IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Instances of powerful family bond in Soyinka's The Swamp Dwellers
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Muhammad Mushfiqur Rahman
	:	10.9790/0837-19410104

Abstract: The Swamp Dwellers is a play of universal appeal. It talks about remote rural and urban society; family life; confrontation of old and new society; psychological conflicts between old and young generations; love for modernity and love for the swamp; the supernatural; unfavourable forces of nature; and so many problems. I have come across a good number of articles and researches on The Swamp Dwellers. Among the researches and various articles on the play, it is hardly found any focus on family ties, love for family, hints of love in trivial squabble between the married in the play. Whenever they speak of their twin sons, Awuchike and Igwezu, Makuri and Alu are seen constantly at each other's throats. But their tiff bears the testimony of deep love for each other and for their future generations, and exhibits great concern for family ties that were in vulnerable condition during the transitional period in the post colonial African states. Akinwande Oluwole Wole Soyinka vividly portrays such family relationships, the individual and socio-cultural tensions pervading in Nigeria in his widely read The Swamp Dwellers. The patches of stories tremendously adorned in the play give a glimpse of family bond throughout the play. The target of this study is to discover the examples of family ties depicted, hinted, and embedded in the play.
Keywords: Family; bondage; tiff, rural life; urban life; tension.

[1]. Dzegueze, Kaspars. "Value from black company." Toronto Sun 11 March 1975.
[2]. Hudson, William Henry. An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Calcutta: Radha Publishing House, 1997.
[3]. McLeod, John. Beginning Postcolonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.
[4]. Scott, Mary Augusta. The Essays of Francis Bacon: Edited with Introduction and Notes. New York: Charles Scribner‟s Sons, 1908.
[5]. Soyinka, Wole. Collected Plays: Volume I: A Dance of the Forests; The Swamp Dwellers; The Strong Breed; The Road; The Bacchae of Euripides. Oxford: OUP, 1974.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Making women monk in Thai Society and Gender Inequality in Early Buddhism
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Rita Kumari
	:	10.9790/0837-19410510

Abstract: In Thai society today, primarily the women run daily affairs, where females outnumber males. Over the last few decades to where women fulfill many of the major roles in society. In Thailand women are deserving the majority of university enrollments, the breadwinners in many families are women, many corporate executives and civil servants are women.The majority of new entrepreneurial start-ups are undertaken by women.Many women such as SikharaMaha-Devi, Nang Nopamas, Queen Suriyothai, Nang Suang and Queen Sirikit have given the important contributions made in Thai society today and helped to shape Thai culture, customs, and traditions either as regents themselves or as direct advisors to their kings.This paper shows that how the Thai constitution is silent on women becoming monk;:although women were given the right to vote back in 1932, they were never given the right to be ordained as a monk,which may be treated as gender discrimination ,rather say gender inequality.The Bhikkhuni struggle highlights gender discrimination in Thailand. As a 'farang' or 'westerner', it would be too tempting to interpret what DhammakamalaBhikkhuni once told during interview as an expression of feminism.
Keywords: Bhikkhuni, breadwinners, enrollments, entrepreneurial, gender discrimination.

[1] Murray Hunter, Making monks of women, On Line Opinion e-Journal, posted December,27, 2013 [2] Barbara O'Brien , Buddhism and Sexism,can There Be Buddhist Gender Equality? , Free Buddhist Newsletter,about.com [3] Buddhism,snapshot ,12,March,2013
[4] bhikkhucintita the dinsmor,Buddhistwritings,What Did Buddha Think of Women,Through the Looking GlassDhammakaro,Female Monks in Buddhism,Buddhapadipa Temple
[5] VenDrK.SriDhammananda,Status of Women in Buddhism,Washington Buddhist Vihar,newsletter,2003-winter

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	State-owned Sewage-fed Fisheries of the East Kolkata Wetlands: An Overview
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Suranjana Banerji
	:	10.9790/0837-19411117

Abstract: The East Kolkata Wetlands lie in the eastern fringes of Kolkata between the levee of the River Hooghly on the west and the Kulti Gong on the east (Fig 1). The wetlands spread almost equally on the two sides of the Dry Weather Flow Channel that reaches the Kulti Gong to the east. (Ghosh, D., 2005). The East Kolkata Wetlands cover an area of 12,500 hectares.

