IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2014

Abstract: Radon is a naturally occurring, odorless, colorless and radioactive inert gas produced by the breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water. Because radon is a gas, it can enter buildings through openings or cracks in the foundation. The radioactive radon gas itself decays into radioactive solids, called radon daughters. The radon daughters attach to dust particles in the air, and can be inhaled. The inhalation of radon daughters has been linked to lung cancer. As a result of this, radon has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer next to smoking in the United States and other parts of the world. "WHO has suggested that homeowners take action when radon levels exceed 2.7 pCi/l in order to save themselves from lung cancer that can be caused by radon and its daughters" This Paper presents a review on the production of radon, its mode of release into the home and environment, exposure route and potential health effects. It also highlights the need to conduct nationwide radon survey in order to generate detailed data bank on radon exposure.

[1] International Commission on Radiological Protection, Protection against radon-222 at home and at work, Publication 65, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1993).
[2] Wilkening, M.H., Watkins, D.E., Air Exchange and 222Rn concentrations in the Carlsbad caverns, Health Phys. 31 (1976) 139–145.
[3] Yarborough, K.A., ―Radon and Thoron produced radiation in national park service caves‖, Natural Radiation Environment iii (Gesell, T.F., Lowder, W.M., eds), Conf-780422, Vol. 2,United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC (1980) 1371–1395.
[4] Kobal, I., Smodiò,B.,Burger,J.,Okofjanec, M., Atmospheric 222Rn in tourist caves of Slovenia,Yugoslavia, Health Phys. 52 (1987) 473–479.
[5] Prichard, H.M., Gesell, T.F., 222Rn in municipal water supplies in the Central United States, Health Phys. 45 (1983) 991–993.

Abstract: Imidacloprid insecticide was selected to study its effects on biochemical (total protein, acetylcholinestrase and nucleic acids) and histological (liver) parameters in female albino mice at orally administered doses of 25, 50 and 75% LD50 Imidacloprid and 40 mg/kg bw Cyclophosphamide (CP) and distilled water (DW). Significant decrease in total protein (P<0.01), acetylcholinestrase (P<0.001) and DNA (P<0.05) were observed with increase in doses as compared to control group whereas slight dose dependent significant increase was noticed for RNA (P<0.01). The change noticed in DNA and RNA for low dose of Imidacloprid was insignificant. The maximum damage with CP and 75% LD50 Imidacloprid dose were noticed. Liver of mice showed degeneration of hepatocytes, dilation of sinusoids, irregular hepatic cords arrangement, leucocytes infiltration, necrosis and hemorrhages. This reveals biochemical and histotoxicity induction by Imidacloprid so awareness about its judicious use by farmers/users is of pivotal importance to have safe next generations.
Keywords: Cyclophosphamide, female albino mice, Imidacloprid, neonicotinoids, total protein.

[1] N Mencke, P Jeschke, Therapy and prevention of parasitic insects in veterinary medicine using imidacloprid. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2(7), 2002, 701-15.
[2] A Elbert, and H Overbeck, Imidacloprid: a novel systemic nitromethylene analogue insecticide for crop protection, In Proc. British Crop Prot Conf – Pests and Diseases, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey, UK, 1990, 21–28.
[3] A Elbert, B Becker, J Harwtig, C Erdelen, Imidacloprid: a new systemic insecticide. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer (German edition), 1991, 44, 113–136.
[4] A Elbert, M Haas, W Thielert, R Nauen, Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses, In Proc. XVI Internat Plant Prot. Cong, Glasgow, UK, 2007, 3, 620–621.
[5] M Tomizawa, and J.E. Casida, Selective toxicity of neonicotinoids attributable to specificity of insect and mammalian nicotinic receptors, Annual review entomol, 48, 2003, 339–364.

Abstract: An empirical thin layer drying model for modeling the salted fish filets in a direct passive solar dryer was developed. The experiment was conducted in a factorial form arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments replicated five times. The model got evolved from Wang and Singh model. The statistical analysis was done with a non linear regression analysis program (NLRP). From the result it is evident that the new model was found best to describe the drying process of salted fish filets over the conditions tested (temperature 20 to35.10C, Relative Humidity54 to100% ). Results also showed that the new model in this work was the best in terms of explaining the drying kinetics of the fish fillets with χ2 , SE R2, and P values ranging from, 2.22x10-6 to 0.001176 ,0.008171 to 0.010844 ,0.9978 to 0.9981 and 0.0226 to 0.2151 respectively.
Key words: descale fish, fish filets,, modeling, moisture ratio,natural drying.

