IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2015

Abstract: This research aimed at analyzing and describing the types of direct translation found in a mobile phone user guides. The data were analyzed through a translation theory stated by Vinay and Darbelnet, they were direct translation and oblique translation. But in this occasion, the writer focused on the types of direct translation which covered borrowing, calque, and literal translation, found in a mobile phone user guides from English (as the source language) into Bahasa Indonesia (as the target language). Problems discussed in this research were: 1) what types of direct translation found in a mobile phone user guides? And 2) what are the most frequent types of direct translation found in a mobile phone user guides? To solve the problems, Descriptive qualitative method was implemented in this research. The data were taken from each sentence written in English (as the Source Language/SL) into Indonesian (as the Target Language/TL). Finally, the writer found that: 1) all types of direct translation occurred in a mobile phone user guides; they are borrowing, calque, and literal translation. 2) the most frequent types of direct translation found in a mobile phone user were literal translation (70.6%), borrowing (23.5%), and calque (5.88%).

Keywords: Borrowing, Calque, Literal Translation

[1]. Amalianti, Rizki. 2009. A Translation Analysis of Nokia 2600 Mobile Phone User Guides Direct Translation Cases. A Thesis. Medan: Faculty of Letter USU.
[2]. Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press
[3]. Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London and New York: Routledge
[4]. Larson, M.L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation a Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. London: University Press of America, Inc
[5]. Machali, Rochayah. 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah.Jakarta: Grasindo
[6]. Munday, J., 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications. London: Routledge

Abstract: Economies across the globe considered financial crisis of 2008 as an event that affected the entire economic system right from consumers, producers, marketers and financiers. The crisis was as a result of currency fluctuation and devaluation of the country currency, which directly affected banks shares prices and create higher level of risk in business with banks, which can be traced from major financial institutions in United State and spilt to other rest of the world, which Nigeria is not exclusive. In Nigeria the concepts of the effect was wrongly understood and attributed to either political dimension or misconception about Western economic policies that had dominated Nigerian economic system, through inter-banking mutual relationship in terms of operations and other modalities.

1]. Bush, P andVanders, G. (2008) "An Overview of 1930 Economic Depression and its Consequences in Larger Economic Market" A public lecture in world and Economic Controversy Wikipedia file://c: Document 0771 AFC. Retrieved on 24/12/2012
[2]. Evans-Pritchard, A. (2007) "Dollar Tumbles as Huge Credit Crunch Looms"(http:// Www. Telegraph.co.u.k media group limited Retrieved on 15/3/201 Unpublished
[3]. Francis, I. (2008) "The social and Economic Consequences of the Global FinancialCrisis on Developing Countries and Emerging Economy A focus on Africa"A paper presented at "IN went Die Dialogue on effect of GFC and merging Market Dec, 2008. United Kingdom
[4]. Kwanashie, M. (2008) "The Status of Western Firms within the period of FinancialProblem Focus on African Economy" Paper presented at National Conference of economic and Financial Institutions Published in JEMS A.B.U Zaria, Nigeria
[5]. McClure, D. L (2008) "Software Designers in Stock Trading Market" Chicago Stock Trading Journal, vol 4 No 2 (2008)

Abstract: 127 prison volunteers (49 convicts, 78 awaiting trial persons) drawn from Enugu and Owerri prisons participated in the study. Their ages ranged from 16 to 60 years. Data were collected using the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Criminal Tendency Self-Disclosure Scale (CTSDS). Four hypotheses tested at 0.01 level guided the study. A cross-sectional research design and a two-way Analysis of Variance were used in the study. Findings showed that gender had a significant influence on self-disclosure of criminal tendencies only in the non-prison population: F (1,123) = 7.86, p. < 0.01; there was no significant influence of gender in the prison population. Also, psychoticism was not significant in the study as well as the interaction of psychoticism and gender in the study. Findings were discussed with particular reference to the rehabilitation and reintegration of the prison inmates and the reformation of the prison system in Nigeria.