[1] Chattopadhyay, K., 2001. Environmental Conservation and Valuation of East Calcutta Wetlands. Mumbai: Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.
[2] Clarke, A., 2001. Research and the Policy Making Process. In N. Gilbert, ed. Researching Social Life. 2nd edition. New Delhi: Sage, 2001.
[3] Ghosh, D., 2002. Ecosystem Management. In S. R. Basu, ed. Changing Environmental Scenario of the Indian Subcontinent. Kolkata: acb publications, 2002.
[4] Ghosh, D., 2005. Ecology and Traditional Wetland Practice: Lessons from Wastewater Utilisation in the East Calcutta Wetlands. Kolkata: Worldview.
[5] Kundu, N., 2002. Management of Wetlands: A Case Study of West Bengal. In S. R. Basu, ed. Changing Environmental Scenario of the Indian Subcontinent. Kolkata: acb publications, 2002.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	R.L. Stevenson's Outlook on Life as reflected in Virginibus Puerisque
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Poorva Bhonde
	:	10.9790/0837-19411820

Abstract: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) was a brave, cheery and wholesome spirit. He made all his readers braver and cheerier by his writing. This well-known and well-loved Victorian litterateur gave his valuable contribution to English Literature by writing novels, travelogues, poems, short stories and essays. The love of action and energetic life were deeply ingrained in him. With his novels full of romance and adventure he satisfied the national craving during the period of gloom. His life was a perpetual struggle against an incurable malady. It was nothing but a respite won from death. Yet he had not given way to despair. On the contrary, as life slipped from him, he laid hold on it with redoubled strength. Optimist to the fingertips, he wrote for the young, for readers who love tales of travel and adventure better than morbid analysis of mind. In addition to imaginative work Stevenson produced a number of essays on morals and literature. His essays with their often very personal note, endeared him to a wide circle of readers. They show the charm, the vivacity and the gaity. His collection of essays Virginibus Puerisque is a delightful, intimate and self-revelatory book. Published in 1881. The themes he his handled in Virginibus Puerisque.as varied as childhood, youth, old age, travel, walking tours, idleness, bravery, courage, death etc. An attempt has been made in the present paper to analyze and interpret Stevenson's Outlook on Life as reflected in the two essays in Virginibus Puerisque: Child's Play and Crabbed Age and Youth .

[1]. Child's Play, VirginibusPuerisque, P. 144
[2]. ibid, P. 141
[3]. ibid, P. 146
[4]. Crabbed Age and Youth,. VirginibusPuerisque, P. 52
[5]. ibid, P. 52

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Basics of Monitoring and Evaluation
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Nwizugbe Obiageri Ezenwa
	:	10.9790/0837-19412132

Abstract: Monitoring and Evaluation usually abbreviated as M and E, are two essential parts of a program planning, implementation and management because they generate tangible results for programs to move ahead. They provide mile stones upon which programs can be assessed, and provide evidence for the assessment. While monitoring takes periodic records of performance of a program, guides program direction towards agreed objectives and torchlights the utilization of project resources, evaluation takes a snapshot of the project condition at a point in time, informs the project manager how well the project has performed, what next should be done and where resources needs to be channeled for the intervention to yield the desired goal. The two components (M&E) therefore provide the impetus for donors‟ decision about the life of the project. They support evidence based decision in program implementation.