[1]. FAO, Food and Agric. Organisation: Fisheries Country Profile for Nigeria FIDCP/NIR (1999) Rev. 4 pp 99
[2]. FAO,: The Prevention of Losses in Cured Fish, FAO Tech. (1981) Paper. 6(219) pp 87.
[3]. Olatunde, A A: Approaches to the Study of Fisheries Biology in Nigeria Inland Waters. Proc. Nat. Con. of Two Decades of Research on Lake Kainji (Ayeni and Olatunde (Eds) (1989)pp 1538-541
[4]. Eyo, A. A. Fish Processing Technology in the Tropics. Published by National Institute for Fresh-Water Fisheries Research (2001).(FFR)PM. B. 6006 New Bussa, Nigeria.
[5]. Tiwari, G N; Tribeni Das, Bikash Sarkar: Experimental Study of Greenhouse Prawn-Drying under Natural Convection. Agric. Engineering International: The CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript FP06 16, (2006) Vol. VIII.

Abstract: The glimpses of agriculture in Madhya Pradesh underlines the urgency of state towards addressing the environmentally sustainable agriculture not only for food security but also for social security. Ever since the green revolution was initiated various policies and programmes have been adopted and strategies were made to implement these programmes through various schemes but still agriculture growth could not be linked with GDP growth. The crisis of stagnation in agriculture growth needs urgent attention. The different issues related to policy, institution, technology, socio-economic, accessibility and sustainability if addressed, Madhya Pradesh can attain food security and acheive the Millinium Development Goals.
Keyword: Agriculture, Subsidy, sustainability, Accessibility, food security, WEHAB.

[1]. Indian agriculture and rural development: Strategic issues and reform options, IFPRI, 2005.
[2]. Agriculture policy: vision 2020, IARI, New Delhi.
[3]. Promoting sustainable rural development through agriculture, Canadian International development Agency (CIDA),2003.
[4]. Joachim von Braun, M. S. Swaminathan, and Mark W. Rosegrant. Agriculture, Food Security, Nutrition and the Millennium Development Goals. 2002
[5]. Ahluwalia, M.S. 2004-2005. Reducing poverty and hunger in India: The role of agriculture. IFPRI Annual report essay.

Abstract: Present study analyzes immunoregulatory potential of lipid extract of a nutritionally important fresh water fish, Catla catla (FO), in experimental mice. Capillary Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry technique was used for analysis of components and their quantification. FO (16 mg/kg body weight) caused significant (p<0.05) elevation in lymphocyte proliferation and IL-4 levels upon antigenic and mitogenic stimulation while suppressing the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ and DTH response. Significant increase (p<0.05) in anti-OVA IgG1 levels, while suppressing anti- OVA IgG2a levels and Nitric oxide induction with no effect on macrophage phagocytic index at highest dose of 16 mg/kg body weight was observed. A significant elevation (p<0.05) in relative lymphoid organ weight and cellularity of spleen and thymus, bone marrow was observed. The present study reveals that FO influences humoral, cell mediated and innate immune responses towards Th2 direction in a dose dependant manner and may be used for the atopic individuals in a serviceable manner.
Keywords: Cell mediated immune response, Cytokines, Humoral immune response, Immunomodulation and Innate immune response.

[1] JRE. Rasoarahona, G. Barnathan, JP. Bianchini andEM.Gaydou, Annual evolution offatty acid profile from muscle lipids of the common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) in Madagascar inland waters, J Agric Food Chem, 52(24), 2004,7339–7344.
[2] PC. Calder,N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases,Am J ClinNutr,83(6), 2006, 1505S-1519S.
[3] M.Abbey, P.Clifton, M.Kestin, B.Belling and P. Nestel,Effect of Fish Oil on Lipoproteins, Lecithin: CholesterolAcyltransferase, and Lipid Transfer ProteinActivity in Humans, Arteriosclerosis, 10(1), 1990, 85-94.
[4] PJ. Nestel, Fish oil and cardiovascular disease: lipids and arterial function,Am J ClinNutr.71(1), 2000, 228S–31S.
[5] M. Suzukawa, M. Abbey, PRC. Howe and PJ.Nestel, Effects of fish oil fatty acids on lowdensity lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages, J Lipid Res, 36(3), 1995, 437–84.

