IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2014

Abstract: Garcinia cambogia is a sub tropical fruit found in the Western Ghats of India as well as in South- East Asia. Garcinia or Malabar tamarind has greater dietary importance and it is widely utilized in the preparation of refreshing drinks, for curing fishes, in fish curries etc. Garcinia had proven medicinal effects and is used in treating conditions like flatulence, oedema, chronic alcoholism, dysentery, diarrhea, obesity etc. The nutraceutical effects of Garcinia cambogia is due to the presence of an acid known as HCA or (-) – hydroxy citric acid in it. This higher hydroxy citric acid content in Garcinia makes it an effective anti- obesity agent because of its appetite reducing property by inhibiting the enzyme ATP- citrate lyase which helps in the conversion of carbohydrates to glycogen. Even though Garcinia cambogia had a number of nutraceutical effects, its use is under exploited in our country which resulted in the wastage of these fruits during the seasonal glut. Processing techniques like osmotic pressure, controlled pH, dehydration and utilization of fruits in the preparation of fruit beverages were selected for the preparation of value added products using Garcinia cambogia. Keywords: Fruits, Garcinia cambogia, Nutraceuticals, Processing, Value added products, Shelf life

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[3] S. K. Roy, and R. K. Pal,Use of plastics in post harvest technology of fruits and vegetables, A review of IFP, Indian Food Packer,27(4),1993,42.
[4] S. N. Manay,and M. Shadaksharaswamy, Foods – Facts and Principles,(New Delhi: New Age International, 2006)77, 103.
[5] M. J. Whitaker,The Whitaker Wellness Weigh Lose Programmes,( US: Source Books,2006)104.

Abstract: Oil palm midrib is solid waste from oil palm plantation with huge potential of 20 ton/ha/year (Sayed Umar, 2009). This lignocellulosic material can be optimally utilized for particleboard. Acacia bark is also organic waste from the manufacture of acacia chip, containing tannin whose properties similar to adhesive, so that it is called bio-adhesive. In this research, tannin functions as the extender for Phenol Formaldehyde adhesive in the manufacture of particleboard from oil palm midrib. The objective of the research was to find out the characteristics of oil palm midrib for particleboard with a mixture variation of Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) and tannin. The research employed the factorial experiment with complete random design, where factor A consisted of two levels, i.e. PF adhesive compositions of 8% and 10%, and factor B consisted of 4 levels, i.e. tannin additions of 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% of PF adhesive weight. The result indicated that the physical properties of oil palm midrib particleboard (KA and density), the mechanical properties (MOR, IB and screw holding strength), and some parts of MOE from the PF use of 10% could meet SNI (Indonesian National Standard) 03-2105-1996.
Keywords: particleboard, oil palm midrib, Phenol Formaldehyde, acacia tannin.

[1] Adi Sujasman, 2009. Supply of Oil Palm Wood Particle Board with Unsaturated Polyester Resin (Yukalac 157 BQTN-Ex), Postgraduate School, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan
[2] Adi Santoso and Yusuf Sudohadi, 2005. Low Formaldehyde Emission Particleboard Using Tannin Adhesive. Journal of Forest Product Technology. Forestry Faculty of Institut Pertanian Bogor. Vol 18. No.1. 2005
[3] Adi Santoso and Rachman O, 2005. Use of Condensed Tannin of Acacia Bark for Wood Adhesive. Journal of Forestry Research Wana Mukti.Vol.2. No.2 2005
[4] Cecilia Maria Erna Susanti, 2000. Tannin Autocondensate and Its Use as Lamina Wood Adhesive. Postgraduate Program of Institut Pertanian Bogor, Thesis. Unpublished.
[5] Fengel, D. dan G. Wegener, 1995. Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Translated by Sastrohamidjoyo, edited by Prawirohatmodjo. Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.

