications and services to vehicles. VANETs enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with road side units (RSU). The deployment of vehicular communication systems is strongly dependent on their security and privacy features. Security and privacy are major research concerns in VANETs due to the frequent vehicles movement, time critical response and hybrid architecture of VANETs that make them different than other Ad hoc networks. In order to meet performance goals,

[1] Biswas.S, J.Misic, and V.Misic(2011), "ID-based safety message authentication for security and trust in vehicular networks," in Proc. 31st ICDCSW, Minneapolis, pp. 323–331.
[2] Buttyan,.L T. Holczer, and I. Vajda(2007), "On the effectiveness of changing pseudonyms to provide location privacy in VANETs," in Proc. ESAS, Cambridge, U.K, pp. 129–141.
[3] Calandriello, et.al (2007),"Efficient and robust pseudonymous authentication in VANET," in Proc. ACM Mobicom, Montreal, QC, Canada, pp. 19–28.
[4] Chaum . D and E. van Heyst(1991), "Group signatures," in Proc. EUROCRYPT, vol. 547, pp. 257–265.
[5] Chim.T, et.al (2011), "SPECS: Secure and privacy enhancing communications schemes for VANETs," Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 189–203.
[6] Coronado. E and S. Cherkaoui(2008), "Service discovery and service access in wireless vehicular networks," in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops, pp. 1–6.

Abstract: In this paper, we have presented an approach to realize higher order current-mode filters using cascade technique of lower order filters realized using CMOS current-mirrors. This paper presents the realization of higher-order low-pass (LP) active current-mode filters using cascade technique of second and third order filters. Interest in current-mode (CM) filters has been growing due to the fact that current-mode devices have wider dynamic range, improved linearity,

[1] G. S. Moschytz, Low-Sensitivity, Low-Power, Active-RC Allpole Filters Using Impedance Tapering, IEEE Trans. On Circuits and
Systems, CAS-46(08), 1999, 1009-1026.
[2] W. Tangsriat and W. Surakampontorn, Realization of Leapfrog Filters Using Current Differential Buffered Amplifiers, IEICE
Trans. Fundamentals, E86-A, 2003, 318-326.
[3] G. H. Wang, K. Watanabe, and R. Fukui, An extended dual transformation approach to current-mode circuit synthesis, IEEE Proc.
ISCAS, 1990, 2294-2295.
[4] J. C. Ahn, and N. Fujii, Current-mode continuous-time filters using complementary current mirror pairs, IEICE Trans
Fundamentals, E79-A(2), 1996, 168-175.
[5] R. J. Angulo, M. Robinson, and E. S. Sinencio, Current-mode continuous-time filters: two design approaches, IEEE Tran. On
Circuits and Systems, 39(5), 1992, 337-341.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the HSDPA for MIMO cellular networks. To understand the role of HSDPA and the limitations of the existing work a survey is conducted in this paper. The impact of HSDPA can play a key role in upcoming cellular services where continuous streaming of data is required. HSDPA employs fast retransmission scheme, new frame structure and new adaptive higher order modulation scheme.FUS (far user streaming) will be used to provide the enhanced services of HSDPA to near user as well as far user fairly at the cost of little delay.

Keywords: FUS MIMO; HSDPA; Fast retransmission scheme.

[1] HSPA Mobile Broadband Today (http://www.gsmworld.com)
[2] HarriHolma and AnttiToskala. HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons. June 2006.
[3] Pedersen, K. I., Andersen, J. B., Kermoal, J. P., &Mogensen, P. (2000). "A stochastic multiple-input-multiple-output radio channel model for evaluation of space-time coding algorithms". In Vehicular Technology Conference, 2000. IEEE VTS-Fall VTC 2000. 52nd (Vol. 2, pp. 893-897). IEEE.
[4] Das, A., Khan, F., Sampath, A., & Su, H. J. (2002, September). "Design and performance of down link shared control channel for HSDPA". In Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2002. The 13th IEEE International Symposium on (Vol. 3, pp. 1088-1091). IEEE.
[5] Cho, J., & Haas, Z. J. (2003, October). "Throughput enhancement by multi-hop relaying in cellular radio networks with non-uniform traffic distribution". In Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Fall. 2003 IEEE 58th (Vol. 5, pp. 3065-3069). IEEE.

Abstract: Geographic Routing (GR) algorithms, require nodes to periodically transmit HELLO messages to allow neighbors know their positions (beaconing mechanism). To reduce the control overhead due to these messages, beacon-less routing algorithms have recently been proposed. However, existing beacon-less algorithms have not considered realistic physical layers. Therefore, those algorithms cannot work properly in realistic scenarios. In this paper we present a new beacon-less routing protocol EBGR. Its design is based on the new delay function to reduce collisions and duplicate messages produced during the phase of selecting the next forwarder. Through extensive simulations on NS2 we compare proposed beaconless routing protocol with BLR and CBF and show that our scheme is able to achieve almost perfect packet delivery ratio (like BLR) while having a low bandwidth consumption.

Keywords: Delay function, bandwidth ,packet delivery ratio.

