IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2014

Abstract: Phytosterols exist as naturally occurring plant sterols that are present in the nonsaponifiable fraction of plant oils. Phytosterols are plant components that have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol except for the addition of an extra methyl or ethyl group; however, phytosterol absorption in humans is considerably less than that of cholesterol. Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) are well known for their total cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol lowering effect. The technologies adopted for processing of fruit and vegetables range from traditional sun-drying to sophisticated and state-of-the-art techniques of juice concentration and freeze drying.

[1] AbuMweis, S.S., Barake, R and Jones, P. 2008. Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food and Nutrition Research. 52-56.
[2] Amerine, M.A., Pangborn R.M and Roseller E.B.1965. In Principles of Sensory evaluation of food, Academic Ppress, New York and London.
[3] AOAC International.1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition; Washington DC.USA.
[4] APHA. In: Frances, P.D. and Keith, I. (Eds.), Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. Washington, DC. 2001.
[5] Christiansen, L.I., Lahteenmaki, P.L.A., Mannelin, M.R., Seppanen-Laakso, T.E., Hiltunen, R.V.K and Yliruusi, J.K. 2001. Cholesterol-lowering effect of spreads enriched withmicrocrystalline plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects. European Journal of Nutrition. 40: 66-73.
[6] Devaraj, S., Jialal, I and Vega-Lopez, S. 2004. Plant Sterol-Fortified Orange Juice Effectively Lowers Cholesterol Levels in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Healthy Individuals. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 24: 25-28.
[7] Gersh, B.J., Sliwa, K and Mayosi, B.M. 2010. Novel therapeutic concepts: the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the developing world: global implications. European Heart Journal. 31: 642-648.

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the level of soil pollution in two auto-mechanic villages in Benin City, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected in the rainy season months of July, 2012 and conventional analytical methods were employed for the determination of the physical and chemical parameters. The result revealed that TOC and TOM of the soils in the auto-mechanic village were high and above the level in the control station, indicating the presence of some organic matter and consequently micro-organisms involved in biodegradation in these sites.

[1]. Abidemi, O. O. (2011). Levels of Pb, Fe, Cd and Co in soils of Automotive workshop in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of applied
sciences and environmental management.15(2): 279-282.
[2]. Adelekan, B. A. and Abegunde, K. D. (2011). Heavy metal contamination of soil and ground water at automobile mechanic villages
in Ibadan, Nigeria. International journal of physical sciences.6(5): 1045-1058.
[3]. Adie GU, Osibanjo O (2009). Assessment of soil pollution by slag froman automobile battery manufacturing plant in Nigeria. Afr.
J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(9): 239-250.
[4]. Akpovata, O. V., Osakwe, S. A., Okoh, B. E. and Otuya, B. O. (2010). Physico-chemical Characteristics and Levels of Some Heavy
Metals in Soils around Metal Scrap Dumps in some parts of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of applied sciences and environmental
management. 14(4): 57-60.
[5]. Bartlett RJ, James B (1983). Behavior of Chromium in Soils: VII. Adsorption and Reduction of Hexavalent Forms. J. Environ.
Qual., 12 (2): 177-181.
[6]. Bartlett RJ (1988). Mobility and Bioavailability of Chromium in Soils. Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol., 20: 267-304.
[7]. Begum A, Ramaiah M, Harikrishna, Khan I, Veena K (2009). Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Soil and Litchens from
VariousLocalities of Hosur Road, Bangalore, India. E-J. Chem., 6(1): 13-22.
[8]. Chirenje T, Ma L, Reeves M, Szulczewski M (2004). Lead Distribution inNear- Surface Soils of Two Florida Cities: Gainesville
and Miami. Geoderma, 119: 113–120.

Abstract: The effects of Propoxur (a carbamate pesticide) on the fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus are reported. Mortality was found to increase with concentration and exposure duration, and the LC50 value obtained was 20.906mg/l and the safe concentration was 2.091mg/l after the acute toxicity test. The sub lethal toxicity test recorded a mean increase in glucose and phospholipids level. However, the increase in glucose level was statistically significant at P0.05 while the increase in phospholipid level was not statistically significant. The result obtained indicated that the pesticide, Propoxur had slight effect on the glucose and phospholipids levels of the fish

