IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Festivals: Catalyst for Peace in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Grace Lawrence-Hart, Ph.D
	:	10.9790/0837-19430105

Abstract: Nigeria is going through a myriad of conflict ranging from sectarian, youth restiveness; ethnic variance etc. these conflicts most often are violent and destructive of human and public structures, thus, a unifying activity in the form of festivals is needed. Festivals are special occasion which are generally marked by merry-making. Its observance brings about social and moral control as well as entertainment. It attracts visitors to a place and also affects the economy, conserve culture and rejuvenate traditions. Festivals provide a potent platform to guarantee peace if properly organized and can contribute in creating an enabling peaceful atmosphere for all to dwell in.

[1]. Ejizu C.I. and Ozo-mekuri Ndimele (Eds.) (2007). Kiabara Readings on Religion and Culture in
[2]. Africa. Journal of Humanities. University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
[3]. Crompton, J. and MacKay, S. L. (1994) "Measuring the economic impact of festivals and events: some myths, misapplications and ethical dilemmas,‟ Festival Management and Event Tourism‟ 2(1): 33-43.
[4]. Kim.k.and Uysal (2004) Tourism Management, Vol 25 Issue 2

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Computers: A Private Domain for Today's Youth
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Navneet Arora
	:	10.9790/0837-19430614

Abstract:Today's children comprise a generation which is truly growing digital. They have a far greater access to sophisticated technology than ever before. They carry hi-tech tools with them viz., cellular phones, play video games during and after school, and use computers for various activities. Their access to digital media has made them different in what they think, learn, shop, work, study, etc. Possession of computers at home and commercialization of this facility in the form of cyber cafes has made them active users of this technology. Interestingly and surprisingly,

[1]. Buchner, P., M. D. Bois-Reymond and H.-H.Kruger, 1995, "Growing Up in Three European Regions‟, in L. Chisholm (Ed.), Growing Up in Europe: Contemporary Horizons in Childhood and Youth Studies, pp. 43-59. Berlin: de Gruyter.
[2]. Centre for Media Education, 2001, "A Report on Web Site Compliance‟, Washington:DC.
[3]. Giddens, A., 1991, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
[4]. Gray, Ann, 1989, "Behind Closed Doors: Video Recorders In The Home‟ In H.Bacher & G. Dyer (ed.), Boxed In: Women And Television, London:Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Socio-economic Implications of Child Trafficking In Borno State, Nigeria.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Egwu, Grace E., Ahmed, Funmilola, F. (Ph.D), Tukur, Mohammed D
	:	10.9790/0837-19431520

Abstract: Globally, children of school age are bought, sold and transported away from their homes as commodities. Child trafficking is illegal and extremely harmful as trafficked children are exposed to diverse forms of abuse. The general objective of this study was to examine the socioeconomic implications of child trafficking in Borno State, Nigeria. Using purposive and simple random techniques, data for the study were obtained from 92 respondents representing the immigration, police officers, lawyers, road transport workers

[1]. Adepejin, A. (2005). "Review of Research and Data on Human Trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa" International Migration. 3(82): 2-5.
[2]. Akinboyo, G. (2005). Child Trafficking for Exploitative Child Labour: The Nigerian Experience. A paper presented at the Sub-Regional Workshop on Trafficking in Child Domestic Works Cotonou, Benin.
[3]. Atsev, C. (2000). "An overview of Child Trafficking in Borno State". Situation Analysis of Head of Administration and Anti Human Trafficking State CID, Maiduguri.
[4]. Ayua, I. A. (1999). The Rights of Children in Nigeria. Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Lagos, Nigeria.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Self-Esteem and Academic Performance of freshmen at Karunya University
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Jerylene Priyadharshini. J., Dr.Relton.A.
	:	10.9790/0837-19432126

Abstract: Self-esteem is an important academic construct in the process of education. It is how people feel about themselves and how much they like themselves, especially socially and academically when it comes to college students. Through the many pressures and daunting responsibilities of being a student, one learns and understands the importance of having a high self-esteem in college. Research has established that there is close relationship between self- esteem and academic achievements of freshmen students.

