IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Open and Distance Learning Education Its Scope and Constraints in Indian Scenario
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Santi Kundu
	:	10.9790/0837-19440105

Abstract: Open and Distance Learning system of education had grown tremendously around the world by 1960. It was started also in India in the form of correspondence course or distance education by some traditional Universities like Delhi University (since 1962). The system was encouraged in early eighties when Union Government passed a bill to establish a central University in the name of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1985. The Distance Education Council (DEC) was also set up under the same Act to coordinate among the distance learning institute and maintain standard of education on the all India level. Since then ODL system is doing well under the leadership of the central Open University IGNOU. In a developing country like India many real problems arise in implementing Government policy.

[1]. Holmberg, Börje (2005), The evolution, principles and practices of distance education Studien und Berichte der Arbeitsstel Fernstudienforschung der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg [ASF] (in German) 11. Bibliotheks-und Informationssystem der Universitat Oldenburg. p. 13. Retrieved 23 January 2011. ISBN 3-8142-0933-8
[2]. Honeyman, M; Miller, G (December 1993). "Agriculture distance education: A valid alternative for higher education?". Proceedings of the 20th Annual National Agricultural Education Research Meeting: 67–73.
[3]. "Key Facts", External Programme, University of London
[4]. Oblinger, Diana G. (2000). "The Nature and Purpose of Distance Education" The Technology Source (Michigan: Michigan Virtual University) (March/April). Retrieved 23 January 2011.
[5]. "Benefits of Online Education". Worldwidelearn.com. Retrieved 2013-04-01.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Statistical Analysis of Food fortification scheme
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Parag Shah
	:	10.9790/0837-19440610

Abstract:Food Fortification Initiative was launched with the objective of eliminating the problem of wide spread malnutrition within the State of Gujarat. The aim was to penetrate all the households and bring about a change in the consumables being used. The State Government and its agencies, along with the private partners joined hands to launch this initiative.

[1]. "Food Fortification - A Gujarat Initiative by Food Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs", Dept. of government of Gujarat.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Impact of British Industrial Revolution on a Bengal Industry
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Siddhartha Bhadra
	:	10.9790/0837-19441116

Abstract:Bengal was probably the world's most famous producer of cotton textile for a long period of time. The manufacture of cotton goods was found in almost every village in Bengal. Numerous kinds of clothes were manufactured by the weavers of Bengal which were differentiated by various names according to the fabrics and places where they were manufactured. The cotton manufactures of Bengal can be divided into two broad categories viz., muslins and calicoes. Muslins were thinner in texture and lighter in weight than the calicoes.During the early trade of European with India by the long sea route, the calicoes and fine muslins of Bengal were well accepted by the people of the different parts of the World. Bengal textile products of different verities flooded into the European market in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which climbed the peak in the mid eighteenth century.

[1]. N,K. Sinha, The Economic History of Bengal ( Calcutta, Firma K.L.M., 1961)
[2]. R. Dutta, The Economic History of India under Early British Rule, vol.1 (New Delhi: Govt. of India, 1960, first published by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, in 1901).
[3]. M.J Twomay, Employment in 19th century Indian Textile, Explorations in Economic History 20, P. 37-57, 1983.
[4]. E. Baines, History of Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (London, H Fisher, R Fisher and P. Jackson, 1835)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Subordination in Kannada: Evidence against finiteness constraint
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Anuradha Sudharsan
	:	10.9790/0837-19441722

Abstract:This paper argues against [1]‟s view that "in every sentence" in Dravidian languages "there is but one finite verb, which is the last word in the sentence…..and all other verbs which express subordinate actions assume an indeterminate and continuative character, as verbal participles and gerundials," so that sense and time "wait in suspense for the authoritative decision of the final governing verb". [2] makes a similar observation about Kannada: "a Kanarese sentence rarely tolerates more than one finite verb".

[1]. R. Caldwell, A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages. London: Trubner, 1875.
[2]. Harold Spencer, A Kannada Grammar, ( New Delhi, Asian Educational services, 1985)
[3]. Henrich Hock. Hock, Problems in Dravidian and Indo-Aryan Linguistics and their Relevance for Language Contact Debates. Paper presented at the International Conference on Language Contac in India: Historical,Typological and Socio-linguistic Perspectives, Deccan College, Pune, India, 2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Empirical Test of the Social Media User Typology Framework
Country	:	Kuwait
Authors	:	Jamal J. Al- Menayes
	:	10.9790/0837-19442328

Abstract:This study examined the differences between social media user types on a host of independent variables. User types were based on the Media-User Typology which explicates user types into five categories based on their media usage patterns. Several predictors of user type were included in logistic regression analysis to see the differences between each of the five categories of user type.