Abstract: This paper reviews the utilization of acid tars with the overall aim of reducing or eradicating the environmental problems associated with acid tar landfill disposal at a local crude benzol refinery in Zimbabwe .The review focused on disposal, characterization, composition and utilization of acid tars. Peer reviewed journal and conference papers from 1980 to the current year were considered. The papers reviewed were mainly from petroleum processing since the acidic nature of the tar can be assumed to be similar to that of crude benzol processing and the databases used were Science direct, Hinari and Agora .The effects of the disposal of acid tar in lagoon were reviewed. The utilisation of acid tar waste is dependent on the chemical composition hence work on the characterization of acid tars was reviewed. The use G.C-MS was common in the characterization of acid tars as compared to other analytical techniques. Some of the utilization processes which were reviewed included among others the conversion of acid tar to asphaltenes, production of pavement binders, energy utilisation, acid tar co-processing, membrane technology, ion exchangers and carbon adsorbents technique. The utilization of acid tar waste hinges on effective treatment methods owing to its complex chemical composition.
Keywords: Crude benzol, Acid tar, Refining, Lagoons, Characterisation, Asphaltenes, Energy, membrane technology, Remediation, Disposal

[1]. Catney. P, Lawson. N, Palaseanu-Lvejoy. M, Shaw. S, Smith. C, Stafford. T, Tabot. S and Xuhao. (2005). Acid tar lagoons: risks and sustainable remediation in an urban context, paper presented to the SUBR: IM Conference March 2005.
[2]. Zilic-Fiser. S and Dvorsak. S. (2010) the model of an effective public communication in remediation of acid tar dump: case of Pesniski dvor.
[3]. Frolov. A. F, Aminov. A. N and Timrot. S. D (1981) Composition and properties of acid tar and asphalt produced from acid tar. Plenum publishers.
[4]. Burtanaya. I. A, Gachechiladze. O.O, Mitin. A. V, Prokhorov. S. A, Ruzhinskaya. L. I and Shafarenko. N. V (2007) Membrane technology for processing of acid tars, Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 43: 521-523.

[5]. Leonard. S. A, Stegemann. J. A and Roy. A. (2010a), Characterization of acid tars, Hazardous material, 175: 383-392.

Abstract: Biodegradation refers to the chemical dissolution of materials by microorganisms or other biological means. Biodegradable materials are those that can be consumed by microorganisms whereas biodegradability of a material refers to the ability of that material to be decomposed by biological agents, especially bacteria. Plastics are synthetic or semi – synthetic long chain polymeric molecules that are moldable. They are made from inorganic and organic raw materials, such as carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chloride. The basic materials used for making plastics are extracted from oil, coal and natural gas. Plastics are biodegraded aerobically in wild nature, anaerobically in sediments and landfills and partly aerobically and partly anaerobically in composts and soil. Carbon dioxide and water are produced during aerobic biodegradation and carbon-dioxide, water and methane are produced during anaerobic biodegradation. Polythene & plastic has become a part of modern day living right from packaging to making toys and various other applications.

Keywords: biodegradation, plastics, paper bags, biodegradability.

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[4]. Barlaz M.A., Schaefer D.M., and Ham R.K. (1989). Bacterial population development and chemical characteristics of refuse decomposition in a simulated sanitary landfill. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 55(1): 55 – 65.
[5]. Chowdhury, A.A. (1963). Poly-b-hydroxybuttersa'ure'abbauende Baketerien and Exoenzym. Arch. Mikrobiol. 47: 167 – 200.

Abstract: Fungi being robust organism makes significant contribution in natural remediation of heavy metals and xenobiotic compound. Out of the thirty three different fungi isolated twenty two isolates were found to be chromium resistant. Fungus belonging to genera Penicillium and Trichoderma sp. were highly resistant to chromium up to 2000-2500ppm. Biosorption studies of chromium evaluated using live biomass of fungi shows maximum biosorption of the Cr6+ i.e. 74% of 1000ppm Cr6+ after 14 days. Degradation of anthracene with four different fungus isolates were studied and of them Penicilliumsp., Tichoderma sp. and Penicilliundecumbenshave confirmed their ability to degrade anthracene in minimal media. All the isolates were identified based on 18S rDNA gene sequencing and sequence were submitted to GenBank under accession no. KF284156-61 for Aspergillusterreus, Penicillium Sp., Penicilliumdecumbens, Trichodermaamazonicum, Hypocreaatroviridis and Trichoderma Sp. respectively. Phylogenetic study with some Cr resistant and/or PAHs degrading fungi was also carried out by using MEGA5. In all Penicilliundecumbenshas proven to be potentially useful strain and can be used for bioremediation of industrial effluent containing chromium and anthracene.
Key words: Bioremediation, Heavy metal, Chromium, Biosorption, Anthracene, MEGA5.

