IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2014

Abstract: In biogas volatile fatty acid are the principle source of energy for methanogens and an increase in their concentration can enhance the process performance of biogas digester. A two phase anaerobic digestion system was used to study the effect of various factors on the net production of volatile fatty acid (VFA). For this purpose thermophilic digester maintained at 55°c (i.e. digester I) and the main digester was kept at ambient temperature (i.e. digester II). Co-digestion of vegetable waste and cow dung was investigated in two phase anaerobic biodigester system.

[1]. B. Koumanova, M. Saev, Anaerobic digestion of waste fruits and vegetables (Review), Ecological Engineering and Environmental protection, 1,2008,20-29.
[2]. I. Simeonov,S.Mihajlova,A.Mirkov,Y.Petkov,E.Chorukova,Biogas production from organic wastes in laboratory digesters, Ecological Engineering and Environmental Protection,2,2007,23-32.
[3]. L.Nikolov, I.Simenonv,D. Karakashev,E.Chorukova,D.Galabova,Anaerobic digestion of complex mixture of organic waste, Ecological Engineering and Environmental Protection,3,2004,42-52.
[4]. Banerjee AK. Biogas from Parthenium, Article published in The Times of India, 1987.
[5]. Shanta Satyanarayan, Paresh Murkute, Ramakant. Biogas production enhancement by Brassica compestries amendment in cattle dung digester, Biomass and Bioenergy, 30, 2008,210 - 215.

Abstract: Biosorption of arsenic and iron using arsenic tolerent bacteria i.e Bacillus sp. strain CCBAU 51490 (C-7) and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain DSM 10 (A-2) isolated from halophilic arsenic contaminated soil of Baduria [Arsenic (As) concentration of the soil is 2.18 ppm.] after exposing them to 50 mg/l. and 30 mg/l of arsenic respectively and 42 mg/l. of iron (Fe) in primary and ternary solutions. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used in the equilibrium modeling for determining the ideal condition for arsenic removal from contaminated sludge with this resistant bacterial consortium. Both the adsorption isotherm models were found to fit accurately with the experimental data.

1]. Azza. A. Abou Zeid,Wesam A. Hassanein, Hedayat M. Salama and Ghada A. A. Fahd., 2009. Biosorption of Some Heavy Metal Ions Using Bacterial Species Isolated from Agriculture Waste Water Drains in Egypt. Journal of Applied Scienes Research, 5(4): 372-383.
[2]. Babak, L., Šupinova, P., Zichova, M., Burdychova, R., Vitova, E, 2012. Biosorption Of Cu, Zn and Pb by Thermophilic Bacteria – Effect Of Biomass Concentration On Biosorption Capacity. Acta Univ. Agric. Et Silvic.Mendel. Brun., LX, No. 5, pp. 9–18
[3]. Binkley, J. and Simpson, J.A., 2003. Heavy metals in wastewater treatment processes. In: The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology. Mara D andHoran N (eds). London: Academic Press p. 597-610.
[4]. Borrok , D., Aumend, K., Jeremy B. Fein, 2006. Significance of ternary bacteria–metal–natural organic matter complexes determined through experimentation and chemical equilibrium modeling. Chemical Geology 238: 44-62.
[5]. Ferreira M.A.S.S., Lund BM. 1987. The influence of pH and temperature on initiation of growth of Salmonella spp. Lett Appl Microbiol 5:67-70.

Abstract: Until fairly recently, water has been seen as an infinitely available resource to be diverted, drained or polluted in generating wealth. Scarcity is a policy-induced outcome flowing from this deeply flawed approach, the predictable consequences of inexhaustible demand chasing an under priced resources.
This study seeks to look at water resources in Nigeria and to assess water availability and its attendant consequences on the Nigeria population at present and in the near future. Images of shrinking lakes, and disappearing of rivers, population growth, pollution and climate change reinforce the perception that Nigeria is drifting into water crises. With competition for an increasing scarce resource conflicts within the country and water wars between countries are likely inevitable. This study seeks for ways of providing solutions to water crises that may arise between Nigeria and other countries sharing rivers together.
Keywords: Water, Scarcity, Conflict, Crises, Nigeria.

[1]. Christopher, O.O., (2006). Water Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Jour. Hum. Ecol, 19(3), pp 169-181.
[2]. Eric, O.O., Lekan, O., and Jonhson, A.O., (2006). Lake Chad, Experience and Lessons Learned Brief.
[3]. Falkemark, M., (1989a). "The Massive Water Scarcity Now Threatening Africa-why isn't being addressed?:Ambio 18(2), pp112-118.
[4]. Falkemark, M., (1989b). "Vulnerability Generated by Water Scarcity Synopsis": Ambio 18(6), pp 352-353.
[5]. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, (2007). National Population: Vol. 94: Printed and Published by Federal Government of Nigeria.