Abstract: The antimicrobial and medicinal properties of Moringa leaf extracts was examined through Phytochemical screening on the solvent extract and conducting bioassay on the target microorganisms: E. coli and Salmonella. The phytochemical screening of the plants constituents were assessed by using qualitative methods. Tests were conducted for the presence of the following active components: alkaloid, tannins, phlobatannins, phenol, flavonoids, glycoside, saponins, volatile oil, hydrolysable tannin and protein. All were present. The ethanol extract of the leaf was active against E. coli and salmonella measuring clear zones of inhibition 3.0mm and 14.0mm respectively. This indicate the presence of these bioactive components in Moringa, which proves its potency in the treatment of some bacterial infections.
Keywords: Moringa Oleifera, Phytochemical sceening, Antimicrobial properties, microorganisms, Ethanol Extract.

[1]. Sofowora, A. (1982): Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. John Willey and Sons Ltd., New York. Pp 128-129, 142-159.
[2]. Moore, W. R. and Winston, A. (1996): Laboratory Manual for Organic Chemistry. A Microscale Approach. The McGraw-Hill Company, New York. Pp 53-68,197.
[3]. U S Department of Health and Human Services (2010):
[4]. Kumar, H. D. and Singh, H. N. (1976): Plant Metabolism. Affiliated East West Press Private Ltd, India, Pp 246-271.
[5]. Neste, E. W. (2004): Microbiology; A Perspective. 4th ed. The McGram-Hill Companies, Inc. New York. Pp 537-540, 694-695, 614-616.

Abstract: Anaerobic Digestion of agricultural wastes; animal wastes, energy crops and industrial wastes is a technology that produces biogas (Methane Rich Gas), a promising source of energy which is renewable as well as eco-friendly. This study was designed to determine the kinetics of agricultural wastes biogas production when inoculated with cow dung/poultry droppings under mesophilic conditions with 8% Total Solids and 55 days retention time. The modified first order kinetic model was developed to access the kinetics of the biodegradation of the digestion process. A plot of 1/t(ln(dyt/dt)) against 1/t from the model gives the rates of substrate biodegradability and removal of the biodegradable fractions of the substrate. The result shows that maize cobs (MC) has the highest short term biodegradability index of 1.5827 while bio-digester D (SB) has the lowest rate of the biodegradable fractions (k) of – 0.302 among all the substrates. Bio-digester C (Rice Straw) has the highest yield of biogas with cumulative volume of 692.9ml and an R2 value of 0.8424 while bio-digester D (Sugarcane Bagasse) has the least of 185.9ml and an R2 value of 0.6479.
Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, Mesophilic, Kinetic, Biogas, Biodegradability, Agro-wastes.

[1]. APHA (1998): Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. APHA, AWNA, Washington D.C.
[2]. Eltawil, M.A and Belal, E.B.A (2009) "Evaluation and Scrubbing of Biogas Generation from Agricultural Wastes and Water Hyacinth" Biological Engineering. Misr Journal Ag. Eng.,26(1). Pp. 534 – 560
[3]. Fantozzi, F., and Buratti, C. (2009) "Biogas Production from different Substrates in an Experimental Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor Anaerobic Digester". Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp. 5783 – 5789
[4]. Gamma'a, A.O., El-Tinay, A.H., and El-Yamen, F.M. (2006) "Biogas Production from Agricultural Wastes". Journal of Food Technology 4(1): pp. 37 – 39.
[5]. Godley, A., Lewin, K., and Graham, A. (2003) "Estimating Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste Diversion from Landfill". [Assessed 14th December, 2013].

Abstract: Snake-bite and Scorpion sting are an important medical emergency in many parts of the the South East Asian Region. It results in the death or chronic disability of many active younger people, specially those involved in agriculture and forestry. During the taxonomic and medicinal survey of Bundelkhand in 2010-2013 the plants were collected and the interview was carried out in local community specially by ethenic groups (Saharia , Kols, Nath, Kabootra, Lodh and Sapera) who are in a good number in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. The paper presents 23 Angiospermic species belonging to 21 genera and 16 family.
Key Words: Ethnomedicinal plants, Ethenic groups, Antidote, Bundelkhand.