[1]. Beane, J.A., & Lipka, R.P. (1986). Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and the Curriculum. New York: Teachers College [2]. Colardarci, T., McCaul, E.J., Donaldson, G.A., & Davis, W.E. (1992). Consequences of dropping out of high school: Findings from high school and beyond. Journal of educational research, 85, 198-207

[3]. Chiu, L. H. (1990). The relationship of career goal and self8 esteem among adolescents. Adolescence, 25, 433-451

[4]. Dawes, R. M. (1998). The social usefulness of self-esteem: A skeptical review. The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 15 (4), 4-5.

[5]. Jordon, L.K., & Kelly, K.R. (1990). Effects of academic achievements and gender on academic and social self-concept: A replication study. Journal of counseling and development, 69,173-177 Kingsbury, [6]. G.G., Maruyama, G., & Rubin, R.A. (1981). Self-esteem and educational achievements: independent constructs with a common cause. Journal of personality and social psychology, 40, 962- 975

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Justice and Its Relevance in Curtailing Security Challenge in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Muhammad Dahiru Shuni, Attahir Shehu Mainiyo
	:	10.9790/0837-19432731

Abstract: Justice is nothing but rather putting things on their proper positions, this, if done will no doubt brings about peace and stability in any society and failure to this will bring about instability, acrimony and friction. It is the instrumental to the endurance of the state, security and well being of mankind, all those involved in learning and earning cannot do without security from good governance founded on justice,

[1]. O.Bello (Ed and trans) M.Bello Al-Ghaith Wabil fi Sirat Imam Adil, School for oriental and African Studies London 1983 p.340
[2]. Surah 6 Verse 152
[3]. U. Laurence , The Oxford Thesaurus,(Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1992) p. 234. See also The Concise Oxford Dictionary :Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990 p. 642,
[4]. H.A.R.Gibb et.al. The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden, E.J. Brill, , 1991), 1/141
[5]. For more details see:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008, available at: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Plato.aspx, accessed 4-3-2010

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Intergovernmental Cooperation in provisioning Educational Goods and Service (Study on Intergovernmental on Providence Free Education in South Sulawesi)
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Masriadi
	:	10.9790/0837-19433239

Abstract: The practice of the implementation of local government in the context of decentralization has shown positive results on one side, but on the other side there are still variety of lacking.The difficulty to embody the act of collective and the occurrence of inefficiency and ineffectiveness in public service especially on provision of goods and serviceseducation is still difficult avoided.The case of cooperation between the government of South Sulawesi with the government of makassar city,

[1]. Supriyono, Bambang. 2010. Sistem Pemerintahan Daerah Berbasis Masyarakat Multikultural. Pidato Pengukuhan Jabatan Guru Besar dalam Bidang Ilmu Sistem Pemerintahan Daerah pada Fakultas Ilmu Admiisttrasi Universitas Brawijaya Malang. FIA-UB. Malang
[2]. Muluk, Khairul. M.R. 2002. Desentralisasi, Teori, Cakupan dan Elemen. Jurnal Administrasi Negara, Vol.II/2 Maret 2002
[3]. Agranoff, Robert. 1986. Intergovernmental Management: Human Services Problem-Solvingin Six Metropolitan Areas. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
[4]. Firman, T., 2009. Decentralization Reform and Local-Government Proliferation in Indonesia: Towards a Fragmentation of Regional Development.Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies 21(2/3), hal. 143-157

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Hypothetical Journalism in MACOSA Experience: The Nation and its Internet Readership Status
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ndoma J. Brown Ph.D.
	:	10.9790/0837-19434048

Abstract: This research was aimed at establishing whether truly there is a benchmark for appreciation of news contents in The Nation hardcopy and its internet version, by extension equipping students of Mass Communication as campus ecclesiasts. The students of Mass Communication Department, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar Campus – formed the research population. The sampled media were selected using the "hat and draw method." The period under review was January, 2013 to June