Abstract: Water is an elixir of life. It is an important component to human survival. Water should be purified for a better life style. It is the basic duty of every individual to conserve water resources. The present study attempts to bring an acute awareness among the people about the quality of ground water by taking water samples from specific locations for analysis. The experimental analysis was done for various Physico-chemical and biological parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, TDS, CO32-, TH, Ca2+, Mg 2+, Cl-, NO3- , SO4 2-, Turbidity, Na+, K+, Fe, and F- etc., The results are compared with standards of WHO, USPH and BIS and ISIRI. In the present study, a statistical analysis for eight data points of drinking water at eight villages, of Guntur District has been done and the results were discussed here. The systematic correlation and regression analysis showed significant linear relationship among different pairs of water quality parameters.
Key words: Correlation and regression, Ground water, Parameters, Standards, Statistical analysis

[1] Jothivenkatachalam, K., Nithya A and Mohan S C, (2010). Correlation analysis of drinking water quality in and around Perur block of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India, Rasayan Journal 13. Chemistry, 3(4): 649654.
[2] Liao S W, Gau H S, Lai W L, Chen J J, and Lee C G, (2007), J. Environ. Manag., 88 (2), 286.
[3] Mahvi A H, Nouri J A, Babiei A, and Nabizadeh R, (2005), Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 2 (1), 41.
[4] Nouri J A, Karbassi R, and Mirkia S, (2008), J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 5 (1), 43.
[5] Jarvie H P, Whitton B A, and Neal C, (1998), Sci. Total Environ., 210-211, 79.

Abstract: Hydro – ethanolic leaf extract of Laportea aestuans L. was screened for antioxidant activity using various antioxidant models such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl quenching (DPPH) assay, superoxide scavenging assay (O2oo), reducing power capacity (RC), scavenging capacity towards hydroxyl ion (OHo) radical, nitric oxide (NOo) radical inhibition, hydrogen peroxide inhibition activity (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition activity and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozolin-6-sulfonic acid (ABTSo+) cation decolourization test. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and ascorbic acid content were also determined. The leaf extract of L. aestuans (LAE) yielded 199.3 ± 4.041mg Gallic acid/100g of sample as the total phenolic content, 90.7 ± 6.807mg Quercetin/100g of sample as total flavonoid content and 52.0 ± 5.000mg vitamin/100g of sample as ascorbic acid content. The extract exhibited high scavenging activity against DPPH, O2, OH, NO, H2O2, ABTS and Lipid peroxide (LPO) with IC50 values of 15.0 ± 1.00, 247.0 ± 4.58, 84.3 ± 3.79, 67.3 ± 3.06, 230.7 ± 7.02, 81.0 ± 3.61 and 82.7 ± 6.43μg/ml respectively. Correlation was high between polyhenolic content and antiradical potential of different reactive oxygen species indicated that polyphenols are considered as main antioxidants.
Key words: Laportea aestuans, Antioxidant activity, DPPH, Reducing capacity, ABTS, Nitric oxide and Antiradical activity.

[1]. G. Kaur, R. Tuli and M. Chintamaneni, "Antioxidant Potential of Methanolic and Hydrolyzed Extracts of Eclipta alba", Pharmacologyonline, vol. 2, pp. 947 – 956, 2009.
[2]. J.C. Espin, C. Soler – Rivas, and H.J. Wichers, "Characterization of the total free radical scavenger capacity of vegetable and oil fractions using 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical". J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 48, pp. 648 – 656, 2000.
[3]. R.H. Lieu, "Health benefits of fruits and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combination of phytochemicals", Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 78, pp. 517 – 520, 2003.
[4]. R.L. Prior, "Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cellular oxidative damage". Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 78, pp. 570 – 578, 2003.
[5]. W.L. Chew, "A monograph of Laportea (Urticaceae)". Gard. Bull. Singapore, vol. 21, pp. 178 – 195, 1969.

Abstract: Gas chromatophic FID analysis of leaves of Laportea aestuans was conducted and showed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes, carotenoids and saponins. The effects of Laportea (Linn) on alloxan induced diabetes in rats were also evaluated using glucose and lipid profiles. Animals weighing (160 – 200g) were divided into 3 groups of 21 animals each; Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (diabetes control) and Group 3 (test). Diabetes was induced in albino rats by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan in group 2 and 3 respectively. Animals in group 1 and 2 received normal rat feed while animals in group 3 were fed with Laportea aestuans leaves for a period of 28 days. Animals were sacrificed on day 28. Glucose, glycated hemoglobin and lipid profile were estimated. Laportea aestuans leaves elicited significant (P<0.05) reduction of blood glucose and lipid profile parameters except high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) which significantly increased. L. aestuans offer promise as antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemia.
Key words: Gas – chromatography – FID, Laportea aestuans, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia.