[1]. Ambast, S.P. (1986) The useful plants of India. Publication and information director, CSIR, New Delhi, India 1-918.
[2]. Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2005) Medicinal plants used by the tribal of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu to treat poisonous bites and skin diseases. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 4: 229–236.
[3]. Bahekar, Satish. Kale, Ranjana. And Nagpure, Shailesh (2012). A Review on medicinal plants used in scorpion bite treatment in India. Mintage J.of Pharmaceutical & Medical Sciences. 1-6.
[4]. Chippaux, J.P., Goyffon, M. Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal. Acta Trop. 107, 2008, 71-79.
[5]. Kumar, Vijay. Sachan, P. Nigam, G. and Singh P. K. 2010. Some ethnomedicinal plants of Chitrakoot district (U.P.). J. Biozone,V. 2 (1&2). 270-283.

Abstract: Analyzing and predicting fuel consumption is crucial for the industry stakeholders. However uncertainties play a key role in projecting fuel consumption for a trip. This study therefore had the following objectives: (1) to determine the factors influencing fuel energy demand for road cargo, (2) develop a model to predict the energy (fuel) consumption for road cargo. To achieve these objectives the study used a number of methodologies including: a structured random questionnaires, observations, face to face interviews and focal group discussions to acquire primary data, which was then analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from four truck owners and ten transport managers while questionnaires were used for 90 truck drivers. The result indicated that personnel characteristics, truck design, road condition and truck operating factors determine an average speed of a vehicle. It was also found that an average speed had a relationship with energy (fuel) consumption of vehicles. Based on this a fuel consumption model was developed which revealed a 90% or more congruence with actual measured data. The study establishes that if the trucks can be driven at an average speed of 70 to 75 kilometres per hour in Kenya maximum energy savings can be achieved. In conclusion energy conservation and efficiency awareness should be created to various stakeholders not only for maximizing the profits but also in the reduction of energy waste, emission and to attain sustainability in transport sector.
Keywords: fuel consumption model, average speed, average trip, fuel consumed per trip, diesel, axles.

[1]. ABARE (1993)."Energy: Demand and supply projection, Australia 1992-93 to 2004-05."Research Report 93-2, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Canberra
[2]. Affleck (2002)."Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emission by Australian Intermodal Rail and Road Transport."Affleck Consulting, Brisbane.
[3]. Ahn, K.Rakha, H.Trani, A.A. and Van Aerde, M. (2002)."Estimating vehicle fuel consumption and emissions based in instantaneous speed and acceleration levels."Journal of transportation engineering
[4]. An, F., and M. Ross (1993a), Model of Fuel Economy with applications to Driving Cycles & Traffic Management, Transportation Research Record, Washington, D.C.
[5]. Baker, M. (1994) Fuel Consumption and Emission Models for Evaluating Traffic Control and Route Guidance Strategies, Mater thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to classify and determine different quality cost and the quantity of such errors in accreditated water testing laboratory. The study indicates that the quality of water testing laboratory, test results can be regarded as good based on the accuracy of the result. In this study total cost of quality is 9.33% from revenues which is not more and COC is 6.93% and CONC is 2.4%.This is an ideal situation, prevention costs will be the largest portion of the Total Cost of Quality. All costs resulting from services not conforming to requirements of customer/user needs which occur after delivery of test report. By minimizing delay and Claims (retest) can reduced external failure cost Laboratory given weighted to customer needs because of the good quality of service. Although, laboratory require improvements in providing test results without delay to the customer. The cost of processing and correcting such errors was minimum. The use of a customer feedback system allows systematic monitoring of external failures. The fundamental point is to monitor the effects of the quality measures taken to reduce the number of failures. The method implemented this study is the classical prevention-appraisal-failure (P-A-F) model.
Keywords: Quality, Cost of Quality (CoQ), Cost of conformance (COC), Cost of non-conformance (CONC), Water testing laboratory.