[1]. Barnes, S. J., Bauer, H., Neumann, M. & Huber F. (2007). Segmenting cyberspace: A customer typology for the Internet. European Journal of Marketing, 41 (1), 71-93. doi: 10.1108/03090560710718120
[2]. Boyd, D. and Ellison N. B. (2008). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 13, 210-230. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01580.x
[3]. Brandtzæg, P. B. (2010). Towards a unified media-user typology (MUT): A meta- analysis and review of the research literature on media-user typologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (5), 940–956. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.02.008
[4]. Demaris, A. (1985). Logit modeling: Practical applications. Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences (pp. 42-59). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study of the Problems of Public Sector Housing Schemes and How It Affects the Low-Income Class in Boron State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Samuel Maina Mari, Sani Mustapha Kura & Aliyu Idris
	:	10.9790/0837-19442965

Abstract:Housing has been classified as a universally second most important human need after food. However because of its importance to man, it has become a scarce commodity, hence its problem have also been described as a universal experience that the whole world is being confronted with.

[1]. Abrams, Sc. (1969). Housing in Modern World, Faber and Faber, London, page 63.
[2]. Abiodun, Y (1999). "Why N.H.F‟s performance is Poor" in the punch of Monday 27th December, 1999. page 20.
[3]. Ake, C. (1997). Political Economy of Africa.
[4]. Ashaf, D. (2000). "Governnent should involve private sector in Housing Policies". An exclusive interview in the Punch of Monday, 24th of July, 2000: page 21.
[5]. Basimile, A. (2000). "Why Housing Policy is ineffective". An exclusive interview in the Punch of Monday 13th March, 2000. page 16.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessing Earthquake Risks along the West African Coast in the Present Climate Change Setting
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	ArinzeTagbo Mozie, Ayadiuno, R. U., Onyekwelu, C. A., Upa, C., Okafor P. U
	:	10.9790/0837-19446673

Abstract:The author contends using documented evidence from earlier climate change episodes, that the present climate change episode will also result in crustal movements and adjustmentsand not only in climate-related hazards as is being recently experienced. The author relies on facts about thetheories of earth structures and systems theory.The author points out recent earthquakes in places that were hitherto not known to be earthquake prone, presents evidence of past and recent tectonic activities in Africa,

1]. Ajaero, C.K., T. Akukwe And G. Asuoha (2009) "Climate Change Concepts And Issues" In. Anyadike, R.N.C; Madu, I A. And Ajaero, C.K. Eds. (2009) Climate Change And The Nigerian Environment,Department Of Geography, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka . Pp. 1-17.
[2]. Akpati, B.( Professor) (2010) "One-On-One", N.T.A Channel 8 Lagos,Programme , August, 2010, 11.00am.
[3]. Awosika, L. (2008) "Sustainable Management Of The Nigerian Coastal And Marine Environment: Important Ingredients For Achieving The Millenium Development Goals By 2015". In: Federal. Ministry Of Environmenthousing Andurbandevelopmeent (2008)Papers Of The 1st National Environment Summit, Transcorp Hilton Hotel, Abuja, 20th-, 21st October, 2008.
[4]. Bertalanffy, L. Von (1951) "Anoutline Of General Systems Theory," British Journal Of The Philosophy Of Science, Vol. 1, 154-165.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Challenges and Prospects of Tree Seedlings Production in Katsina State of Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Muhammad Nuraddeen Danjuma, Ahmed Abubakar Bindawa, Babangida Maiwada, Umar Shittu, Isa Adamu
	:	10.9790/0837-19447480

Abstract:The aim of the study is to determine the constraint to tree seedlings production of Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina State. A total of 13 tree seedling producers (index producers according to years of seedling activities) were purposively sampled after inventory of seedling production centres in June 2013. A purposive criterion of selecting one index producer with highest number of years in seedling production activity from each centre was used to sample 13 producers.