[1] WHO global strategy on reproductive health, adopted by the 57th World Health Assembly in May 2004 (WHA57.12).
[2] Marsden, D., Oakley, P and Pratt, B., 1994, Measuring the Process: Guidelines for Evaluating Social Development, Oxford, INTRAC
[3] Bakewell, O., Adams, J, and Pratt, B. 2003, Sharpening the Development Process, A Practical Guide to Monitoring and Evaluation, INTRAC, Praxis Guide No 1, Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wilshire, Oxford, UK p14
[4] IAC / Wageningen UR 2004, PPM&E Resource Portal - Scoping- Situation Analysis, Participatory Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation. Managing and learning for Impact in Rural Development, http://portals.wi.wur.nl/ppme/? Advanced_Search_of_M%26E_Resources
[5] NACA 2005, HIV/AIDS National Strategic Framework for Action, 2005-2009, Society for Family Health, ISBN 978-36061-7-4 September 2005.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Garudwara Reform Movement1920- 1925
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Rakesh kumar
	:	10.9790/0837-19413337

Abstract: The Akali movement of twenties which originated as purely religious movement for reform of Gurdwaras, the Sikh religious shrines, soon acquired a political character and became part and parcel of India's freedom struggle. Besides being anti- imperialist1 Akali movement variously known as Gurdwara reform movement or Gurdwara agitations how Sikh's long dawn campaign in the early twenties of the twentieth century for the liberation of their Gurudwara or holy shrine is described. The campaign which elicited enthusiastic support, especially, from the rural masses, took the form of a peaceful agitation marches, divans or religious gathering, and demonstration for Sikhs to assert their right to manage their place of worship. Ultimately, the government had to bow to popular pressure and allow the Sikhs to take over the management of their shrines, the Gurudwara act passed in 1925 made the SGPC, a representative body of Sikhs, custodian of all important Sikh places of worship2.
Key words: Akali, Movement, Gurdwara, reform, religious, S.G.P.C.

[1]. SinghHari,Master Punjab Peasant in Freedom Struggle, volume two.pph New Delhi1984P106
[2]. Brar.JS,(1989)The Communist Party in Punjab,National Book Organisation,NEW Delhi,p-27
[3]. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, Bombay,1966, p. 194.)
[4]. Proceedings Home Political, No. 942/1922 (N.A.I).
[5]. Proceedings Home Political, No. 942/1922 (N.A.I).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Figure of Rama in India and Thailand: A Comparative Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Tanuja Bora, Dhrubajyoti Nath
	:	10.9790/0837-19413843

Abstract: In the history of human civilization, few other legends have found so multitudinous and multifarious expressions across time and space as the legend of Rama. The eternal human values and ideals enshrined in the epic legend have transcended the limits of time and space, race and culture to grow into vigorous traditions of literary and artistic expressions not only in India, its birthplace, but in many parts of the continent of Asia. The themes and episodes of the great legend are retold in numerous forms and ways adapting to the values and ethos, customs and beliefs of the people across different cultures. In the process of adapting the story to different cul-tures, various characters and episodes have undergone considerable modifications. But Rama, the ideal hero around whom the different ideals of the saga are explored and revealed, basically remains the same in each cul-ture- the virtuous and righteous hero embodying the supreme human virtues. However, the attitude towards the image of Rama changes in each culture in each successive age. The figure of Rama has been remoulded and reinterpreted down the ages in response to the changing socio-cultural ethos and realities. This is particularly perceptible in those cultures where the impact of the Rama ideology is very deep.

[1]. Sarkar, H. B.; the Ramayana in South-east Asia: A General Survey, Asian Variations in Ramayana, 2003, p. 207.
[2]. Chaturvedi, Harish Kumar; Ramayana in Asia, India's Contribution to World Thought and Culture, 2003,p.181.
[3]. Pusalkar, A.D., The Ramayana : Its History and Characters, The Cultural Heritage of India(Vol.II),1982,pp. 27-28.
[4]. Raghavan,V ; The Ramayana in Sanskrit Literature, The Ramayana Tradition in Asia,2009,p6.
[5]. Vatsyayan, Kapila ; Ramayana in the Arts of Asia, The Ramayana Tradition in Asia,2009,p 687.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Role of Lifestyle on Healthy Ageing
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Savneet
	:	10.9790/0837-19414446

Abstract: Life expectancy is increasing around the world, and this is likely to have profound effects on many aspects of society, particularly if these extra years are to be associated with ill health. Lifestyle plays most important role on healthy ageing. An active and controlled lifestyle plays 99% role in healthy ageing. The study focuses on effect of lifestyle on healthy ageing. The present study was conducted on a sample of (N=20) Age above 60 years. The instrument used was a questionnaire comprising questions such as Life achievements, Source of inspiration and Role of life style in healthy ageing. An anxiety test (self-designed) was also given to assess the anxiety levels of these subjects. It was found that people, who followed simple life, ate simple food and exercises had fewer problems and were generally satisfied with life and had healthy social wellbeing.