Keywords: Propoxur, survival, glucose, phospholipid, Oreochromis niloticus

[1]. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1985). Standard practices for conducting acute toxicity test with fishes, macro-invertebrates, and amphibians. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 11(4): 272 – 296.
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[3]. Castillo, L.E., Ruepert, C. Solis, E. (2000). Pesticide residues in the aquatic environment of banana plantation areas in the North Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(10): 630 – 670.
[4]. Chindah, A.C., Sikoki, F.D., Vincent –Akpu, I. (2000). The effect of organochlorine pesticides on juveniles of a common wetland fish Tilapia guineensis. J. Agric. Biotech. Environ., 1 (2): 75- 82.
[5]. European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) (1998). Revise report on fish toxicology testing procedures: EIFAC Tech paper, 24, Rev 1: FAORome pp. 37.
[6]. Ezemonye, L.I.N., Enuneku, A. (2005). Acute toxicity of cadmium to tadpoles of Bufo maculatus and Ptychedena bibroni. Pollut. Health 4(1): 13 – 20.

Abstract: This study is aimed to determine the levels of Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn and Mn in four fish species from Lake Njuwa Yola Adamawa State using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrophotometer. The concentration of heavy metals in both the flesh and head of the four fish species have higher values than the maximum permissible limits in fish by World Health Organization and Federal Environmental Protection Agent. The order of heavy metals concentration in the flesh of the four fish species were as follows: Tilapia zilli Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd; Synodontis ocellifer Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd; Clarias geriepinus Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd and Alestes baremose Fe > Zn > Cd > M. Similarly concentrations of heavy metals in the head of four fish species was observed in the order of Tilapia Zilli Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd; Synodontis ocellifer Fe > Zn > Cd > Mn; Claries geriepinus Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd and Alestes baremose Fe > Zn > Cd > Mn > Pb.

Key words: Fish, Flesh, head, heavy Metals, lake Njuwa, Synodontis ocellifer

[1]. Gupta, R.K Gahlawat, S.K. Yadava, N.K, and Jain , K.L. Fundamentals of Ichthyology. Daya Publishing house Delhi, 2007, 71-91.
[2]. Pradipta, K. and Mohapatra. Textbook of Environmental Biotechnology. I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd New Delhi, 2007, 316- 358.
[3]. Ashraj, W. Accumulation of heavy metals in kidney and heart tissues of Epinephelus nicodon fish from the Arabian Gulf. Environmental monitoring Assessment, 1-3 (103) 2005, 311-316.

Abstract: Assessing the effect of glyphosate herbicide on post Juvenile Africa catfish Clarias gariepinus using specific biochemical markers could provide vital information concerning the health status with regards to electrolyte determination. The sub-lethal effect on biochemical indices of post juvenile C. gariepinus exposed to glyphosate herbicide revealed significant increase (p<0.05) in serum electrolytes, Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-) compared to the control.

[1]. Adeoye A. (2007). A Testbook for Medical laboratory Practice. 1st Edition. 238pp.
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Abstract: Excessive consumption of fluoride through drinking water or other sources lead to skeletal and dental fluorosis. According to the world health organization 23 nations are facing the problem of fluorosis. In the recent past researchers describe the non-skeletal fluorosis where soft tissues and major organs are the victims of fluoride toxicity. Hence in the present study we attempted to investigate the structural changes in various brain areas followed by fluoride exposure and to explore the protective effect of ascorbic acid and Ginkgo biloba against fluoride neurotoxicity.

[1]. AK Susheela, Fluorosis management programme in India, Current Science, 77(10), 1999, 1250-1256.
[2]. K. Chirumari, PK Reddy, Dose-dependent effects of fluoride on neurochemical milieu in the hippocampus and neocortex of rat brain, Fluoride 40(2), 2007, 101-110.
[3]. D. Chlubek, Fluoride and oxidative stress, Fluoride, 36(4), 2003, 217-228.
[4]. YM. Shivarajashankara, AR. Shivashankara, PG. Bhat, SH. Rao, Effect of fluoride intoxication on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in rats, Fluoride, 34(2), 2001, 108-113.
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[6]. RJ. Verma, DM. Sherlin. Vitamin C ameliorates fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats, Human and Experimental Toxicology, 20(12), 2001, 619-623.

Abstract: Nothing is really a waste in the real sense of the word. Almost anything one can think of is reusable. Everything has some value one way or the other. The pollution increases in the world due to carbon monoxide poisoning from fossil-fuel engine, the movement of petroleum products prices, environmental degradation and the recent fuel subsidy scam. So we started looking at different materials, one of which was urine. It is liquid, something that has hydrogen molecules in it.