[1]. Aalbæk A. 1997. Farmers´ tree planting and the role of national tree seed centres - a case study from Tanzania (Lecture note).Danish Forestry Extension, 1998.Marketing training course and monitoring mission.
[2]. Barnett C.,Chisvo, M. and Pinto, Y. 2011.East Africa Synthesis Report (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda). Country case studies on the PASS (Program for Africa‟s Seed Systems) value chain strategy/ approach and its impact/ effect on smallholder farmer yields in Africa. Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa.
[3]. Bohringer A., Ayuk E., Katanga R. and Ruvuga, S. 2003. Farmer Nurseries as a catalyst for Developing Sustainable Land Use Systems in southern Africa, Part A: Nursery Productivity and Organization. Agricultural Systems, Vol. 77, no. 3.
[4]. Chukwujekwu OM. 2010. Analysis of Agroforestry Practices in Katsina State, Nigeria Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation submitted to the Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, Nigeria
[5]. Danida Forest Seed Centre, DFSC. 2000. Challenges and Priorities in Management of Forest Genetic Resources 2000-2005, Danida ForestSeed Centre, Humlebaek.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Social Exclusion –Its types and impact on Dalits in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Pradeep. B. Kadun, Prof. Ravindra. D. Gadkar
	:	10.9790/0837-19448185

Abstract:"Social Exclusion" the term is very much use in the field of intellectuals and policy planners world wide for identifying the gaps for the development of the neglected people and the pertaining country. The causes for exclusion can vary from country to country in different times; reflecting deferent situation such geographically, historically and politically but the results will be the same in the form of lack of people development and the country. As a result of social exclusion, its impacts on the livelihood of the people such as increase in rate of poverty, health, and others.

[1]. Ambedkar.B.R.(1944) Annihilation of caste. Dept.of education.Govt. of Maharastra.
[2]. Sen, Amartya.(2000) Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny. Social Development Paper.o1
[3]. Thorat.S.K,and Sadhan Nidhi (2009) Caste and Social Exclusion Issues Related to Concept, indicators and Measurements. EPW.44.
[4]. Mathieson.J and etl . . (september 8). Meaning,Measurements and Experience and links to health inequalities. WHO Social Exclusion Knowledge Network Background Paper .

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Significance of the two Atharvavedic Socio-political Institutions in the modern Indian political system
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Urmimala Bora
	:	10.9790/0837-19448688

Abstract:The Vedas contain the most valuable records of the Indo-Aryan society. These are also the most ancient documents we ever have. These Vedas are also known as Śruti, Candas, Trayī etc. There are four Vedas viz. the Ṛgveda, the Sāmaveda, the Yajurveda and the Atharvaveda. In common parlance, these are the canonical books of Hindu religion. But a thorough, scientific and secular study gives knowledge of another aspect of these Vedas that these are not only the books of religion but are the origin of all sciences, arts and commerce and the result of a very high education system. Specially, the Ṛgveda and the Atharvaveda present a very clear picture of human life as well as social life.

[1]. Atharvaveda (Śaunaka) , vols. 1-4 , with the pada-pātha and Sāyaṇācārya's commentary, ed. by, Vishva Bandhu, Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur,1960-89.
[2]. Ṛgveda-Saṁhitā, with the commentary of Sāyaṇācārya, Pub. By, Vaidik Saṁsodhan Maṇḍal, Poona, 1936.
[3]. Altekar,A.S., STATE AND GOVERMENT IN ANCIENT INDIA, Delhi, 1984.
[4]. Chakraborti, Hari Pada, VEDIC INDIA POLITICAL AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS IN VEDIC LITERATURE, pub. By, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, Calcutta, 1981.
[5]. The Constitution of India, available at www. lawmin.nic.in.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Indian Dramas on Interaction behavior of female
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Zahid Yousaf (PhD), Arshad (PhD), Ammarah (M.S)
	:	10.9790/0837-19448995

Abstract:Cable television is playing a vital role in Pakistani society. In Pakistan people mostly spend their time on watching Indian media as compare to other channels. In this study researchers find out the Indian dramas impact on people social interaction. Therefore, researcher selected target population female age group from 16 to 35 years from village Sehowal, Sialkot. While cultivation theory selected as theoretical framework that addresses the effects of television viewing on attitude and behavior of viewers. The study concluded that the viewing patterns of respondents indicated that their free evening time, which was previously used for social and family bonding, is now spent in front of the cable television especially for Star Plus dramas.