[1] Fratiglioni L, Paillard-Borg S, Winblad B. An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. The Lancet Neurology 2004;3(6):343–353.
[2] Galioto A, Dominguez LJ, Pineo A, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in centenarians. Experimental Gerontology. 2008;43(February 2):106–13. [PubMed]
[3] Global population ageing: peril or promise? Geneva, World Economic Forum, 2012.
[4] Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neuroscience 2008;9(1):58–65. [PubMed: 18094706] .
[5] Menec VH. The Relation Between Everyday Activities and Successful Aging: A 6-Year Longitudinal Study. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2003;58(2):S74–82.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	School Examinations leakage: Case of Zimbabwe Schools Examinations Council
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Isao Mashanyare, Emmanuel Chinamasa
	:	10.9790/0837-19414754

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find ways of reducing school examinations leakages in Zimbabwe. It was motivated by the observation that, school examinations are leaking in Zimbabwe. The government is loosing thousands of dollars when replacing papers that would have leaked. Zimbabwe uses a centralized examinations system hence a leak of one paper affects the whole nation. The study applied a descriptive survey. Data was collected from ZIMSEC officials, school heads and teachers and students using a self reporting questionnaire, students' essays and an analysis of news paper reports. The study found that, examinations leaking can occur from the minister of education down to the classroom teacher. Question papers can leak as soft in hard copies. A leaked paper can be identified by a high pass rate off the norm, by a group of students who show identical presentation of solutions to the examinations questions. Study revealed that, school heads and teachers are not employed by ZIMSEC to transport and administer examinations. They are not paid for such services which they carry out on their expenses. Factors contributing to schools examinations leakage include, use of public transport, lack of security from district examinations centers to schools and a demotivated teaching force working grudgingly for ZIMSEC. The study recommends that, teachers be paid for the services that they render to ZIMSEC because they are not employees of ZIMSEC. There is need for ZIMSEC to contract transport providers for examination papers from district centers to each school. ZIMSEC can form a security unit to cater for examinations leakages. There is need for debates on examinations leakages on mass media to raise public awareness.
Key Words: Examination leaking, ZIMSEC, Managing schools.

[1]. Chinamasa, E.et al. (2011). Examinations cheating: Exploring strategies and contributing factors in five universities in Zimbabwe. Journal of Innovative Research. 1(1), 86-101.
[2]. Denga, I.D & Denga H.M (1998). Educational malpractice and cultism in Nigeria. Calabar: Rapid Educational Publishers Limited.
[3]. Dooley D. (1990) Social Research Methods. Prentice Hall Inc, Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey Evans, E.D. & Craig, D. (1990b) Adolescent cognition for academic cheating as function of grade level and achievement status. Journal of Adolescent Research. 5, 325 – 345.
[4]. Ezezogor, S.A. (1982). West African Examination leakages. Journal of all Nigerian conference of rincipals of secondary schools. 21, 130-137
[5]. Gay, R. (2006) Educational Research: Competences for Analysis and Application. Ohio; Merrill Publishing Company.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	HR Practices and Job Performance
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Devender Singh Muchhal
	:	10.9790/0837-19415561

Abstract: HR Practices are the most important tools of any organization to fulfill majority of the organizational goals via better job performance of the employees working in the organization. The present study was designed to study the nature and pattern of relationship between HR practices (Compensation, Performance Evaluation process & promotion) and job performance of the employees in industrial set up. Questionnaires consisting of 15 items (HR practices) and 14 items (Job performance) were used. The findings of the present study reveals that HR practices i.e. job performance in organization are correlated with HR practices (compensation, performance evaluation process & promotion practices).