[1.] Bryan K. Boggs, Rebecca L. King and Gerardine G. Botte" Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine" 11th June 2009.
[2.] Duro-Aina Adebola, Bello Eniola, Akindele Abiola and Faleke Oluwatoyin "Generatation of electricity from urine "February 14, 2013.
[3.] Dr Gerardine Botte"Hydrogen Fuel from Urine" September 2009.
[4.] Mathur M. L. , Sharma R. P., "A Course in Internal Combustion Engines‟, "The Wankel Rotary Combustion Engine", Ch. 23, Pg. No. 822 Dhanpat Rai and Sons publication, New Delhi.,1992.
[5.] Prof. Khajuria P. R, "Hydrogen-Fueled Spark Ignition Engine-Its Performance and Emission Characteristics", Ph. D. Thesis, I. I. T., New Delhi., July 1981.
[6.] H. J. Plass, F. Basrbir "Economics of hydrogen as a Fuel for Surface Transportation" S.A.E. journal, Pg. No. 363-368.

Abstract: Low-temperature drying allows foods such as green leafy vegetables to be dried without losing the original color and texture. The system proposed in this paper consists of desiccant dehumidifier which removes the moisture from the air and increases its adsorption capacity. Airflow rate and regeneration temperature of the dehumidifier was controlled to ensure minimal damage to the food during the drying process in comparison with tray drying. Fenugreek green leaves were dried from an initial moisture content of 88.6 % to 5% (wb). The fenugreek dried with rotary desiccant bed dehumidifier has superior green color, flavour and maximum retention of various nutrients.

Keywords: Adsorption Capacity, Desiccant Dehumidifier, Fenugreek Green leaves, Flavour and Nutrients

[1] P. Nath, Vegetables for the tropical region, ICAR, New Delhi, 2002, pp 137-141.
[2 ] J.E.Thomas, M. Bandara, E.L. Lee, D. Driedger, S.Acharya, Biochemical monitoring in fenugreek to develop functional food and
medicinal plant variants, N Biotechnology, 28, 2011, 110-117.
[3] M. Dincer, M. Hussain, A.Z. Sahin, B.S. Yilbas, Development of a new moisture transfer (Bi–Re) correlation for food drying
applications, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 2002, 1749–1755.
[4] K. Gornicki, A. Kaleta, Drying curve modeling of blanched carrot cubes under natural convention condition, Journal of Food
Engineering, 82, 2007, 160–170.
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Food Packer 45(1), 1991,16-23.
[6] M.M. Naidu, H. Khanum, G. Sulochanamma, H.B. Sowbhagya, U.H. Hebbar, M. Prakash, P. Srinivas, Effect of Drying Methods
on the Quality Characteristics of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Greens, Drying Technology, 30(8), 2012, 808–816.

Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from naturally fermenting food products (ogi, nunu and soybean). They were screened for their ability to produce bacteriocins and inhibit two pathogenic organisms. Twenty four lactic acid bacteria were isolated. Eight were catalase negative. Their probable identities were: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Leuconostoc lactis, Pediococcus pensaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteriodes and organism F (identity not confirmed). Extracellular extracts of the eight isolates inhibited pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 117755) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12600).

[1]. E. Rodriguez, B. Gonzalis, P. Gaya, M. Nunez, M, Media. Diversity of bacteriocin production/lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw milk. International. Dairy Journal. 10, 2000, 7-15.
[2]. V.O. Oyetayo, F.C.Adetuyi, F.A. Akinyosoye. Safety and Protective effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei used in as probiotic agent in vivo. African Journal of . Biotechnology, 2, 2003, 448-452
[3]. A. Savadogo, C. Ovattara, C. Bassole, H.N. Imael, S.A.Traose. Bacteriocins and lactic acid bacteria – a minireview. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(9), 2006, 678-683
[4]. H. Albano, S.D.Todorov, C.A.Van Reeren, T.Hogg, L.M.T.Dick. Teixerina P. Characterization of two bacteriocin produced by Pediococcus acidilactic isolated from "Alherira" a fermented sausage traditionally produced in Portugal. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 11, 2007, 239-247.
[5]. K.Madsen, A. Cornish, P. Soper. Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology. 121, 2001, 580–91.
[6]. K.I.Madsen, J.S.Doyle, L.D. Jewell. Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice. Gastroenterology, 116:1999, 1107–14.