[1]. Harris, M. Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture, 2nd ed. Stanley J. Baran (ed.) (Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher education. 2002), p. 9.
[2]. DailyPost.online:http://dailypost.com.ng/2013/05/09/mass-failure-reps-summon-jamb-registrar/May 9, 2013.
[3]. Punch online:http://www.punchng.com/education/a-dons-antidote-to-failure-in-public-exams/August 2, 2013.
[4]. Brown, Ndoma J. "Educational Trends on Principles of Aesthetics in Contemporary Nigerian Magazine Designs" in Journal of Contemporary Research. Francis Mogu ed. Beijing: Universal Academic Services. Vol. 8, issue 3, 2011, p. 199.
[5]. Itule, Bruce D. and Douglas A. Anderson. News Writing Reporting: for Today‟s Media, 7th ed. (Boston: McGraw Hill Co. 2008) p. 15.
[6]. Nwosu, Ikem. Basics of Newspaper Journalism: for Print Media Students and Professionals (Enugu: Afrika-Link Books. 2004), p. 139

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Nature, Operations and Socio-Economic Features of Street Food Entrepreneurs of Harare, Zimbabwe
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	TavongaNjaya (Ph.D)
	:	10.9790/0837-19434958

Abstract: The study sought to investigate the nature,operations and the socio-economic features of street food vendorsin Harare in Zimbabwe. Data collection techniques included in-depth personal interviews, direct observations and documentary reviews. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-economic and technical data pertaining to street food vending. The study revealed that street food vending, far from being a hindrance to progress and sustainable development, is in fact the basis of a vibrant street economy which has strong linkages with the formal economy.

[1]. Artemis, P. S. and Bhat, R.V. (2000).Street Foods.Basel: Karger Publishers.
[2]. Azuma, Y. and Grossman, H.I. (2008)."A Theory of the Informal Sector".Journal of Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, Vol.20, No.1, pp62-79
[3]. Bryman, A. E. (2001). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[4]. Chukuezi, C.O. (2010). "Entrepreneurs of the Streets: Socio-Economic Features of Street Food Vending in Owerri, Nigeria". European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp183-188
[5]. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches.(3rded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Perils of Inter-Denominational Conflict: Challenges of Young Christian Adults in Choosing Life Partners
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Chimunhu J, Mataruse I
	:	10.9790/0837-19435974

Abstract: This study focused on the challenges encountered by young Christian adults in choosing life partners. The research was carried out using descriptive survey design. A sample of forty (40) respondents was used in this study. The researcher administered questionnaires and held interviews to gather data. The data collected was systematically presented in form of a pie chart, graphs and tables. Interpretation and discussion of data gathered was systematically done in relation to relevant literature citations.

[1]. Ansell N (2001) ‗‗Because it's our culture!' (Re)negotiating the meaning of lobola in Southern African secondary schools' Journal of Southern African Studies 27(4) 697-716
[2]. Baron, R. A, Branscombe, N, R, Byrne, D and Bhardway, G (2010) Social Psychology, Twelfth Edition. Doling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd
[3]. Watson, R.S. 1984.Women's property in Republican China: rights and practice.Republican China10, 1-12
[4] .Byrne, R (1971) Intimate Relationships. New York. Free press.
[5]. Best, A and Kahn, A (2000) Research Methodology. Boston, Allyn and Bacon

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Substituting the English Language through the Invigoration of Nigerian Languages: The Hypocrisy behind the Scene.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	R. A. Tiamiyu , G. A. Olaleye
	:	10.9790/0837-19437580

Abstract: Nigeria is an embodiment of plurality of languages where English is no doubt a second language. The political history of Nigeria has really given verve to the use of English at the expense of the various indigenous languages. Strategically, English has been performing official, legislative, educational, commercial functions, just to mention a few in the country. Any keen observer will note and readily agree that the influence and prestige of English is second to none when consideration is taken of the linguistic ecology in Nigeria.

[1]. Adebanjo,A.O.(2012) A review of the status of English language in the Nigerian school system. Journal of Languages & Applied Linguistics 3(2), p.23. School of Languages, Federal College of Education(Special) Oyo.
[2]. Banjo, A (2010) Making a virtue of necessity: An overview of the English language in Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
[3]. Odumuh, A. E. (1993) "Sociolinguistics and Nigerian English". Nigeria, Sam Bookman.
[4]. Jowitt, D (1991) Nigerian English usage: An introduction. Lagos: Longman Nigeria Plc.
[5]. Bello, R (1999) Social aspects of language: Sociolinguistics". In A. Ayodele & H. Adeniyi (eds.) Language and Communication: An Introductory Text. Lagos: Harade Publishers.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Culture, Language and Evolution of African Literature
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr George Anaso (Phd), Nwabudike, Christopher Eziafa
	:	10.9790/0837-19438185

Abstract: This paper: culture, Language and Evolution of African Literature has its main thrust in explaining what Literature as a field of study is all about, together with its usefulness to mankind. This usefulness has to do with empowering the reader language- wise and imparting to him a civilizing value, thus making him a better person to function in human environment socially morally and intellectually. This is against the backdrop of racial denigration of African Literature by imperialist critics who deny it having universalism in terms of concept. This is in the spirit of Western Eurocentricism which regards every idea that does not originate from them as not having universalism in content.