[1]. Arvey, R.D. & Murphy, K.R. (1998) Performance evaluation in work settings, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol (49), pp. 141 – 168.
[2]. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitiveadvantage. Journal of Management, 17,99–120.
[3]. Borman, W.C. & Motowidlo, S.J. (1993) Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In Schmitt & W. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations New York: Jossey- Bass, pp. 71 – 98.
[4]. Borman, W.C. & Motowidlo, S.J. (1997) Task performance and contextual Performance: The meaning for Personnel selection Research, Human Performance, Vol. 10, pp. 199 – 109.
[5]. Bruederl, J., Preisendoerfer, P., & Ziegler, R. (1992). Survival chances of newly founded business organizations. American Sociological Review, 57, 227–242.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Comparitive Study of the Level of Psychological Distress of Female Cardiovascular and Cancer Patients
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Roshan Anie Alex
	:	10.9790/0837-19416267

Abstract: The study was taken up to probe the level of psychological distress of female cardiovascular and cancer patients. The sample for the present study consisted of 225 women from Kerala, which consist of 75 cardiovascular (cvd) patients, 75 cancer patients selected using purposive sampling technique from the various hospitals across Kerala and a comparative group of 75 normals selected from the general population. Cvd patients, cancer patients and normals showed significant differences in their level of psychological distress.The findings showed that Cvd patients possessed significantly higher level of depression, anxiety and psychological distress when compared to cancer patients and normals. Cancer patients possessed significantly higher level of stress than cvd patients. Normals had significantly higher level of stress than both the patient groups. It is hoped that the outcome of this study will lead to identify the level of psychological distress of female cvd and cancer patients.
Keywords: Psychological distress, cardiovascular disease, cancer.

[1]. Andersen, B. L., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., and Glaser, R. (1994).A biobehavioral model of cancer stress and disease course. American Psychologist 49(5), 389-404. [2]. Andrykowski, M. A., Curran, S. L., &Lightner, R. (1998). Off-treatment fatigue in breast cancer survivors: A controlled comparison. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 1–18. [3]. Anstey, K. J.,&Luszcz, M. A. (2002). Mortality risk varies according to gender and change in depressive status in very old adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 880-888. [4]. Baum, A., Grunberg, N.E. (1991). Gender, stress, and health.Health psychology, 10(2), 80-5. [5]. Carney., Caroline, P., Laura Jones., Robert, F, Woolson., Russell Noyes., Bradley, N, Doebbeling. (2003). Relationship between depression and pancreatic cancer in the general population.Psychosomatic medicine, 65(5),884-8.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Social Reformer is peeping through-Sultana's Dream
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Syeda Afsana Ferdousi
	:	10.9790/0837-19416873

Abstract: The Indo Anglican authoress Begum Rokeya Shakwath Hossain (1880-1932) was born in Pairabandh, village of RangpurBangladesh,, is a universal representative as a social reformer. Without any institutional educational background she could set many constructive institutions .She is the founder of Sakhawat Memorial Girl's school, the Bengal branch of Anjuman –i-Khawatin- i- Islam, under whose aegis's women would take up a whole range of activities greater towards social welfare .She wrote a women utopia-Sultana's Dream(1905) which has a subtle sense of situational humour , greater observation and scientific knowledge . These all made the creation sound credible. It is a satirical social reforming icon in English to inspire the exiled and education deprived Muslim and the universal women folk for a Renaissance along with a research on women development and suggestions based on personal experiences .Sultana's Dream is a pioneering path shower of women development.