[1]. Abiama, E.E. (2005). The influence of Psychoticism, Distortion, and gender on Self- Disclosure of Criminal Tendencies. An M.Sc Thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[2]. Abiama, E. E. (2007). Self-Disclosure of criminal tendencies between the prison and non-prison population in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 1 (1), 88-93.
[3]. Abiama, E.E., & Etowa, P. E. (2011). The Influence of duration of imprisonment and solitary confinement on mental health of inmates. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Nigerian Psychological Association at New Chelsea
[4]. Hotel, Abuja on 17th -18th August, 2011.
[5]. Abiama, E.E., & Etowa, P. E. (2013). The Impact of Long-term Incarceration and solitary confinement on the mental health of inmates. Nigerian Journal of Psychological Research, 9, 28-37.
[6]. Abiama, E.E., & Ifeagwazi, M. C. (2006). Causes, factors and reasons for corruptive behaviours and suggestive ways of curbing corruption in Nigeria. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Nigerian Psychological Association at the University of Uyo on 28th -31st August, 2006.

Abstract: Agriculture and the allied sector is the major source of livelihood in India. It provides employment to more than 50 percent of the rural population and contributes 14 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Low yield per unit area across major crops has become a regular feature of Indian agriculture in recent years. This can be attributed to structural weaknesses of the agriculture sector reflected in low level of public investment, environmental degradation, exhaustion of the yield potential of new high yielding varieties of wheat and rice, unbalanced fertiliser use, low seed replacement rate, an inadequate incentive system and post harvest value addition. Some of the other reasons that can be attributed to the low agricultural productivity in India are (i) Lack of irrigation facilities in major part of the cultivated land; (ii) Small and fragmented land holding with the cultivators; (iii) Lack of timely availability of quality seeds, fertilizers for providing all major and minor nutrients for the crops and insecticides in many parts of the country; (iv) Lesser availability of photo period as compared to countries like those in Mediterranean sea areas (Chakrabarty, 2011)

[1]. Ashley D.Jones, Timothy J.Dalton and Melinda Smale (2012), "A Stochastic Production Function Analysis of Maize Hybrids and Yield Variability in Drought Prone Areas of Kenya‟, Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development, Kenya, pp 7-40
[2]. Battese. G.E. and Coelli T.J. (1993), "A stochastic frontier production function incorporating a model for technical inefficiency effect‟, Department of Econometrics, University of New England Armidale, NSW, September, pp 1-32
Reports and Websites
[3]. "Action plan for critically polluted area kurichi industrial cluster, Coimbatore", Tamilnadu pollution control board,
[4]. Chakraborthy (2011), "Agricultural Productivity – Issues and Way Forward‟, Annual Report 2011. www.rbi.org
[5]. Handbook of Statistics on India Economy (2011-12) – Reserve Bank of India. www.rbi.org/publications

Abstract: Globalization is as old as the word economy, but it is used in a wider sense in the world after Second World War and in India after 1991. Globalization means integration of the world economy and free flow of goods and services all over the world. It also means many things to many people; some people applied it to a borderless world. The simplest meaning of globalization is crossing borders in terms of capital, goods and services, companies, industries, ideas, values, labour and governments. The main aim of the globalization process is to bring in prosperity to the world in terms of welfare of the people. It is binding on every nation to go along with the globalization process in today's integrated world. Therefore, it is very difficult to be away from the globalization.

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Abstract: In case of women participation, it is a process whereby women influence and share control & responsibility over decisions plans and resources that affect them. More than 60 million people of Bangladesh live below the poverty line among them 74% are women. Most of the rural women are deprived to fulfill their basic needs. They become the victims of high mortality, malnutrition, higher illiteracy, sex discrimination, deprivation from getting jobs etc. Through participation of women they can enhance their economic independence leading to their self-esteem and status. This study focused to analysis of women's economic participation in the context of poverty eradication in rural economy. The objectives of this study are to examine effects of women's changing role on poverty eradication, in the economic sphere, facing against the socio-economic and cultural difficulty to participate in economic affairs and to recognize how women have to respond to poverty conditions in the rural sector.