[1]. Juran, J.M., Quality Control Handbook. 1st ed. 1951, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
[2]. Crosby, P.B., Quality is Free. 1979, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
[3]. A Theoretıcal Approach to the Concept of the Costs of Qualıty Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yakup DURMAZ Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dekan Yardımcısı ve İşletme Bölüm Başkanı Havaalanı Yolu Üzeri 8. Km. Şahinbey-GAZİANTEP
[4]. Analysing the Cost Factors on Total Cost of Quality: A System Dynamics Approach Behdad kiani Green Research Center, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran.
[5]. A project management quality cost information system for the construction industry Peter E.D. Lovea,*, Zahir Iraniba We-B Centre, School of Management Information Systems, Edith Cowan University, Churchlands, Perth, WA 6018, AustraliabDepartment of Information Systems and Computing, Brunel University, Uxbridge.

Abstract: This research employed both GIS and Remote Sensing for the sewage network design and tracking for Mubi to aid in the disposal management of sewage in the area. Sewage is the mix of water and whatever that is liquid wastes from domestic and industries that are flushed and propelled by gravity through pipes into the cesspit. The topography of the area for smooth flow of sewage using remote sensing data and ArcGIS software package was accessed. Also, direction of flow for sewage was identified. Both contour and vector maps as a results of the analysis for the study area were produced. Proposed sewage network based on the results was designed that consisted of three categories of sewers; primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary collect sewage from houses, commercial areas, etc., to the secondary and then to tertiary and to the final collection centers planned to be laid by the access roads, minor and major roads respectively. All the collection centers will finally emptied the sewage in to River Yedzeram outside the metropolis as in Fig.10, 11 and 12.
Keywords: GIS, Remote Sensing, Sewage disposal, Design, Tracking.

[1]. Adebayo, A. A. (2004). Mubi region, a geographic synthesis. Yola: Paraclete Poblishers. 17-37.
[2]. ADSU (2012). History of Adamawa State University. Retrieved on 21st June, 2012
fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State_University.
[3]. Areola, O. O. (1983). A geography of Nigerian development. Ibadan: Heinemann
[4]. Delaware Health and Social Services (2011). Sewage, http://dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/sewage.fag.pdf. Retrieved 19/10/2012.
[5]. Encyclopedia Britannica (2012). Mubi, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/395790/mubi. Retrieved 21/10/2012.

Abstract: In this study, the Optimal River Network (ORN) has been determined in a waterlogged area. A dense 3D coordinates obtained from Differential GPS were used to create a Digital Elevation and Digital Terrain Models and their contingents comprising Watershed, Slope, Contours and Aspect. Areas at risk of being flooded are northward, surrounded by lowlying terrain while the south constitute undulating hills with natural river discharge at the centre. The ORN determines an ideal direction of flow of water out of the region, putting into consideration future planning and development. Existing small streams are directed to a permanent flow network to minimise land loss due to erosion and reduce cost of developing building projects in the waterlogged area. It is evident here that Differential GPS and Geographic Information Systems software can be combined to find ideal solutions to natural hazards akin to flood and erosion and even beyond.
Keywords: Flood, DEM, Watershed, GIS, Differential GPS.

[1] Akintola, F. O., 1978. Hydrological consequences of urbanization: A case study of Ibadan city. Science Review, Vol. 1, Issue2, pp. 151. [2] Boettle, M. , Kroop, J. ; Reiber, L. ; Roithmeier, O. ; Rybski, D. ; Walther, C., 2011. About the influence of elevation model quality on estimated flood damages: results from the Kalundberg case study. Natural hazards and Earth System Sciences; Vol. 11, Issue 12, pp. 3327.
[3] Bukhari, A. S. and Muhammed, I., 2013. Geospatial Mapping of Health Facilities in Yola, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 3, PP 79-85.
[4] ESRI, 2003: IDRISI Guide to GIS and Image Processing. Clarks Lab, Clarks University, MA, USA. Ver 96.
[5] Konecny, G., 2003. Geoinformation:Remote sensing, photogrammetry and geographic information systems.Taylor & Francis Inc, NewYork.

Abstract: This research aimed at establishing a baseline using Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instrument (EDM). Considering the high accuracy of EDM instrument, this will therefore focus on the establishment of baseline in the chosen area (Federal Polytechnic Mubi) to take care of some survey operations that may require the need for a baseline. (Calibrating instruments and establishing first and second order controls). Furthermore, the development of computer programme (FORTRAN 77 language) based on least squares adjustment by observation equation method could provide an efficient method and solution to other problems relating to baseline determination.
Key Words: Baseline, EDM, Calibration.