[1]. Racanabali, Rokeya Pg 500, letter to Marium Rashid on 5TH January, 1926
[2]. Wolf Virginia A Room Of One‟s Own‟ Cambridge University Press,edited by Jenifer Smith.
[3]. Racanabali, Rokeya Pg 503, letter to Mohsena Rahman ON 21.5.1929 .
[4]. (Qur‟an3:195)
[5]. (Qur‟an4:124)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Applicability of the Theory of Phonology to the Sound System of Tiv Language
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Kaan, Aondover Theophilus, Yoo, Angwe Sebastine
	:	10.9790/0837-19417480

Abstract: This descriptive study is an appraisal of the applicability of the theory of phonology to the sound system of Tiv language. It examines the phonology of Tiv, to see its conformity to the universal patterning of sounds in human language. In doing this, the study employs the descriptive method of research by observing the native speakers of the language and describing how the theory of phonology applies to Tiv language, using the phoneme theory, the distinctive features theory and the tone/pitch contours theory as testing grounds. The findings reveal that the theory of phonology is essential to the formation and combination of sounds in Tiv. It concludes that Tiv language, just like any other language, has its phonology derived from the universal phonetic application of phonological rules, in line with acceptable phonological theories.
Key words: theory, phonology, phoneme, pitch, Tiv language.

[1]. Agbedo, Chris. U. (2000). General Linguistics: An Introductory Reader. Nsukka: ACE.
[2]. Akmajian et al (2003). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall.
[3]. Bolinger, D (1951). "Intonation: levels Vs configuration‟, Word, Vol. 7.
[4]. Cruttenden, A. (1997). Intonation, 2nd ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[5]. Gimson, A.C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold Publishers Limited.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarojgaryojana A Mechanism For Women Empowerment
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Madugu Vijay Kumar
	:	10.9790/0837-19418185

Abstract: Empowerment of women has emerged as an important issue in our country. In India, the status of women in society is an index of civilization among the people. Micro finance has emerged as major strategy to boost up women status. Constant efforts are being made by the government of India to improve the status of rural women, especially those living below poverty line. The Govt. of India restructure several antipoverty program to enhance their efficiency to empower rural women by introducing a holistic scheme called Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarojgar Yojana(SGSY) covering all aspects of empowerment of rural women. Such as organization of rural poor into self help Groups, training, credit technology, infrastructure and marketing of their micro enterprises. The main focus of this paper is to examine the back ground formation and training aspects of Swarojgaries under SGSY, to ascertain the activities taken up by the women Swarojgaries, to assess the performance of women in terms of income generation. The paper is empirical nature and so it is mainly based on the primary data collected from the swarogaries selected in Mahabubnagar Mandal. A total of 50 women swarojgaries (5 women from each of the 10 active SHGs) were randomly selected. Interview technique was used for collecting data, with the help of developed interview schedule. Simple statistical tools like frequency, percentages were used to analyze the data.

[1]. Kabeer(1999)'resources , agency , achievement : reflection on the measurement of women's empowerment . Development and change 3093, 435-64.
[2]. Mosley, p, hylme.D (1998): Microenterprise finance: is there a conflict between progresses of SHG –bank linkage in India.
[3]. SGSY guidelines, Government of India.
[4]. Steele, F., Amin, (2001) Savings / credit group formation and change in empowerment in Bangladesh.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Varieties of English Language in Nigeria: A Tool for Character Stratification in Wole Soyinka's The Beatification of Area Boy
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Olagunju Robert Modupeola
	:	10.9790/0837-19418689

Abstract: Language is not only a means of communication; rather it has served man in diverse ways. Wole Soyinka in his The Beatification of Area Boy has shown another role language can play in drama. It is a means of showing the various class statuses of characters in a dramatic setting. Since drama expresses the social realities of a society, the playwright has been able to bring to fore the contemporary role English language has been playing in the linguistic setting of Nigeria. Wole Soyinka, has been able to show that the language is not confined to people of a particular educational background but it is a language that everyone has been able to manipulate and found useful for communicative purposes. Thus, the varieties of English identified in The Beatification of Area Boy shows the social stratification of people in a typical Nigerian society which resulted from the different educational background of each character.