[1] http://www.omnetpp.org/index.php, 2009.
[2] B. Blum, T. He, S. Son, and J. Stankovic, "IGF: A State-Free Robust Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," Technical Report CS-2003-11, Univ. of Virginia, 2003.
[3] J.-H. Chang and L. Tassiulas, "Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 609-619, Aug. 2004.
[4] M. Chawla, N. Goel, K. Kalaichelvan, A. Nayak, and I. Stojmenovic, "Beaconless Position Based Routing with GuaranteedDelivery for Wireless Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks," Proc.FIP Int'l Federation for Information Processing World ComputerCongress, pp. 61-70, 2006.
[5] H. Fu¨ßler, J. Widmer, M. Ka¨semann, M. Mauve, and H.Hartenstein, "Contention-Based Forwarding for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 1, pp. 351-369, 2003.
[6] W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, "Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks," Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int'l Conf. System Sciences, pp. 4-7, 2000.

Abstract: This paper presents the design and simulation of rectangular microstrip antenna with Dual T-shaped slots for wireless communicaions with frequency standards 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz specified by IEEE 802.15.3a.The shape will provide the bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, mobile radio, etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research with single T slot and it is simulated. Microstrip line edge feeding technique is used in the design analysis. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in terms of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. Substrate used here is DUROID which has a dielectric loss tangent of 0.0009. The results show that the antenna is able to operate at 4.84 GHz and 6.81 GHz frequency band with operating frequency at 5 GHz.

Keywords: multi frequency, microstrip,

[1] Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, Restricted not for sale in North America Edition, Constantine A. Balanis, Wiley, 2005
[2] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. J. Bahl and A Ittipiboon, Microstrip antenna design handbook, ArtechHouse:New York, 2001.
[3] Inc. NY, USA. Richard C. Johnson, Henry Jasik, ''Antenna Engineering Handbook'' Second Edition 1984, pp 7‐ 1 to 7‐ 14, McGraw Hill,
[4] K. L. Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, John Wiley & Sons. 2003
[5] J. Huang (1983) The finite ground plane effect on the Microstrip Antenna radiation pattern, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate, vol. AP-31, no. 7, pp. 649-653
[6] Nader Engheta, Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Metamaterial Physics & Engineering Explorations", Wiley-IEEE Press, June 2006.

Abstract:The basic barricade to high-speed communication systems and long distance transmission over the installed standard single mode fiber at 1.55 μm is the linear chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities. Both parameters have been of great concern as these parameters confine the overall efficiency of the system.FBG are being used as dispersion compensator and EDFA is used for amplification of the signal. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of two different modulation schemes i.e. NRZ and RZ modulation format at 10 GB/s.NRZ and RZ modulation format is the scheme used to avoid intersymbol interference (ISI) on an optical carrier wave for transmission over optical fiber.

[1] M.A Othman, M.M Ismail, H.A Sulaiman "An analysis of 10 Gbits/s optical transmission sytem using fiber bragg gratting.IOSRJEN.Vol.2,issue 7(July 2012).pp 55-61.
[2] M.Litchinitser,J.Eggleton,and B.Patterson, "Fiber Bragg Gratting for Dispersion Compensation in Transmission theoretical Model and Design Criteria for Nearly Ideal Pulse Recompression", Journal oflightwave Technology,Vol.15No.8,August1997.
[3] Prachi Shukla, Kanwar Preet Kaur "Performance Analysis of EDFA for different Pumping Configurations at High Data Rate" International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-5, June 2013.
[4] S.O Mohammadi,SaeedMozzaffari and M.Mahdi Shahidi, "Simulation of a transmission sytem to compensate dispersion in an optical fiber by chirp grating."International Journal of the Physical Sciences,Vol.6(32).pp7354-7360,2December,2011.
[5] MUTHANA Y. ALDOURI, S.A. ALJUNID, R. BADLISHAH AHMAD, HILAL A. FADHIL, "Bit error rate (BER) performance of return-to-zero and non return-to-zero data signals optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system based on AND detection scheme in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks". Optica Applicata, Vol. XLI, No. 1, 2011.

Abstract: New and increasingly advanced data services are driving up wireless traffic, which is being further boosted by growth in voice applications in advanced market segments as the migration from fixed to mobile voice continues. Meanwhile, difficult market conditions have caused a number of operators to delay making substantial investments in upgrading their networks to higher capacity technology.

[1] Anil Goyal and Dharmendra Kumar Jhariya; "Simulation and performance Analysis of Ad-hoc Routing Protocol in Wi-Fi &WiMAX networks using QualNet", International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, ISSN- 2277-1956, Vol-1, No-3, pp. 1593-1601, July 2012.
[2] Intel;"UnderstandingWiMAX and 3G for portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless", Technical White Paper, dec 2004.
[3] "Comparing mobile WiMAX, 3G and Beyond", White Paper, WiMAX forum, 2007.
[4] Fasasi .A. Adebari and Olalekan Bello. "Mobile WiMAX as a Next Generation Broadband Wireless Networks" International Journal of Science and Technologyvol 2, no. 1, pp. 77-80, Jan 2013.
[5] Sarra Ben Oubira, MounirFrikha and Sami Tabbane, "Loose coupling Approach for UMTS/WiMAX Integration" in Proceedings of the IFIP Wireless Days Conference 2011, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada, 10-12 October 2011, pp. 13.
[6] Kumudu S. Munasinghe, and Abbas Jamalipour, "Interworked WiMAX-3G Cellular Data Networks:An Architecture for Mobility Management and Performance Evaluation" , IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 8, Issue: 4, pp. 1847-1853, April 2009.