Keywords: Participation, Women, Poverty, Rural Economy

1]. Thomas, K. W. and Velthouse, B. A. (1990) Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An 'Interpretive' Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation. Academy of Management Review, Vol 15, No. 4, 666-681.
[2]. Wilkinson, A. 1998. Empowerment: theory and practice. Personnel Review. [online]. Vol. 27, No. 1, 40-56.
[3]. Hafkin, Nancy and Sophia Huyer (eds.). Cinderella or Cyberella?: Empowering Women in the Knowledge Society. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2006.
[4]. Archibald, Jacqueline et al. (eds.). The Gender Politics of ICT. London: Middlesex University Press, 2005.
[5]. Md. Mostafizur Rahman Khan & Fardaus Ara, Women, Participation and Empowerment in local government: Bangladesh Union Parishad Perspective, Asian Affairs, Vol. 29, No. 1 :73-00, January-March, 2006.
[6]. MM Islam, RN Ali, MM Salehin, AHMS Islam, Rural women and poverty: A study on the role of RDRS for poverty alleviation in Bangladesh.
[7]. Baha'i International Community's Contribution to the 56th Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, 27 February 2012, New York- The empowerment of rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication, development and current challenges

Abstract: This study compared residential satisfaction among young households in three unplanned neighbourhoods namely; Wailari, Dorayi Karama and Gama E in Kano, Nigeria. The data for the study was collected randomly from 364 respondents in the neighbourhoods, using self-administered questionnaire and was analysed using descriptive statistics and One-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA).The result showed that the overall residential satisfaction of the young households was moderate in all the neighbourhoods. The households were most satisfied in Gama E followed by those in Wailari and the least satisfied those in Dorayi. One-way ANOVA revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the mean satisfaction with housing features, neighbourhood facilities and neighbourhood accessibility among the respondents in all the neighbourhoods. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean of satisfaction with housing conditions in the neighbourhoods. Post-hoc comparison test indicated that satisfaction with neighbourhood accessibility differed among the respondents in the three neighbourhoods, while satisfaction with housing features, neighbourhood facilities differed between Wailari and Dorayi Karama and no difference was found between Wailari and Gama E. This finding suggests that policy makers and planning authorities should enhance residential satisfaction of young households by improving their housing and neighbourhood conditions as well as ways as their socio-economic situations.

Keywords: Household, housing, neighbourhoods, satisfaction, young,

[1]. Abdu, A., Hashim, A. H., Samah, A. A., & Salim, A. S. S. (2014). Comparison of Satisfaction with Residential Components between Previous and Current Unplanned Neighbourhoods among Young Households in Kano, Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(23), 27-34.
[2]. Addo, I. A. (2013). Perceptions and Acceptability of Multihabitation as an Urban Low Income Housing Strategy in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Urban Forum, Springer (pp. 1–29).
[3]. Amérigo, M. A., & Aragones, J. I. (1997). A theoretical and methodological approach to the study of residential satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17(1), 47-57.
[4]. Busgeeth, K., A. Brits, and J. Whisken. Potential Application of Remote Sensing in Monitoring Informal Settlements in Developing Countries where Complimentary Data Dos not Exist, in Planning Africa Conference. 2008: Sandton Convention Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa, April 14-16, 2008.
[5]. Bashir, A. (2003). Regional Planning and Urban Infrastructure Development in the Gongola Region, North Eastern, Nigeria, Global Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 75 – 82.

Abstract: All Indian citizens at this turn of the century are entitled to equitable access to basic education .A good quality education not only enhances the individual freedom to choose the kind of life one wishes to lead but also empowers an individual to enhance the earnings ability. For the society in general enhancement in educational achievement not only boosts economic growth but also removes social barriers to an equitable living. The government of our country in the Five Year Plan programmes had made special provisions for equitable access to education for all sections of our society, particularly the marginalized sections. An analysis to the demand and supply situation of access to education particularly for the Scheduled tribe and the Scheduled Caste communities will reveal how far resources have been equitably distributed for maximizing the objective of 'educating India's all children'.

[1]. Annual Report (2013-14),Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Department of Social justice and Empowerment, Government of India, http:www.socialjustice.nic.in.accessed on 25/11/2014,6:35 p.m
[2]. Annual Report (2013-2014), Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, http.www.tribal.nic.in. accessed on 25/11/2014,6;38p.m
[3]. Castello A. and Domenech R. (2002) 'Human Capital Inequality and Economic Growth: Some New Evidence', Economic Journal, 112(478):187–200.
[4]. Census of India (2011), Primary census Abstract, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner ,India,New Delhi,28/10/2013.www.censusindia.gov.inaccessed on 26/11/2014,10.07.p.m.
[5]. Inter-American development Bank,(1999) ,Facing up to Inequality in Latin America: Economic and Social Progress in Latin America,1998-99,Report,Johns Hopkins University Press
[6]. Ram Rati, (1990), 'Educational Expansion and Schooling Inequality: international evidence and some implications.' The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol72(2),1990,pp:266-74,May,MIT press.