Keywords: Cable Television, Culture, Social Interaction, Dramas, Effects, Cultivate

[1]. Schiller, Herbert. (1976). Communication and Cultural Domination. International Arts and Sciences Press. New York : North Broadway
[2]. Tylor, E. B. (1920). Primitive culture. New York: J.P. Putnam‟s sons. pp. 410.
[3]. Webster, J. G., & Lichty, L. W. (1991). Ratings analysis: Theory and practice. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
[4]. Saba, Noor (1996) "Impacts of electronic media on co-education" M.A Thesis, Mass Communication, B.Z.U. Multan
[5]. Aqira, Irum (2000) "Effectiveness of satellite channels and impacts on the viewers of Multan city" M.A Thesis, Mass Communication, B.Z.U. Multan.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Study on Absenteeism among Children in School
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ms. Charu Sethi
	:	10.9790/0837-19449699

Abstract:There are number of studies that document the importance of regular school attendance. There is a consensus among authors that absenteeism has negative implications for academic achievement as well as the social development of the child. Most of the existing studies have focused on school absenteeism among children and adolescents with poor school performance. This paper addresses this gap in research by exploring factors that are related to school absenteeism in Inclusive school. The findings indicate that a combination of institutional and individual factors shape patterns of poor school attendance in Inclusive schools.

Journals [1]. Christopher A. Kearney, School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review Volume 28, Issue 3, March 2008, Pages 451–471
[2]. K. Reid, The self-concept and persistent school absenteeism: British Journal of Educational Psychology Volume 52, Issue 2, June 1982, Pages 179–187, [3]. R. Sapien, & N. Allen, Teaching school teachers to recognize respiratory distress in asthmatic children: Journal of Asthma, 41(7), 739-743.
[4]. [4] S. Mayor, Extremely low birth weight is linked to risk of chronic illness. British Medical Journal, 331, 180. (2005).
[5]. S. Shiu, Issues in the education of students with chronic illness. International Journal of Disability, [6]. Development, and Education, Volume 16, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 136- 145.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Influence of the Sectarian Doctrine on the Architecture of the Shi'a Mosques in Iran
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Ghada Abdel Monem El Gemaiey
	:	10.9790/0837-1944100118

Abstract:This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi'a sectarian doctrine on the appearance of a new kind of mosques that was only known in the Shi'a Islamic world, the models of which reached Iran and Iraq. In fact, it is known that the appearance of the architecture of mosques was directly related to the Muhammadian Call and the rise of Islam before the establishment of the Prophet (pbuh) Mosque. On the other hand, the appearance of Hussaini in the 4th Century A.H. was directly related to the political circumstances of the Abbasid State at that time. Later on,

[1]. Selemy, Mo'yed, (1375), Muharram mourning ceremonies in Saahrood city, articles in cultural heritage journal, no. 15. س ي ،ًٍَ
ؤٍ سٌ , (1375) ، طٍا سٌ ع ظازاضي آٍ حٍطً زض شإ ط زٗ، قٍاىٔ شٍْ ض٘ٓ ب جَ يت طٍٍاد ف ط گْٕ ،ً ضقٌ 15.
[2]. Pour , Anasery, J., (1383), Shi'a effect on buildings, places of religious and visiting in Iran, a Shiite studies ,second season, No. 7 پ ض٘ ع اْ صطي، جاب ط , (1383) ، ح ؤث طٍ ح ش عٍ ب ط أب ،ٍْٔ أ اٍك ظٗ اٌضح گآ إي صٍ بًٕ ا طٌا ،ُ ف صو أٍّ ش عٍٔ ش اْ سً ساه ز ،ًٗ ش اَضٓ 7.
[3]. Mohdethy, Jawad, (1997), Ashura Encyclopedia, translated by Kahlil Zamel al-Esamy, Issue 1, Beirut.
[4]. Altestry, Jafaar, (1993), Hussaini Days, translated by Ibrahim Refa'a, Issue 1, Dar al-Murtada, Beirut.
[5]. Manshy, Iskander Bek, (1377), The History of the Abbasid Aray World, edited by Muhammad Ismail Radway, Part 3, Tehran شٍْ ،ً ا س ن سْض ب لٍ (1377) ح اض دٌ عاىٌ آضاي ع با س ،ً ج 3، ح طٖاُ
[6]. Tosli, Muhammad, (1383), Hussaini, Hospices and Sanctuaries, published article in Iranian architectural book of Islamic role, collected by Muhammad Youssef Kayany, Tehran.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	End-of-life care - Perceptions of Public
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mrs. Vineetha Jacob, Dr.Vina Ravi Vaswani
	:	10.9790/0837-1944119122

Abstract:This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi'a sectarian doctrine on the appearance of a new kind of mosques that was only known in the Shi'a Islamic world, the models of which reached Iran and Iraq. In fact, it is known that the appearance of the architecture of mosques was directly related to the Muhammadian Call and the rise of Islam before the establishment of the Prophet (pbuh) Mosque. On the other hand, the appearance of Hussaini in the 4th Century A.H. was directly related to the political circumstances of the Abbasid State at that time. Later on,