[1]. R. Singh and P. Singh, Pollution in Abu drainage –a preliminary report, Current advances in Plant Science,13, 2000, 43-45.
[2]. M. X. Gavrilescu, Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption. Engineering in Life Science,4, 2002, 219-232.
[3]. M. Iqbal and R. G. J. Edyvean, Biosorption of lead, copper and zinc ions on loofa sponge-immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana: characterization studies, Journal of Harazardous Materials, 108, 2004, 85-94.
[4]. T. Ankar and S. Tunali, Biosorption performance of Botrytis cinereafungal byproducts for removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions, Mineral engineering, 18, 2005, 1099-1109.
[5]. K.Anju, P. Binal, K. Prashantand S. Hiren, Isolation and characterization of heavy metal resistant bacteria from industrial effluent, Amala khadi Ankleshwar, Gujarat, International journal of Environmental science, 3(5), 2013, 1689-1699.

Abstract: Inspite of the characteristic objectionable painty odour, soybean is an attractive value added food grain because of its higher nutritive value. The effect of different flavourings on the quality and acceptability of soy-yoghurt were studied. The flavours were added at 5% (W/V). Soy-yoghurt flavoured with synthesized vanilla, banana, strawberry, pineapple and natural ginger flavours, control without flavouring and commercial yoghurt were all compared for proximate, pH, percentage lactic acid, specific gravity, soluble solids, percentage syneresis and microbial count. Sensory evaluation was also conducted in order to determine the acceptability of the samples. The protein content of plain soy-yoghurt was 3.33; commercial yoghurt was 3.74 while that of flavoured soy-yoghurt ranged from 3.47 and 3.69. The pH and %lactic acid contents ranged from 4.2-5.0 and 0.70-1.31 respectively on the second day of storage while the values were 4.0-4.7 and 1.30-1.71 on the eighth day of storage at refrigeration temperature. The lactic acid values increased with decreasing pH values. The %syneresis ranged from 41.30-54.09 and 42.65-56.21 for flavoured soy-yoghurt while it was 37.75 and 38.13 for plain soy-yoghurt on the second and eighth day of storage. The values increased with increasing storage days. Microbiological examination revealed that the samples were within the minimum acceptable standards. The sensory evaluation also showed that there was no significant difference (P≤0.05) for taste, consistency and overall acceptability among all the samples. However, banana soy-yoghurt was the most preferred by the sensory panelists with respect to all quality attributes except consistency while ginger soy-yoghurt was the least preferred with respect to all quality attributes except taste.
Key Words: Consumer acceptability, flavourings, objectionable painty odour, quality, soy-yoghurt.

[1] Potter, N.N., and Hotchkiss, J.H. 2006. Food science 5th Ed. (New York, CBS Publishers), Pp.24.
[2] Iwe, M.O. 2003. The science and technology of soybean: chemistry, nutrition, processing, and utilization (Enugu, Nigeria, Rejoint Communications Services Ltd). Pp 1-286.
[3] FAO 1999. Technology of Production of Edible Flours and Protein Products from Soybeans. FAO Agricultural services Bulletin No.97.
[4] Potter, N.N. 1987. Food Science. 3rd Ed. (New York: Cornell University Publisher).
[5] FAO. 1991. Protein Quality - Report of Joint FAO'/WHO Expert Consultation, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 51.

Abstract: Population density of soil Acarina in natural and degraded forest sites were studied for one year at Lakhimpur ,Assam (26°48´- 27°53´ N latitude and 93°42´- 94°20´E longitude, 101 amsl). Vertical and seasonal distribution of total soil Acarina were more in natural forest (396.74 x 102m-2) than degrsded forest (226.32 x 102m-2) and showed a significant decrease from upper layer to deeper layers (0-30cm). In natural forest soil Acarina recorded higher population during rainy season (228.66 x 10²mֿ ²), followed by summer (108.74 x 10²m ²) and winter season (59.34 x 10²m ²) than degraded forest respectively. While physical factors exhibited significant correlation with soil Acarina except relative humidity, some chemical factors were significant correlationship and some were insignificant relation wih soil Acarina.
Key words: population density of soil Acarina in different seasons and soil depth, Natural and Degraded forest ecosystem of Lakhimpur, Assam.