Abstract: Information and empowerment are inextricable intertwined and access to quality and relevant information will help people to cope with demands placed upon them by their environment which will enable them to function better. 20% from the total population of the textile market women from two geo-political zones in Nigeria were selected as sample for the study. Questionnaire based on standard format was employed to obtain qualitative responses from the textile market women. Findings established a positive relationship between information behaviour and socio-economic empowerment of textile market women. Results indicated that the Nigerian textile market women were innovative, dynamic and creative in their entrepreneurial activities when they were empowered with information. Implications of the findings were discussed and recommendation offered.

Keywords: Information, socio-economic empowerment, information needs, information-seeking, information use

[1]. Aboyade, B.O. (1987) " Libraries and information services to rural community: RUDLES projects as a case study" in J.O. Asamani (ed) Understanding Conference of Eastern Central and Southern African Libraries, Gabrone: Botswana Library Association: pp107-113.
[2]. Afolabi, A.K. (2003) "Information needs, information sources and information seeking behaviour of commercial vehicle drivers in Ondo state" Ondo State Gateway Library Journal, 6 (2), pp 89-97
[3]. Ajayi, O.O (2005) "Library and Information services for educational development in Nigeria", Lecture delivered at the Annual Lecture of the Nigeria Library Association (Ogun State Chapter), UNAAB Abeokuta.
[4]. Bates, M.J. (2010) "Information Behaviour", in Encyclopeadia of Library and Information Sciences. New York: CRC Press, pp 2381 -2391.
[5]. Bernhard, J.M.; Buck, K.R., Farmer, M.A. and Bowser, S.S. (2000) The Santa Barbara is a symbiosis oasis: Nature, 403, pp77-88, doi:10.103814746
[6]. Department for International Development, (DFID), 2009.

Abstract:Indian English fiction has gained ground rapidly, bagging numerous accolades at home and abroad. Indian women writers now question the prominent old patriarchal domination and show signs of resistance to the same through literature. The image of women in fiction has undergone a sea change too during the last four decades-- from traditional self-sacrificing women to characters searching for identity. There are number of women characters that can be found in the contemporary Indian Fiction, who are searching for identity and a space called "home". This search can be seen in the works of the most prominent women writers, to name a few, Anita Desai, Shashi Deshpande, Githa Hariharan, Manju Kapur and Arundhati Roy and it has left indelible print in the mind of readers. This paper will study the growth of a feminist centric approach in modern Indian Fiction. This paper will study Githa Hariharan's The Thousand Faces of the Night and Manju Kapur's Home.
Keywords: gender inequality, identity crisis, myth, mythological characters, women characters in Indian English fiction

[1]. Kapur, Manju. Home. New Delhi : Random House India, 2006
[2]. Githa Hariharan. The Thousand Faces of Night, Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 1992.
[3]. Bachi, Jasodha. Indian Women: Myth and Reality (edited volume), (1995)
[4]. Kader Aki, 2002, Mythology and reality in Githa Hariharan's "The thousand faces of night", Munich, GRIN Publishing GmbH
[5]. Malti Agrawal. Manju Kapur‟s Home: A Chronicle of Urban Middle Class In India. Impressions.50webs.org ISSN nO. 0974-892X
[6]. Mittapalli, R. ed. Githa Hariharan: Intertext, Metafiction and Her Story, Post Independence
[7]. Indian Fiction. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2001.
[8]. Vijayasree, C. "Revisionist Myth- making: A Reading of Githa Hariharan‟s The

Abstract: 127 prison volunteers (49 convicts, 78 awaiting trial persons) drawn from Enugu and Owerri prisons participated in the study. Their ages ranged from 16 to 60 years. Data were collected using the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Criminal Tendency Self-Disclosure Scale (CTSDS). Two hypotheses tested at 0.01 level guided the study. A cross-sectional research design and a two-way Analysis of Variance were used in the study. Findings showed that gender had a significant influence on self-disclosure of criminal tendencies only in the non-prison population: F (1,123) = 7.86, p. < 0.01; there was no significant influence of gender in the prison population. Also, psychoticism was not significant in the study as well as the interaction of psychoticism and gender in the study. Findings were discussed with particular reference to the rehabilitation and reintegration of the prison inmates and the reformation of the prison system in Nigeria.