[1]. R. Chapman. (1982) The Language of English Literature, London. Edward Arnold (Publications)
[2]. T. Obilade (1993) The Stylistic Function of Pidgin English in African
[3]. Literature: Achebe and Soyinka in Research in Wole Soyinka (ed) James Gibbs and Berath Lindfor. African World Press Inc.
[4]. W. Soyinka. (1995) The Beatification of Area Boy: A Lagosian Kaleidoscope, Ibadan: Spectrum Books. Banjo (1996) Making a Virtue of Necessity: An Overview of the English Language in Nigeria, Ibadan, University Press.
[5]. D. Jolayemi (2013) Shifting Grounds to Widen Horizon: Implication for 21st Century Researchers and Teachers of English.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessment of Hmis and Pcts Related To Women Deliveires in India: A Case Study of Rajasthan State
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Rama Kant Sharma
	:	10.9790/0837-19419093

Abstract: Management of information system helps in strengthening of service deliveries in the health sector as it provides the data which is very important at micro-macro planning and for proper programme implementation. The HMIS (Health Management Information System) and PCTS (Pregnancy, Child Tracking System) both web portals are such system programmes which are developed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI and Department of Medical, health and Family Welfare, GOI (Govt. of Rajasthan) respectively. These portals are not only helpful in proper and timely monitoring of input-output of different interventions but also improve the services for beneficiaries and service providers. These web portals are providing to great extent monthly facilities based of service delivery information. In view of this the present paper aims at assessment of the correctness of reported performance of deliveries and field verification by key informants under HMIS and PCTS programme. Paper is based on primary and secondary data sources.

[1]. Website: http:/nrhm-mis.nic.in
[2]. Website: http:/ pctsrajmedica. raj.nic.in
[3]. Nagda, B.L. & Sharma, RamaKant (2011) Level of Reporting of Maternal and Child Health Services Mainly Institutional Delivery and Immunization in the HMIS in Public and Private Institutions, PRC, Udaipur.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Hester Prynne and Nora Helmer: Two extraordinary women representatives in English Literature
Country	:	England
Authors	:	Azmi Azam
	:	10.9790/0837-19419497

Abstract: This article aims to explore the representation of Hester Prynne in Nathaniel Hawthorne‟s The Scarlet letter and Nora Helmer in Henrik Ibsen‟s A Doll‟s House. Hester shows the conventional woman stereotype and under her silence she epitomizesextraordinary power of tolerance, patience, forgiveness and acceptance. On the other hand, Nora is a recalcitrant female individual who protests against the male chauvinist attitude and patriarchy dominance by leaving for home and family for self-respect. A comparative discussion will also be given to make arguments more logical. Comments of other critics will be placed for further comprehension.
Key words: Womanhood, feminism, male chauvinism, individuality, silence, tolerance, patience, recalcitrance, self-respect, reputation, society, domesticity.

[1]. Garrett, S., 1992.Gender. London: Routledge.
[2]. Basow. S.A., 1992, 3rd ed., Gender: Stereotypes and Roles. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
[3]. Lancaster, R.N., and Leonardo, M., eds, 1997. The Gender Sexuality: Reader. London: Routledge.
[4]. Ledger, S., 1997.The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the fin de siècle. Manchester: Manchester University Library.
[5]. Scharnhorst, G., ed., 1992.The Critical response to Nathaniel Hawthorne‟s The Scarlet Letter. London: Greenwood.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Local Government and the Challenges of Rural Development in Nigeria (1999 to date)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Adedire Solomon Adebayo
	:	10.9790/0837-194198107

Abstract: This paper examined Local Government and the Challenges of Rural Development in Nigeria from 1999 till date. The key problem facing most local governments is lack of adequate finance to implement various developmental programmes especially at the rural areas. The study adopted secondary source in collection of data. This paper argued that local governments were faced with such challenges like inadequate finance, corruption, poor implementation of projects, lack of competent manpower, high level of illiteracy, lack of due consultation and non-involvement of local dwellers in policy decisions and hijack of local government allocation by the state government. The paper therefore recommended an upward review of statutory allocations to local councils as well as direct disbursement of funds to local governments, better welfare package to workers and open administration that encourages local participation.

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