[1]. U.A. Essiet, N.I. Edet, and D.N. Bala, "Phytochemical and physiochemical analysis of the leaves of Laportea aestuans (Linn) Chew and Laportea aestuans (Schumach) Chew (male and female)", Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 35 – 42, 2011.
[2]. I.O. Oyewole, and P.F. Akingbala, "Phytochemical analysis and hypolipidemic properties of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf Extract", European Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 180-185, 2011.
[3]. R.E. Olson, "Discovery of the lipoproteins, their roles in fat transport and their significance as risk factors", J. Nutr., vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 439 – 443, 1998.
[4]. P. Barter, A.M. Larosa, J.C. Maroni, J. Szareke, M.S.M. Grundy, J.P. Kastelein, and V. Bittner, "HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular events", New Engl. J. Med., vol. 357, no 13, pp. 1301 – 1309, 2007.
[5]. B.N. Okigbo, "Neglected plants of horticultural and nutritional importance in traditional farming systems of tropical Africa". Acta Horticulturae vol. 53, pp. 131-150, 1977.

Abstract: Palmyrah leaf based articles have been dyed mostly with direct dyes till today, which always have problems to dyers is that complications in dye reproducibility. Therefore this study was concluded about standardize the dyeing variables of alkaline dye. The optimum wave length was 600 nm, out of a set of wave length ranging from 400-700 nm on the basis of highest absorbance. Five dye concentrations (0.1-0.5g/l) were tried and 0.3g/l dye concentrations were selected on the basis of dye absorption. Likewise for the good dye absorption optimum temperature, optimum time and optimum leaf: liquor ratio was 100oC, 30 min and 1:20 respectively. Significantly higher dye absorption and wash fastness was observed leaves with beaching than without bleaching while there was no significant different among the property of light fastness. Effect of auxiliary was studied with sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and naphthalene and naphthalene was selected as the best auxiliary based on the light fatness properties.
Keywords: Bleaching, Dye absorption, Fastness, Naphthalene, and Palmyrah leaf.

[1] J. Taylor, The dyeing of cotton with hetero bi-functional reactive dyes containing both a monochlorotriazinyl and a chloroacetlyamins reactive groups, Dyes and Pigments. 51(6), 2001, 145-152.
[2] S. Bae, H. Motomura, and Z. Morita,.Adsorption behavior of reactive dyes on cellulose. Dyes and Pigments. 40(1),1998, 37-55.
[3] S. Alam , G.M. Khan, and S.M. Razzaque, Dyeing of cotton fabrics with reactive dyes and their physico-chemical properties, Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 33(1), 2008, 58-65.
[4] A. Farha, S.A. Gamal, A.M. and Shallam, H.B, Sodium edate and sodium citrate as an exhausting and fixing agents for dyeing cotton fabric with reactive dyes and reuse of dyeing effulent, Journal of American Science. 6(10), 2010, 109-112.
[5] Anonymous. 2007. Reactive dye. http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Reactive_dye. Retrieved on 16.6.2011.

Abstract: Water quality rating methods provide a single number that reflects the combined influence of different water quality parameters and is of much significance in the sustainable development of a watershed. pH, EC, TDS, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sulphate were used to calculate WQI in weighted arithmetic index method. Accordingly water quality is classified as excellent, good, poor, very poor and unfit for drinking. Thematic maps for the study area were prepared from SOI toposheets and IRS P6 LISS-III image (P100/R67) using Arc GIS 9.2 software. Spatial distribution maps were prepared for both watersheds by adding WQI index values as attribute data. In both sub-watersheds, percentage of excellent category is higher during Post monsoon season compared to other two seasons. When both sub-watersheds are compared Vagamon has better water quality than Peermade sub-watershed. It is represented by 44.44% excellent, 44.44% good and 11.12% poor category of WQI during Pre monsoon season; 33.33% excellent and 66.67% good category of WQI during Monsoon season; and 77.78% excellent and 22.22% good category WQI during Post monsoon season. The corresponding values for Peermade sub-watershed, for different seasons are 36.36% excellent and good, 18.18% poor and 9.10% very poor WQI during Pre monsoon; 36.36% excellent, 54.55% good and 9.09% poor WQI during Monsoon; and 45.45% excellent and good and 9.10% very poor category WQI during Post monsoon season.
Keywords: GIS, Peermade, Spatial distribution map, Vagamon, WQI.