Abstract: Farmers of Bangladesh frequently use different types of pesticides in vegetable fields following the advice of untrained traders or salespersons. Three-fourths of farmers adopt safety measures partially but cannot avoid skin, eye, gastro-intestinal, urine and sexual and other diseases. Most farmers spray two days in a week but sometimes apply pesticides every day and harvest vegetable soon after; more than three-fourths don't know about the waiting period before collection. Consequently, pesticide residues (Diazinon and Quinalphos) are detected in 67% of marketed vegetables (long yard bean) which are above Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Respondents strongly believe that vegetables grown with the use of pesticide causes various chronic and acute diseases to consumers.

[1] Bangladesh Economic Review, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2010.
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[3] BBS, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Planning division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2008 and 2009.
[4] Gain P, Pesticide Doesn't Guarantee Increased Crop Yield, in Gain, P. et al. (Eds), Bangladesh Environment: Facing the 21st Century, (Society for Environment and Human Development (SEHD), Dhaka, 1998).
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[6] Ali SMK, Rahman MM, Hossain AMMM, Pesticide use and male fertility in Bangladesh, in Ahmed M F. et.al, (Eds), Bangladesh Environment 2002, (Bangladesh Paribesh Andolon (BAPA), 2002), Vol-1.

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the potential of Girei Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as reinforcement in metal matrix composite. Rice husk from local millers in Girei market in Adamawa state was collected, prepared and burned in metallurgical furnace at temperatures of 500oC, 600oC, 700oC, 800oC and 900oC and the percentage ash yields determined. The resulting ashes were analysed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) machine to determine their chemical oxide composition.

[1] Bandara, D. H. M. S. (1994). Development of Blended Cement Utilising the Pozzolanic Amorphours Silica components of rice Husk Ash. Journal of National Science Council Sri Lanka, 22(2), 189-199.
[2] Givi, A. N.; AbdulRashid, S.; AbdulAziz, F. N. and Mohamad Salleh, M. A. (2010). Contribution of Rice Husk Ash to the Properties of Mortar and Concrete: A Review. Journal of American Science, 6(3), 157-165.
[3] Habeeb, G. A. and Mahmud, H. B. (2010). A study on Properties of Rice Husk Ash and its Use as Cement Replacement Material. Material Research, 13(2), 185-190.
[4] Kartini, K. (2011). Rice husk Ash-Pozzolanic Material for Sustainability. International Journal Of Aplied Science and Technology, 1(6), 169-178.
[5] Lingaraju, D. and Krishna, P. M. (2011). Studies on Hardness of Rice Husk Ash Polymer Hybrid Nano Composites by Burnishing Process. International journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, 2(1), 438-447.
[6] Ngun, B. K.; Mohamad, H.; Sakai, E. and Ahmad, Z. A. (2010). Effect Of Rice Husk Ash And Silica Fume In Ternary System On The Properties Of Blended Cement Paste And Concrete. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 11(3), 311-315.

Abstract: In the present study we have evaluated the effect of chronic nicotine exposure and ethanol supplementation on biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in serum and liver of rats, respectively. We also performed histological analysis in liver. The nicotine-treated rats showed a weak effect on the activities of markers of liver function and a significant increase in the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The combined exposure significantly increased the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Moreover, the results showed that nicotine significantly increased lipid peroxidation,

[1]. Baggio, B., Budakovic, A., Gambaro, G., 1998. Cardiovascular risk factors, smoking and kidney function. Nephrol., Dial. Transplant. 7, 2-5.
[2]. Benowitz, N.L., 1988a. Pharmacological aspect of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N.Engl.J.Med. 319, 1318-1330.
[3]. Boyle, P., 1997. Cancer, cigarette smoking and premature death in Europe: a review including the Recommendations of European Cancer Experts Consensus Meeting, Helsinki, October 1996. Lung Cancer. 17, 1– 60.
[4]. Fagerstrom, K., 2002. The epidemiology of smoking: health consequences and benefits of cessation. Drugs. 62, 1– 9.
[5]. Goette A., Lendeckel U., Kuchenbecker A., Bukowska A., Peters B., Klein H.U., Huth C., Rocken C., 2007. Cigarette smoking induces atrial fibrosis in humans via nicotine. Heart. 93, 1056–1063.
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[7]. Zhang, G, Kernan K.A., Thomas A., Collins S., Song Y., Li L., Zhu W., Leboeuf R.C., Eddy A.A., 2009. A novel signaling pathway: fibroblast nicotinic receptor alpha1 binds urokinase and promotes renal fibrosis. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 29050–29064.