[1]. Abiama, E.E. (2005). The influence of Psychoticism, Distortion, and gender on Self- Disclosure of Criminal Tendencies. An M.Sc Thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[2]. Abiama, E. E. (2007). Self-Disclosure of criminal tendencies between the prison and non-prison population in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 1 (1), 88-93.
[3]. Abiama, E.E., & Etowa, P. E. (2011). The Influence of duration of imprisonment and solitary confinement on mental health of inmates. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Nigerian Psychological Association at New Chelsea Hotel, Abuja on 17th -18th August, 2011.
[4]. Abiama, E.E., & Ifeagwazi, M. C. (2006). Causes, factors and reasons for corruptive behaviours and suggestive ways of curbing corruption in Nigeria. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Nigerian Psychological Association at the University of Uyo on 28th -31st August, 2006.
[5]. Abiama, E. E. & Ifeagwazi, M. C. (2008). The influence of Distortion and prison status on Self- Disclosure of Criminal Tendencies. International Journal of Communication, 9, 230-239.

Abstract: As medical treatment costs in the developed world are escalating to high levels, with the United States leading the way, more and more westerners are finding the prospect of international travel for medical care increasingly appealing. Developing countries like India, Thailand, and Philippines are attractive medical destinations. People combine medical treatments with inexpensive vacations. This trend is popularly known as medical tourism. Medical tourism is part of the tourism industry which definitely has a big impact on the Indian economy. Today, with the globalization of information and the empowerment of the consumer, medical tourism involves individuals acting as consumers making their own decisions regarding health needs, deciphering how they can best be treated, and then finding the most appropriate provider. Today, medical tourism is no longer about cheaper procedures and holiday trips, It is also about the quality of doctors and technology, and care models that many of these countries are pursuing that make this form of health tourism different. The study focuses at the emergence of health tourism and the challenges faced by health tourist in our country.

Keywords: Medical tourism, economy, globalization, developing countries, challenges Mrs.Aparna Sharma, Associate Professor, Management Studies Administrative Management College, Bangalore

[1]. Gahlinger, P. 2008. The Medical tourism travel guide. Sunrise River Press: North Branch, USA.
[2]. Goodrich, J. N. 1994. Health tourism: A new positioning strategy for tourists. In Global Tourism Behavior. Z. Uysal (Ed.) New York: International Business Press. pp. 227-238. 126
[3]. Goodrich, J. N. and G.E. Goodrich. 1987. Health-Care tourism – An exploratory study. Tourism Management, 8(3):217-222. September.
[4]. Gupta, A. 2008. Medical tourism in India: winners and losers. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 5(1):4-5., Jan-Mar.
[5]. Gupta, S. 2004. Medical tourism and public health. People's Democracy. 28:19, May.
[6]. Hancock, D. 2006. The complete medical tourist. John Blake Publishing Ltd: London

Abstract: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting -FGM/C is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. It's debated for a long time and it is one that brings about an emotional response from all who understand it or have come across it. Many do believe that this practice should be eliminated from the face of the earth as it does more harm than good to the physical being of the girl child. This paper examines the experience of Kenyan child with a special emphasis to the girl child. The paper brings out some major concern that affects the girls in Kenya. The main question of this paper is how the girls in Kenya can escape the effects of the gender issues that tend to affects the girl's child present and later age of adulthood. the paper found out that Kenya girl child is adversely affected by gender issues ranging from female genital mutilation, early marriage of girl child dropout of school since most of parents prefer educating the boys child rather than the girls child when faced with financial constraints, sexual abuse and gender based labor division which affect the girls child school performance since the girls fail to competitively do their school given home work.

[1]. Abusharaf, R. M. (1998). Our Path to Emancipation. New York. Collier Books.
[2]. Accad, E. (1993). Excision Practices, Discourses and Feminist Commitment,
[3]. Chicago. University of Chicago.
[4]. Adoyo P.O. (2004). Kenya Sign Language and Simultaneous Communicati on: Differential Effects on Memory and Comprehension in Deaf Children in Kenya. Lake Publishers, Kisumu, Kenya
[5]. Antia, S., & Stinson, M.(1999). Some conclusions on the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing students in inclusive settings.