[1] Allan, A. L., Hollwey J. R., Maynes J. H. B. (1968): Practical Field Survey and Computation William Heinemann Ltd. London, First Edition
[2] Ayeni O. O. (2001): Statistical Adjustment and Analysis of Data Lecture notes series.Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, University of Lagos
[3] Bakari Z. (2001): Establishment and Calibration of Baseline Using EDM, (Unpublished) First Degree Project of the Federal University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
[4] Bannister, A. and Raymond, S. October (1991): Surveying, Unabridged editions of British Publishers 6th edition.
[5] Bomford, G. (1980): Geodesy, Oxford University Press Inc, New York. 4thedition.

Abstract: The phytoremediation potential of two macrophytic plants, E.crassipes and T.capensis were evaluated for their capacity to remove total dissolved solids (TDS) from a plastic recycling industrial effluent. The effluent was collected from a plastics recycling company in Harare, Zimbabwe. Experimental design was used in the research and the pants were grown in 2.5L plastic pots. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments with replicates. TDS, electrical conductivity and pH were measured every day for 15 days and proline accumulation in plant leaves was analyzed every 2 days alongside wastewater treatment. A t-test analysis was used for testing the data for significance difference.

[1] Fawzy M.A.,Badi N.E.,El-Khatib A. and Abo-El-Kaseem A. (2012),Heavy metal biomonitoring and phytoremediation potentials of aquatic macrophytes in River Nile ,Environ Monit Assess 184 :1753 1771
[2] C.A., Basha, P.K. Ghosh, and G. Gajalakshi, Total dissolved solids removal by electrochemical ion exchange (EIX) process. Electrochemical Acta 54,2008, 474-483
[3] S.Saiyood, A.S.Vangnai, D.Inthorn and P. Thiravetyan, Treatment of Total Dissolved Solids from plastic industrial effluent by Halophytic plants, Water Air Soil Pollution 223, 2012,4865-4873
[4] Y.M.F. Marickar Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in urine Urol Res 38,2010, 233–235 :DOI 10.1007/s00240-009-0228-y
[5] S.R. Pandey,V. Jegatheesan, K. Baskaran Li Shu (2012) Fouling in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane in water recovery from secondary effluent: a review Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol (2012) 11:125–145 DOI 10.1007/s11157-012-9272-0
[6] S.A. Naqvi, M. Kying and M. Kim,A case study on the relationship between conductivity and dissolved solids to evaluate The potential for reuse of reclaimed industrial wastewater KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 16( 5), 2012,708-713

Abstract: For the production of wine from over ripe guava and ber fruits using Saccharomyces crevices Var. HAU 1 the juices of both guava and ber were extracted and analyzed for TSS, pH, total Sugar and reducing sugar. Further the juices were adjusted with different TSS as 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% by adding cane sugar in powder form and samples were fermented at 30 °C by using Saccharomyces cerevicesvar HAU 1. It was seen that juice having TSS 15% showed higher ethanol production as compare to juices having different TSS in both guava and ber fruit juices. 15% TSS juices were further adjusted with different pH by using diluted NaOH& H2SO4 and kept for fermentation at 30 °C. It was shown that ber and guava juices having pH 4 yield higher alcohol as compare to samples having different pH. It was also seen that there was very less production of alcohol percentage in case of ber juices.

Key words: Wine, Guava, Ber, TSS, Saccharomyces cerevices, Fermentation.

1]. Wilson, C.W., Shaw, P.E., Campbell, C.W. (1982). Determination of organic acids and sugars in guava (PsidiumguajavaL.) cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Sci. Food Agric., 33: 777–780.
[2]. Jagtiani, J., Chang, H.T., Sakai, W.S. (1988). Guava. In: Tropical Fruit Processing. Academic Press, New York.
[3]. Floribeth, V., Lastreto, C. (1981). A study of the production of clarified banana juice using pectinolytic enzymes. J. Food Technol., 16: 115–125.
[4]. Zoecklein, W.B., Fugelsang, K.C., Gump, H.B., Nury, S.F. (1995). Wine analysis and production. Chapman & Hall, New York.
[5]. Lyrene, P.M.(1997).The jujube tree (Ziziphus jujube Lamk.). Fruit Varieties Journal., 33:100–104.
[6]. Pareek, O.P. Ber. International Centre for Underutilized Crops, Southampton,UK 2001 :13.
[7]. Pareek, S., Fageria, M.S. and Dhaka, R.S. (2002). Performance of ber genotypesunder arid condition. Current Agriculture., 26:63–65.