Abstract: Nutrient depletion in soil has become a serious threat to agricultural production, incorporation of factor such as Am Fungi as an alternative amendment in enhancing crop production cannot be underestimated. However, this paper investigates potency of Arbuscular mycorrhirza inoculation on plant growth. The experiment was designed such that 3 planting pots were seeded with sorghum bicolor and Am Fungi, another 3 planting pots were seeded without Am Fungi, in all there were replicate of 4 treatments. Growth parameters such as length of the mid rib, necrosis and dieback were measured. The result obtained showed increases in the length of the mid rib which ranges between 12.70cm – 15.40cm at week 2, 37.80cm – 42.70cm at week 4 51.30cm – 55.30cm at week 6. and increase in major nutrient absorption with N(0.94% - 2.97%), P(0.50% - 0.41%),and K(5.88% - 6.07%) of sorghum bicolor unlike non inoculated sorghum bicolor. Dieback and necrosis of the inoculated sorghum bicolor were less compared to the higher value in non inoculated sorghum bicolor.

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Sorghum bicolor, necrosis, diebark, length of the mid rib

[1]. Al-Karaki G.N, McMichael B., and Zak J., (2004): Field response of wheat to Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza 14(4), 263 – 269.
[2]. Abbott L.K., & Robson AD., 1984: The effect of VA mycorrhizae on plant growth. In C.L.L. Powell & D.J. Bagyarj (eds.). VA Mycorrhizae. CRC press, Boca Raton, FL. 113-127.
[3]. Auge R.M., (2001): Water relation drought and vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal simbiosis. Mycorrhiza 11, 3-42.
[4]. Bagayoko M., George E., Romheld V. & Bubrkert A., (2000): Effect of mycorrhizal and phosphorous on growth, and nutrient uptake of millet, cowpea and sorghum on Western African soil. J. of Agric. Sci. Cambridge 135, 399-4-7.
[5]. Davies Research Page' Aggocjprtoclture. Tamu. Edu. http/aggiehoticulture.Tamu.Edu/faculty/davies/research/mycorrhzae. Html. retrieved 2010 – 09 -30.

Abstract: Samples of Garcinia cola and Aframomum melegueta were analyzed for their nutritional composition, minerals constituents and phytochemical composition. The result revealed presence of bioactive constituents comprising: Aframomum melegueta which has the highest protein and ash content of 7.18 % and 2.47% respectively. Garcinia cola, has the least content of all nutrients considered but highest in moisture. The plants are good sources of minerals such as Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Sodium and Copper. Phytochemical analysis revealed are flavonoids (1.88 – 6.10mg/100g), saponins (12.00 – 1.23mg/100g), tannins (0.31-0.41 mg /100g), Alkaloids (0.40 – 0.30/100) and phenols (0.1-0.09mg/100g). The presence of these phytochemicals supports the use of these plants as antimicrobial agent. These components are responsible for their antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities and supports the popular use of Garcinia cola and Aframomum melegueta in herbal medicine in Nigeria.

Keywords: Garcinia cola, Aframomum melegueta, bioactive compounds, Anti-inflammatory, herbal medicine, phytochemical.

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Abstract: Investigation on the antibacterial effect of Carica papaya was carried out using the agar dilution method. The extract used was gotten from the plant using different diluents which are methanol, ethanol and aqueous hot water. However, the methanolic extracts of the plant showed the highest bactericidal effect on the test isolates at a low concentration of 4.5 mg/ml while that of ethanolic extract was 6.0mg/ml and hot aqueous extract is 7.5mg/ml therefore theMinimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of all the extracts ranged from 4.5-7.5mg/ml.

Keywords: Antibacterial, Carica papaya, Typhoid fever.

[1]. Douglass, F. (2002).The Genus Salmonella.American Journal of Medical ScienceVol.1311 (1): 23-29.
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Abstract: Ground water analysis has been carried out in Rampur village using hydrogeological analysis aspects in a systematic way by utilizing various physio-chemical analysis and statistical techniques. This study will also provide first hand information on fluoride problem in water and geology of the study area. This study will also provide the knowledge about the hydrogeology of the area. Fluorosis disease comes from the increasing percentage of fluoride minerals present in the rocks or subsoil region. People use the water for drinking purposes and through this the percentage of fluoride increases into the body and results into the fluorosis disease in the habitat. For knowing the origin or source of the fluorosis problem it is very important to know about the geology and hydrological properties of the rocks, also analyses the physio- chemical characteristic of ground water.