[1]. Achebe, C. (1985) Anthills of Savanna (AWS) London: Heinemann.
[2]. (1958) Things Fall Apart (AWS) London Heinemann.
[3]. Anaso, G. N. (2006) "Literature as Social Discourse: a Case Study of the Social and ideological Dimensions of Conflict in the Selected Novels of Chinua Achebe and Timothy M. Aluko", an unpublished PhD Dissertation presented to the Department of English and Literary Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
[4]. Couzzens (1975) "introduction‟ to Mudhi Johannes bury:? Quagga press.
[5]. Fanon, F. (1961) The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Penguin.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Obstacles to Effective Utilization of Communication Channels by the Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs in Kipkarren Division, Nandi County, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Biwott Edith Jelagat
	:	10.9790/0837-19438692

Abstract: This paper examines the obstacles to effective utilization of available communication channels by the Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs in Kenya. The study employed a census approach where a sample of 89 respondents was used. Of these, 25 were Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs and 64 were primary and secondary school head teachers. Questionnaires and observation checklist formed the primary data collection instruments. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics.

[1] Government of Kenya, Ministry of State for Provincial Administration and Internal Security. The Kenya Government Strategic Plan, 2005/6-2009/10. Nairobi: Government Printers.
[2] Government of Kenya Chiefs Act. (Nairobi: Government Printers,1998).
[3] N. A. Saleemi, Business communication and report writing simplified. (Nairobi: N.A Saleemi Publishers,1997).
[4] R. L., Daft, & R. H. Lengel, Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design, Management Science, 32(5), 1986, 554-571.
[5] J. Fulk, C. W. Steinfield, J. Schmitz, and J. G Power,. A social information processing model of media use in organizations, Communication Research, 14(5), 1987, 529-552.
[6] Kotler, Marketing Management. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rural Transformation and National Development
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Oye Adeniyi Joseph
	:	10.9790/0837-19439398

Abstract: Tackling rural underdevelopment remain a central debates in development issues and the challenges are enormous, the transformation of the rural area is a key issue in the overall development of a nation. The constraints to developing the rural areas and its conditions have continued to worsen with poverty as the major issue in the rural areas in spite of their potentials, this leading to a drift to the urban area with its attendance challenges of high cost of living,

[1]. I.Ngah,Ruraltransformationdevelopment,http://www.academia.edu/2300538/rural_transformation_development,2012, accessed 09092013
[2]. A.O.Issa,K.T,Omopupa,A.A.Salman,Rural information provision for national development: a study of Kwara North Senatorial District of Kwara State Nigeria,connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/76600093/rural-information-provision-national-development-study-Kwara-north-senatorial-district-Kwara State-Nigeria,2011 accessed 15082013
[3]. S.Metiboba,The challenge of community participation in rural health development in Nigeria,http://www.primejournal.org/BAM accessed 15082013
[4]. [4] L.G,Bellu Development and development paradigms http://www.fao.org/easypol2011 accessed 14072013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Methodology: Comparison and Complimentary between Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Looi Theam Choy
	:	10.9790/0837-194399104

Abstract: The purpose of this study is compared strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies in social science fields. Reviewed recent secondary resources, there is no best approach between both research methodologies due to existing strengths and weaknesses among both types of research methodologies. To plan and implement a research, choosing either one research methodology will still be occurred strengths and weaknesses for the research.