[1] V.B. Rekha, A.V.George, and M. Rita, A comparative study of water quality index (WQI) of Peruvanthanam and Valiyathodu subwatersheds
of Manimala river basin, Kerala.South India. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science,Toxicology and Food Technology
(IOSR-JESTFT), 3(4), 2013, 01-06.
[2] S. Ananthakrishnan, K. Loganathan, and A. Jafar ahamed, Study on ground water quality and its suitability or drinking purpose in
Alathur block -Perambalur district, Archives of Applied Science Research, 4(3), 2012, 1332-1338.
[3] K.R.Karnath, Hydrogoology (Tata Mc.Graw Hill publishing company Ltd., New Delhi, 1989).
[4] Rashmi Sisodia, and Chaturbhuj Moundiotiya, Assessment of the Water Quality Index of Wetland Kalakho Lake, Rajasthan, India,
Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 1(14), 2006, 23.
[5] R.M. Brown, N.J. Mc Cleiland, R.A. Deininger, and M.F. O'Connor, A water quality index - crossing the psychological barrier
(Jenkis, S.H. ed.), Proc. Int. Conf. on Water Poll. Res., Jerusalem, 6, 1972, 787-797.

Abstract: Oyster C. cucullata is one of the potential species contaminated by heavy metal due to its way of eating, namely by filtering the water. In addition, the oyster character that tends to settle (sessile) and does not migratory organism. This study aims to know the content of heavy metal heavy metal Pb on the sea water and oyster C. cucullata from the Fishery Port of Mayangan Beach. The study uses survey method by using for stations; station I is the mooring dock, station II is Fish Auction, station III is mangrove area, and station IV is Bentar beach. The data collected from several phases of the experiments was analyzed descriptively to know the content of heavy metal Pb in waters and oyster C. cucullata. The result of the study shows that the content of heavy metal Pb in the sea water is approximately in the range of 0.023 ppm – 0.041 ppm. Whereas the heavy metal Pb in the oyster C. cucullata is in the range of 0.6500 ± 0,713 ppm – 1, 528 ± 0,157 ppm. By the mean of bioindicator of oyster C. Cucullata, it shows that the Fishing Port water of Mayangan Beach has been contaminated heavy metal Pb oyster C. cucullata.
Keywords: Heavy metal Pb, oyster C. cucullata, bio-indicator.

[1] Arfiati, D. 2007. Kemampuan Tiga Jenis Tiram dalam Biofilter Fitoplankton. Disertasi. Universitas Brawijaya Program Pasca Sarjana. Malang.
[2] Anonymous, 2009. Buku Data status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Kota Probolinggo Tahun 2009. Pemerintah Kota Probolinggo provinsi Jawa Timur.
[3] Dahuri, R, Rais, J, Ginting S, P. dan Sitepu, M. J, 1996. Pengolahan Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu. PT. Pradnya Paramitha. Jakarta.
[4] Darmono. 2001.Lingkungan Hidup dan Pencemaran. Jakarta : UI PRESS.
[5] EPA (Environment Pollution Association), 1973. Water Quality Criteria. Ecol.Res.Series, Washington. 595p.

Abstract: The express development of internet and branches of multi medias in world wide channel, have created the new method for transfering the information to the students. Doubtless, timing education is the most effective method of education by face to face connection. But greatness of distance and shortage of time has limited the chance of participation of students in this kind of classes. This study had done with the goal of comparative investigation about the rate of effectiveness in teaching of procurement and production of materials and progressive tools lesson in environmental field in 2 groups of students of virtual and conventional study that did on 2 groups of students in each group we had 30 final semester students in environmental field in Payam noor university , Tehran virtual group trained the procurement and production of material and progressive tools about environmental education in the first semester of 2011-12 and face to face group trained it face to face. At the end of educational course, both groups evaluated in a same situation and same examinable materials. The required information analysised by the descriptive and perceptive statistic. Also the average of virtual scoures scoures were1=10/88and and for conventional students were1=8/85 and according to p=0/05 for this kind of students, so we can conclud that there is a specific different between these groups. As a result you can train procurement and production of materials and progressive tools lesson about environmental education by the distance education method and it doesnot have any educational grade reduction.
Keywords: Medias, Distance education ,Conventional education, Environmental education Iran.