Keywords: Water quality, Fluoride, Groundwater, Strata, Rocks, Fluorosis.

[1]. Susheela, A.K., (2003) A Treatise on Fluorosis, revised 2nd ed., New Delhi, India: Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation.
[2]. A Gautam ,R C Tripathi : Fluoride Testing and Fluorosis Mitigation in Sonebhadra District. Research Scientist , People Science Institute ,Dehradoon.
[3]. SPS Teotia, M Teotia & K R Singh, India Highlits of Forty Years of Research on Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis in India , 4th International Workshop on Fluorosis Prevention & Defluoridation of Water.
[4]. Meenakshi ∗, R.C. Maheshwari "Fluoride in drinking water and its removal" 2006. Journal of Hazardous Material ,16 Feb 2006 ,Published by Elsevier B.V.
[5]. Anuradha Kumar (2007) " Fluorosis in Yavatmal " Fluoride Action Network, 2007.

Abstract: The occurrence and the removal efficiency of natural estrogens, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), as well as a synthetic estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), were investigated in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) employing different activated sludge processes in Tunisia, by monitoring their concentrations in dissolved wastewater. The analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction and then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicate that natural and synthetic estrogens were detected in the STP influent samples.

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Abstract: This investigation was designed to evaluate the toxicity effect of Chlorfos on Gills, and liver of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) as histological biomarkers through acute and chronic exposure with different concentrations(0.05ppm, 0.1 ppm, 0.25 ppm ), the results showed remarkable effect of chlorfos toxicity as compared to the control group , the histological markers of gills are partial lamellar deformation, abnormal lamellae, marginal dilation, hyperplasia of epithelial cells, and marked gill deformation especially at chronic exposure while liver appeared with multiple markers such as marked focal infiltration of lymphocytes, hepatocytes degeneration, increased sinusoids, and marked degeneration with necrosis and more pronounced after chronic exposure for different concentrations of chlorfos, and none of these morphological changes were found in Control fish.

Key words: Histological Markers, Chlorfos, toxicity, Common Carp

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Abstract: In this review we have discussed the methods which have been used for extraction and cleanup during multi residue methods (MRM) of pesticides in food matrices and liquid food products. Single residue method (SRM) is used for the analysis of single pesticide residue in matrix. Now days it is very common to find pesticides in the food products because of the increased use of pesticides for the protection and better productivity of food materials. Different types of pesticides are used on the plants and food materials. There is a gradual advancement in the multi pesticide residue analysis of food and liquid food products so that the use of pesticides can be monitored. In this concern there are methods which are used for the single pesticide residue analysis and multi pesticide residue analysis. The development of residue analysis methods depends on the properties of matrices and pesticides. In recent time the advancement in techniques and instrumentation has contributed to great extent in the improvement of residue analysis. Soxlet extraction (SOX) is still in use for MRM. Liquid- liquid extraction (LLE) is applied in the pesticide residue analysis of commodities with high-moisture.. Earlier the process of residue analysis were long and tiring and involved the use of larger quantity of hazardous solvent and other chemicals but the advanced methods are more convenient and lesser in cost.

Key words- MRM, SRM, SOX, LLE, SPE, SPME, MSPD, SFE, ASE.

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Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted on environmental sanitation factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in primary school children in Elengaz, Khartoum, Sudan. About 500 children were selected from four primary schools by systemic random sample. Stool specimens were collected and examined by microscope in order to detect intestinal parasite infections. Data about environmental sanitation and water supply were obtained from children parents. Lack of access to potable water (Odds ratio = 5.8 , 95% CI = 3.8 to 8.9), Unsanitary solid waste disposal (Odds ratio = 1.6 , 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.3), lack of latrine in the family house (Relative risk = 3.9 , 95% CI = 2.7 to 4.3) and overcrowded living (P-value = 0.004) were factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections. Improvement of water supply and sanitation is a fundamental issue in controlling intestinal parasitic infections.

Key words: sanitation, intestinal, parasitic, children, water.

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