[1]. ACAPS (2012) Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques for Humanitarian Needs Assessment.
[2]. Carr, L. T. (1994) The Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative and Qualitative Research: What Method for Nursing, Journal of Advanced Nursing, No.20, pp. 716-721.
[3]. Dudwick, N., Kuehnast, K., Jones, V. N., and Woolcock, M. (2006) Analyzing Social Capital in Context: A Guide to Using Qualitative Methods and Data, World Bank Institute, Washington.
[4]. Gable, G. G. (1994) Integrating Case Study and Survey Research Methods: An Example in Information Systems, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.112-126, URL Accessible: http://eprints.qut.edu.au
[5]. Mcdowell, I. and Maclean, L. (1998) Blending qualitative and quantitative study methods in health services research, Health Informatics Journal No.4, pp.15-22.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Muhammad the Islamic Prophet: Reflections from within the Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) Prophecy
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Dr. Dube Edmore
	:	10.9790/0837-1943105112

Abstract: This paper sought to discuss the prophecy of Muhammad in the context of prophecy in the Ancient Near East (ANE). The research has used the descriptive and comparative methodologies; namely the phenomenological and anthropological approaches. As a phenomenon the nature of Muhammad‟s prophecy was not unique to Arabia. It was in fact closely connected with the general nature of prophecy across the region. Field research has dismissed any uniqueness of the Arabian prophecy. If anything it has close affinity with the Jewish and Christian prophecy for which it claims common Abrahamic origins. In that line of prophets Muslims emphasize that Muhammad becomes the final capping of God‟s revelations.

[1] P. F. Knitter, No Other Name? A Critical Survey of Christian Attitudes Toward the World Religions (New York: Orbis Books, 1985).
[2] E. Sharpe, Faith Meets Faith: Some Christian Attitudes to Hinduism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London: SCM Press, 1977).
[3] W. M. Abbot, et al, The Documents of Vatican II (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1967).
[4] J. D. Bettis, (ed) Phenomenology of Religion (New York: Harper and Row, 1969).
[5] J. D. Bettis, (ed) Phenomenology of Religion (New York: Harper and Row, 1969).
[6] J. D. Bettis, (ed) Phenomenology of Religion (New York: Harper and Row, 1969).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Financial Globalization: Economic Implications for Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Awoyemi, Bosede Olanike, Jabar, Adebola Abass
	:	10.9790/0837-1943113117

Abstract: The main focus of this study is to examine the economic implications of financial globalization on the Nigerian economy. This was done using the domestic savings channel and the transfer of technology channel which greatly influence economic growth in Nigeria, and the study concludes thatthe Nigeria financial system is still being gradually integrated into this globalization process. Stricter regulation, improved policy implementation, efficient risk management and systemic risk mitigation on the part of the regulators to enhance investors' confidence and ensure financial stability areneeded to ensure that the benefits of the current evolution of the financial market is sustained. Key word: Savings, Output, Technology and Financial globalization

[1]. Adegbite, E. Olufunmilayo and Adetiloye, K Adekunle (2013);Financial Globalization and Domestic Investment in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nigeria.
[2]. Blanchard O, (2011); Macroeconomics; 5th Edition; Englewood Cliffs; Prince Hall, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Mcser-Cemas-Sapienza University of Rome, Vol 4 No 6 July 2013
[3]. Business Day, 2013, The Evolution of the Nigerian Financial System, Business Day online,http://businessdayonline.com/2013/08/the-evolution-of-the-nigerian-financial-system/ retrieved on 27 November, 2013
[4]. Carroll, C.D., Weil, D.N., (1994);Saving and Growth: A Reinterpretation. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 40. 133-192.
[5]. G. E. Edame, 2012, Global Financial Crisis and Financial Sector Development in Nigeria, American International Journal of Contemporary Research, Vol. 2 No. 8; August 2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Lesbian History: A Challenge to Gender Studies
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Menka
	:	10.9790/0837-1943118120

Abstract: This article argues that lesbian history has offered a challenge to gender studies which for long espoused only the cause of women versus men. The history of lesbians is the critique offered by a fringe category to question the dominant field of gender studies. More broadly, it is a call to think beyond categories and to evolve new meanings of terms like gender and identity.