Abstract: Wine is a typical alcoholic beverage produced by natural alcoholic ferementation of fruit juice of sound quality. Wine consists of (10-12%) of ethanol. The suitability of tomato fruit was investigated for the production of tomato wine. Fermentation of tomato juice was carried out by a potent yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC 180). The production of tomato wine was standardized with reference to different variables such as, size of inoculums, pH of tomato juice, time of fermentation (1-10 days), adjustment of brix, Incubation temperature, effect of alcohol adapted & non-adapted cultures and age of culture.

[1]. J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 341-342 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
[2]. Joshi. V.K. Fruit wines 1998. 2nd Ed.Directorate of extension, Dr. YS Parmer University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, India
[3]. Putri, L.S.E. and D. Sukandar (2008), Starch conversion Canna into ethanol through acid hydrolysis and fermentation, biodiversitas, 9(2), 112 – 116
[4]. Mathewson, W.S. 1980, The Manual for the home and farm production of alcohol fuel. In: farm production of alcohol fuel. J.A. Diaz publication.
[5]. Hodge, M.H., Hildebrandt, M.F. 1954. Alcoholic fermentation of molasses. In: Underkofler A.L, Hickey J.R (eds) Industrial fermentation. Chemical publishing Co. Newyork.
[6]. Jones RP, Pamment N, Greenfield PF (1981) . Alcohol ferementation by yeasts the effect of environmental and other variables. Proc. Biochem., 16: 42-49.

Abstract: Seed samples were collected from 25 places of north eastern U.P from luxuriantly growing and healthy D.sissoo Roxb plants and stored at room temperature for 3 months in presterilized polyethylene bags.Mycofloral analysis showed presence of 15 fungal species which showed variation at district level on the basis of occurence.Mycofloral analysis through blotter method revealed the presence of 15 fungal species and agar plate method 12 fungal species.Seven fungal species of three genera were detected from surface sterilized seeds using blotter method.Twelb fungal species(belonging to 6 genera) and 5 fungal species (of two genera) were detected from unsterilized and sterilized seeds from agar plate method of analysis.The metabolites of most of the fungi showed effect on germination and put A.niger as highly potent.The other fungi in order of potentials for inhibiting seed germination were

[1]. Ahmad,I and Bhutta,A,R(1993)Fungi associated with land scape tree seed in Islamabad,Pakistan.Pakistan J.Phytopathol.,5;126-129.

[2]. Booth,C(1971)The genus Fusarium.Commonwealth Mycological Institute,Kew,Surrey,England ,237pp.

[3]. De Tempe(1962)Comparison of methods of seed health testing.Proc.Int.Seed Test Assoc.,27;819-828.

[4]. De Tempe,J(1953)The blotter method of seed health testing.Proc,Int.Seed test Assocn.,28;133-151.

[5]. Ellis,M.B(1971)Dematiaceous hyphomycetes.Commonwealth Mycological Institue,Kew,Surrey,England,608pp.

[6]. Ellis,M.B(1971)More Dematiaceous hyphomycetes.Commonwealth Mycological Institue,Kew,Surrey,England,507pp.

[7]. Gillman J.C(1967) A manual of soil fungi.Oxford and JBH publishing co. Calcutta.India.

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Abstract: Most of the developing countries are facing a lot of problems concerning to the garbage disposal and waste management. The truth is that, population is increasing; as such the rate of consumption also increases. These create more issues and problems in relation to social, environment, economic and health especially towards finding the most suitable location for dumping sites. There are cases of outbreak of diseases through water contamination, pollution and unpleasant odor due to the closeness of the disposal sites to residential. This and much more had affected the urban aesthetics that most local authorities have ignored the effects of municipal solid waste disposal.

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Abstract: Investigations were made on the biology and bionomics of the common mormon, Papilio polytes Linnaeus. Morphological details of the external genitalia were found to be useful in segregating three forms viz., cyrus, stichius and romulus belonging to this species. The biology took 34-38 days for completion.

Key words: External genitalia, Butterfly, Papilio polytes, Taxonomy.

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