[1] Garrison, D. and R. Anderson, Terry. (2005). e-Learning in the 21st Century theoretical and practical, (Translated by E. and S. Safai unitary Zvarky Zarei), Tehran: Science and Technology Press.
[2] Arabani, Dana (2006). images of groups of experiences on the Internet, Proceedings of distance education, Tehran: Institute of distance.
[3] Bowen,b,e. and Thomsom. J. (1995). Distance education needs of agribusinesses and professional agriculture associations. Journal of 36 (4):18-25.
[4] Ali Abadi, Khadijah. (2001). Virtual university and distance education, Proceedings of the conference on educational technology in higher education, university,arak Reference 5.
[5] Cooper, R. (2004). E-learning in the World. London: Falmer.

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the pesticide residues and metal elements in 39 wells located in the agricultural area of the northwest of Morocco. Results showed the presence of lead, chromium, selenium, copper, manganese, iron and zinc at different levels, with negligible mercury and nickel below detection limits. However, selenium and iron values exceeded the international regulation levels in 64 % and 15.4 % of samples, respectively. Organochlorine and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) pesticides are found in all water samples, where their concentrations are ranged between 2 ng L-1 and 8 ng L-1, while organophosphorine, carbamate and other organochlorines pesticides are below detection limits. The daily intake of selenium (22.62 μg per day) was lower than that of the international standards (6 - 21 μg per day). The concentrations of DDT in studied samples are over the permissible limits of international standards for drinking water.
Keywords: Contamination, Pesticide residues, Metals, Groundwater.

[1] World Health Organization (2006) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Incorporating first addendum Vol. 1, recommendations 595 p.
[2] A. Salem Mansour and I. Alshergawi Mohammed, Physico-chemical, Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Alshati District of Libya, Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 2013, 46-51.
[3] Erraki L, Ezzahiri B, Bouhache M, Mihi M (2004) Development of pesticides database ofagricultural used in Morocco Proceedings of the 5th convention the AMPP, Rabat, Maroc.
[4] Hammada S, Fekhaoui M., Dakki M. (1990) Ecology of the Algaes of a river Moroccan Polluted: OuedRdom. Thesis, Rabat, 149 pp.
[5] RCIG-Regional Center of Investment of Gharb (2012), Morocco.

Abstract: Samples of untreated groundwater from 454 drinking water wells provided under Water Supply And Sanitation Programme (BAKAS), were analyzed between Mac and December 2013. There were 49% (221/454) samples positive for Total Coliform, 14% (65/454) positive for E.coli, and 3% (13/454) positive for Salmonella spp respectively. No samples positive for Vibrio Cholera were detected. Detailed results of the groundwater samples from nine districts indicated that Gua Musang 81% (17/21), Tanah Merah 65% (13/20), Bachok 60% (24/40), Tumpat 58% (70/120), Kota Bharu 54% (41/76), Pasir Puteh 40% (32/80), Machang 35% (7/20), Pasir Mas 24% (13/55), and Kuala Krai 18% (4/22) showed violation of Total Coliform whilst violation of E.coli were detected in Gua Musang 38% (8/21), Kota Bharu 24% (18/76), Tumpat 18% (21/120), Machang 15% (3/20), Pasir Mas 13% (7/55), Pasir Puteh 8% (6/80), Tanah Merah 5% (1/20), and Kuala Krai 5% (1/22). For Salmonella spp, only samples from Kota Bharu 14% (11/76) and Tumpat 2% (2/120) show violation. In term of chemical analysis, Violation of Ferum were detected more frequently (39%) with mean value 0.76mg/l ± 1.37 followed by Manganese (29%) mean value 0.27mg/l ± 3, Ammonia (6%) mean value 0.34mg/l ± 0.85 and Aluminium (only 1%) mean value 0.04mg/l ± 0.12.

[1]. Jamaludin, N., S.M. Sham and S.N.S. Ismail, 2013. Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate Exposure In Well Water Of Residents In Intensive Agriculture Area. Am. J. Applied Sci., 10: 442-448.

[2]. Frederick, J.A, Beverly J.P, Timothy J.B, et al, 1997. A Community Waterborne Outbreak of Salmonellosis and The Effectiveness of a Boil Water Order. Am. J. Public Health, 87: 580-584.

[3]. Hrudey, S.E, P. Payment, P. M. Huck, et al, 2003. A Fatal Waterborne Disease Epidemic in Walkerton Ontario: Comparison With Other Waterborne Outbreaks In The Developed World. Water Science and Technology, 47: 7-14.

[4]. Arokiasamy J.T, 1996. Microbial Diseases in Malaysia: Recent Experiences. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 51: 4-11.

[5]. Ab Rahman Isa, 1990. Cholera Outbreak in Tumpat, Kelantan - 1990. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 45: 187-193.