[1]. "Lesbianism." Encyclopedia Britannica, Ultimate Reference Suite ( Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012)
[2]. Lesbians Gays Bisexuals Transvestites.
[3]. Sue Morgan ed. The Feminist History Reader (Routledge, London, 2006) Introduction, 19
[4]. Ibid, 21
[5]. Ibid
[6]. Ibid, 22. Discussed at length in Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge, New York, 2007)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Bedroom Politics, the Social Media Ulcer: An application of the unhu/ubuntu Philosophy in light of the Technological Determinism and Cultural Imperialism Theory.
Country	:	Zimbabw
Authors	:	Innocent Fungai Chiyadzwa, Dr Edmore Dube
	:	10.9790/0837-1943121127

Abstract: This paper strove to ascertain whether local social media platforms that focus on dating and sex issues are eroding the cultural values and norms of the Shona people and the push factors for such uses. While it is unprecedented that the developing countries have been importing hardware and software from advanced countries, the implications this has on social values and norms is worth an academic enquiry. The empowering, liberative and emancipatory nature of the internet and social media is undoubted when it comes to the enhancement of democratic participation and diversity of views in the "electronic public sphere," it is the uncontrolled content production‟s consequences for the humanness and moral value of the Zimbabwean community that is at stake.

[1] J. Crowther (ed),The Oxford Advanced Learners‟ Dictionary of Current English (Oxford: OUP, 1995).
[2] Standard Shona Dictionary (Gweru: Mambo Press, 1979).
[3] D. McGregor, in S. P. Robbins, Introduction to Psychology(London: OUP, 1993).
[4] T. Hobbes,Leviathan – http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ph1302/hobbes
[5] Encyclopaedia Britannica; Thomas-Hobbes: htm (05/06/2013)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Does Urban Agriculture help improve women`s resilience to poverty? Evidence from low- income generating women in Bulawayo
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Nobuhle Sebata, Clifford Mabhena, Mkhokheli Sithole
	:	10.9790/0837-1943128136

Abstract: This article analyses how women have used Urban Agriculture (UA) as a resilience strategy to poverty in Bulawayo`s high density suburb of Cowdray Park. Women, who are naturally the primary care givers tend to suffer the most in urban areas as quite often they have to bear the responsibility of food provision at home. The article focuses on how UA contributes to food security, employment, income and empowerment for women engaged in the practice.

[1]. Alaruka, A. A., and Choma, N. K. (1985). Les femmes de Kisangani et la pratiqueagricole. Annales de l'InstitutSupérieurPédagogique de Kisangani.(Etudes Série A) 14:83-95.
[2]. Chaipa, I. and King B. (1997). Urban Agriculture in Gweru: Household Nutrition, Economic Costs and Benefits. IDRC Project No. 01015. Harare: Research, Development and Consultancy Division of Environment and Development Activities-Zimbabwe (ENDA-Zimbabwe).
[3]. Cockram, M and Feldman S. (1996). The beautiful city: gardens in third world cities. African Urban Quarterly.
[4]. Drescher, A. W. (1997). Management strategies in African homegardens and the need for new extension approaches. Paper presented at the International Conference on Sustainable Urban Food Systems. Ryerson Polytechnic University. Toronto, Canada. 22-25 May 1997.
[5]. Drescher, Axel W. and Bos F. (1993). Report on fieldwork on homegardening in Northwestern Province (Zambia)". Household Food Security, Nutrition and Health Monitoring Report. Lusaka, Zambia: Central Statistical Office.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ethnicity, Development and the Dynamics of Political Domination in Southern Matabeleland
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Clifford Mabhena
	:	10.9790/0837-1943137149

Abstract: This article argues that the hegemony of the Shona people in Zimbabwe has been largely influenced by ethnicity and the quest to dominate Matabeleland politically, socially and economically. Development marginalisation of Matabeleland region, I argue has been influenced by ethnicity and politics of revenge. The study used ethnography to collect data and hence in-depth interviews were used as data collection tools. The results of the study indicate that Matabeleland has been largely dominated by the Shona ethnic group, and arguments advanced by scholars for this dominance, it is argued,

[1]. Alexander, J. (1991), The Unsettled land: The politics of Land Redistribution in Matabeleland-1980-1990: Journal of Southern African Studies Vol. 17, No 4.
[2]. Alexander, J. McGregor, A. and Ranger T (2000), Violence and Memory: One Hundred Years in the Dark Forests‟ of Matabeleland, James Currey Oxford.
[3]. Alexander J, McGregor, A. and Ranger, T. War, Hunger and Displacement: An Analysis, 2000- books. Google.com (Ethnicity and the politics of Conflict: the case of Matabeleland).