[1]. Alfred, J.R.B., V.T. Darlong, S.J.S. Hattar, and D. Paul, 1991. Microarthropods and their conservation in some North- East Indian soil, In (Eds. G.K. Veeresh, D. Rajagopal and C.A.Virak Tamath): Advances in Management and conservation of soil fauna, Bangalore.
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[3]. Aoki, J. I., 1967. Microhabitats of Oribatid mites on a forest floor, Bull, Nat. Sci., Mus. Tokyo, 10:133–138.
[4]. Badejo, M.A. and N.M. Van Straalen, 1993. Seasonal abundance of springtails in two contrasting environment. Biotropica, 25: 222–228.
[5]. Behan-Pelletier, V. M. and Walter, D. E., 2000. Biodiversity of Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in tree canopies and litter. In: D. C. Coleman and P. F. Hendrix (eds). Invertebrates as Webmaster in Ecosystems, CAB International. Wallingford and New York: 187-202.

Abstract: Enugu Urban Local Government Area is the capital of Enugu State in the South Eastern Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. "Ebano Tunnel" is an important link road between the two busiest parts of Enugu Urban- the Ogui Urban area and the Abakiliki road/GRA. Owing to this strategic location, the "Ebeano Tunnel", recently is witnessing massive floral market where ornamental plants are displayed. Six species of ornamental plants commonly marketed (Ficus, Hibiscus, Ixora, Phitis, Toja and Red rose) were evaluated for their Air pollution Tolerance Indices (APTI). The APTI of each plant was computed from four physiological and bio-chemical parameters namely: - PH of the leaf extract, Relative water content, Ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content. The APTI values ranged between 9.04-15.26 on Hibiscus and Toja respectively. The ornamental plants with high APTI (Tolerant) are recommended for use in domestic, industrial and urban land scapping both for their aesthetic values and phytoremediation potential of air polluted environment, while the plants with low APTI (Sensitive) are to be used as bio-indicators of environmental air quality.
Keywords: Ornamental Plants, APTI, Land scapping, phytoremediation.

[1]. Agbaire, P.O (2009). Air pollution Tolerance Indices of some plants around Erhoike-kokori oil exploration site of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4:366-368.
[2]. Agbaire, P.O and Esiefarienrhe, E., (2009). Air pollution Tolerance Indices of some plants around Otorogun Gas Plants in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 13: 11-14.
[3]. Agrawal, M., Pandey, J., Narayan, D. and Singh, S.K (1991). Air Pollution Tolerance Index of Plant. Journal of Environmental Management 31:45-49.
[4]. Arora, A. Sairam, R.K and Srivaastava, G.C (2002). Oxidative stress and Antioxidative System in Plants Current Analysis. 106:117-120.
[5]. Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC, 2005). In method of Analysis.

Abstract: Bangladesh is a populated country with a total population of 161.083 million people living in a density of 1237.51 per square kilometre (CIA World Fact Book 2012) and natural forest coverage is 835,000 hectares (excluding parks and sanctuaries), which accounts for just 5.8 percent of the total land area. Due to lower economic condition, approximately 40 percent people live below poverty line and its found that a positive correlation in between deforestation and poverty. Deforestation occurs due to the use of fuel wood, fodder and other forest products by local poor people (WCED, 1987; Timberlake, 1985; Anderson and Fishwick, 1984; IUCN, 1980).
Key Words: Bangladesh, Sal Forest, Indigenous Community, Influences on Sal Forests, Critical Situations, Discussion.

[1]. WCED, 1987; Timberlake, 1985; Anderson and Fishwick, 1984; IUCN, 1980
[2]. FAO forestry paper 172, Climate change guidelines for forest managers
[3]. Restoration and Conservation of Biodiversity in BarindDhamoirhat Sal Forest Project, Naogaon
[4]. FAO. 2010c. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 – key findings. Rome. foris.fao.org/static/data/fra2010/keyfindings-en
[5]. Action Plan for Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity's.

Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect supplemented diets with different doses of flaxseed on some biological, biochemical and histopathology changes in rats suffering from nephropathy. Thirty adult male albino rats "Sprague Dawley strain" weighing (170-175g) were divided into two main groups, the first main group fed on basal diet as a (negative control group). The second main group (24 rats) injection with 10 ml glycerol /kg dissolve in saline solution (glycerol / saline solution v/v) to induce renal failure, the dose of glycerol were injected under slight diethyl ether anesthesia. The second main group divided into four subgroups, the first subgroup fed standard diet (positive control group). The second subgroup fed standard diet containing 3% flaxseed. The third subgroup fed standard diet containing 5% flaxseed. The forth subgroup fed standard diet containing 7% flaxseed. At the end of the experiment (4 weeks), blood samples were taken; serum was separated and subjected to biochemical analysis (renal function). Glutathione, Malondialdehyde and histopathology were exanimated in kidney tissue in all groups. The results indicated that all treated groups get better in body weight gain%, Kidney functions (urea, uric acid and creatinine in serum) and GSH and MDA renal tissue ameliorated especially in renal failure rats fed on diet containing 5% and 7% flaxseed.
Key words: nephropathy, flaxseed, rats.

[1] Abdel Moneim , E.A.; Dkhil, A.M. and Al-Quraishy, S. (2011): The protective effect of flaxseed oil on lead acetate-induced renal toxicity in rats. Journal of Hazardous Materials.; 194: 250–255.
[2] AIN American Institute of Nutrition, (1993): Purified Diets for Laboratory Rodents Final Report Ad Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN Rodent Diet. J. of Nutr. 123:1939-1951.
[3] Anderson, S.; Eldadah, B.; Halter, J.B.; Hazzard, W.R.; Himmelfarb, J.; Horne, F.M.; Kimmel, P.L.; Molitoris, B.A.; Murthy, M.; O'Hare, A. M.; Schmader, K. E. and High, K.P. (2011): Acute kidney injury in older adults. J. Am Soc Nephrol., 22(1): 28-38.
[4] Bellomo, R.; Ronco, C.; Kellum, J. A.; Mehta, R. L. and Palevsky, P. (2004): "Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group". J. Crit Care 8 (4): 204–12.
[5] Bhatia, L.A.; Manda, K.; Patni, S. and Sharma, L.A. (2006): Prophylactic Action of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Oil Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mouse Brain. J Med Food; 9 (2):000–000.

Abstract: This study assesses the levels of spatial accessibility, birth registration coverage and efficiency of vital registration centres in Gombe State. This was achieved through mapping out the locations and catchment areas of the existing vital registration centres; determining the influence of distance from vital registration centres and identifying areas where birth registration coverage is high. Both attribute and geometric data were used, and for the measurement of distance, Euclidean Distance was used. The study indicates that there is more concentration of a large number of the centres (11) on a small land mass (53km2) of urban Gombe and hence making their availability in the rural areas distorted and accessibility poorer, especially by the rural communities of the five LGAs with larger land expanse of 8,964km2 which shared the remaining 11 centres of the 22. The result of the study also shows that, with additional 7-10 registration centres in the five rural LGAs the average settlement distance would change from 24.12km to 2.09km (trekable distance). The study recommends the usage of location-allocation models for the optimum location of any new centres with sizeable catchment areas, full enforcement of the registration law and embarking on mass enlightenment campaigns and establishment of more centres.
Keywords: Accessibility, Efficiency, Euclidean Distance, Location-allocation Models, Vital Registration Centre.

[1] National Population Commiss. (2004) Manual on Registration of Births and Deaths. National Population Commission. Abuja, Nigeria.
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[3] Wikipedia- Free Encyclopedia (2008).
[4] National Population Commission (2006). Vital Registration Program in Nigeria: Problems and the Way Forward - A Lead Paper Delivered at the LG Vital Registration Sensitization Workshop. NPC, Abuja.
[5] UNICEF (2005). The "Rights‟ to Start Life. Innocenti Digest Report.