[1]. Yeolekar ME, Mehta s, Yeolekar A. End-of-life care: Issues and challenges. J Postgrad Med, 54(3).2008 July, 173-175.
[2]. Rietjens JA, van der Heide A, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Maas PJ, van der Wal G, Preferences of Dutch general public for a good death and associations with attitudes towards end-of-life decision-making, Palliative Medicine, 20. 2006, 685-692
[3]. Yun YH, Han KH, Park S,Park PW, Cho C, Kim S, et al. Attitudes of cancer patients, family caregivers, oncologists and members of the general public towards critical interventions at the end-of-life of terminally ill patients, CMAJ, 183(10). 2011 Jul 12, E673-679.
[4]. Miyata H, Shiraishi H, Kai I. Survey of the general public's attitudes towards advance directives in Japan: How to respect patient's preferences. BMC Medical Ethics 2006,7:11.
[5]. Jenkins C, Lapelle N, Zapka JG, Kurent JE. End-of Life Care and African Americans: Voices from the community. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 8(3). 2005, 585-592.
[6]. Rosenfeld KE, Wenger NS, Kagawa-Singer M. End-of-life decision-making: a qualitative study of elderly individuals. J Gen Intern Med, 15. 2000, 620-6255.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Analysis on the Rate of Medicinal Herbs Consumption(Case Study KhoramabadCity)
Country	:	Iran
Authors	:	Farhad Zand & Ghasem Asadian
	:	10.9790/0837-1944123126

Abstract:This study examined in Khoramabad city in Lorestan province in 2011 taking samples was randomized Morgan table used to determine the size of statistical society. The questionnaire designed in the closed form with Likert'sfive choices spectrum. It was distributed among statistical society. After designing and compilation of questionnaire its validity is confirmed and verified by some of experts. Its stability is attuned by use of Cronbach coefficient (82%).

[1]. Akbari, N. Parvin, N. Sereshti, M and Safdari, F.2010. Survey of pharmaceutical plants used in Elderly Resident in Shahrekord, Journal of Shahrekord Medical University, period 12, No 4, 27-32.
[2]. Aryapour, A and MirzaeiMola Ahmad, R.2010. Medicinal sweet, industrial herbs of forest and rangeland applied and scientific high education institute of Agricultural ministry.
[3]. Bagheri, A, NaghdiBadi, H, Movahedian, F and Makizadehtafti, M.2005. The examination of women's approach in Isfahan to benefit from herbal medicines, Journal of medicinal herbs, fourth year, no 15.
[4]. Bakhtiari, Z.2010. Survey of patients Attitude about therapeutic plants in Isfahan, pharmaceutical plants magazine, pre- no 1, Spring 1389.
[5]. Boghayri, S and Maghsoodi, M.2009. The survey of Anthropological medicine in Tehran city, case study traditional doctor and traditional apothecaries, thesis no 197986, Tehran University.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Spatial Analysis of Rural-Urban Linkages in Basti District (U.P.)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Raisul Bari, Prof. Abdul Munir
	:	10.9790/0837-1944127133

Abstract:The rural urban interaction is an indispensable phenomenon. The linkages between the rural areas and the urban centers are complementary in nature. They are mutually benefited with each other. Thus, the rural-urban linkages may be defined as the two way movement of people, goods, capital, technologies and social transaction which is functional and structural.The present study is an attempt to understand the rural urban linkages in the Basti city. For this, primary data have been collected from the sampled villages of the district in order to understand the interaction and increasingly complex interrelations of the rural-urban areas. The study reveals that the rural areas are dependent upon urban centers, as 75% of the respondents visit to the city daily or weekly for marketing, education, jobs and health purposes that lead to social, economic and cultural transformation.

[1]. Alexander, K.C. (1985) "Agricultural Development and Social Transformation," Journal of Rural Development, Vol. IV, (5), p. 65.
[2]. Dabson, B. et al. (2012)Case Studies of Wealth Creation and Rural-Urban ConnectionsColumbia, pp.15-16.
[3]. Dastagiri, M.B. (1999) "Rural–Urban Linkages through Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Investment in India",Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics, 54 (3), p. 433.
[4]. Evans, H. E. (1990) Rural-urban linkages and structural transformation, Report INU 71, Infrastructure and Urban Development
Department, The World Bank, Washington DC; UNDP/UNCHS (Habitat) (1995) Rural-Urban Linkages: Policy Guidelines for Rural
Development, Paper prepared for the Twenty-Third Meeting of the ACC Sub-Committee on Rural Development, UNESCO
Headquarters, Paris, 31 May - 2 June 1995.