IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2015

Abstract: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, disabling condition that affects both patient and their families. The objective of the present descriptive study was to find out the attitudes of the caregivers (parents and spouses) towards the patients of OCD. An interview schedule was used for data collection, which was constructed in two phases. The initial form was prepared on the basis of literature review, and some caregivers were interviewed. The final form was then constructed with the help of responses of the caregivers (parents and spouses); further assistance was taken from Parental Attitude and Belief Scale [11]. Survey method was used for data collection. Sample included caregivers (parents and spouses) of 30 diagnosed OCD patients and was taken from Services Hospital and Mayo Hospital, Lahore. The responses of the respondents were recorded on the spot. Analysis indicated that a higher percentage of the caregivers (parents and spouses) had a positive attitude towards the OCD patients. Increase in financial and household responsibilities was also reported by majority of the caregivers.
Keywords: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attitudes, obsessions, compulsions

[1]. American Accreditation HealthCare Commission. Anxiety In-depth report, The New York Times. 31 August, 2013: http://www.nytimes.com.
[2]. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (DSM-IV-TR). (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
[3]. G Maina, P Saracco& U Albert. Family-focused treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder. Clinical neuropsychiatry; 3(6). 2006.
[4]. J Piacentini, RL Bergman , M Keller & J McCracken . Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive- compulsive disorder. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology . 13(1). 2003. doi:10.1089/104454603322126359.
[5]. KD Renshaw , G Steketee & DL Chambless. Involving family members in the treatment of OCD. Cognitive Behavior Therapy. 43(3). 2005. doi: 10.1080/16506070510043732.

Abstract: This study identified communication problems in marriage and ways of enhancing intimacy. Specifically the study determined the problems encounter by couples in their communication. Communication guideline needed by the couple to enhance intimacy in marriage. Data was collected using Structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using mean Means was used to analyze the data,Findingsrevealed ten (10) communication problems encountered by couple in marriage and sixteen guidelinesneeded by couple to enhance intimacy in their marriages. Based on the finding recommendation were made, among other, mass media should be used to disseminate information on guidelines for enhancing intimacy in marriage through communication.
Key points: Communication, Intimacy, Marriage, Guidelines, Problems

[1]. Chapman, Gary d. (2003), building communications and intimacy, Mathew Publishers Benin. Eboh, F.E. (2002), management theory model for decision making, Enugu; computer viler publishers p.58
[2]. Ezeji, H.A. (1998), Effective communication, a vital instrument for the teaching of office communications, Journal of business and office education I.(i) 37-41
[3]. Hagee, D. (2005), what every woman what in man; 10 qualities for nurturing intimacy. Florida; Strong publishers. 73
[4]. Ifeduba, O.G. (2011). Composite social studies. Book of reading; Onisha; Orjison. 56
[5]. Ketterman, R. (1998). Between husband and wives; communication in marriage. New hurry Park calif sage. 98

Abstract: Anita Desai's first novel for children The Village By The Sea which received the British Guardian Children's Fiction award in 1982 raises the issue of survival in the village 'Thul'-- located on the Western coast of India. The question raised by the author is of earning one's living by the farmers and fishermen in a village which is beside the sea. Even after 30 years of writing this fiction, the scene has not changed for India, the fate of the poor remains the same. The saying rightly implies here that Indian farmers are born in debt, live in debt, and die in debt. The chief reason depicted is of their addiction to drinking toddy and lying drunk under the coconut trees. In this novel, Lila- the main protogonist shows her courage and perseverence to cope amidst misery. Hari, the only brother of three sisters, craves to go to Bombay to earn his livelihood. The force which drives him to run away from his village is penury and misery. But the story ends on an optimistic note reflected by the hope and aspirations of the protagonists soaring high. Desai also portraits the orthodox beliefs of the people which is typical of Indian living.Though the plot does not seems to be unusual, it attracts the readers by its vivid description of the characters and beauty of the nature. But it can be said that the addition of the regional languages would have added to its aesthetic sense.

[1]. Desai, Anita. The village by the Sea.London: William Heinemann, 1982, p.2.
[2]. ---, Ibid,p.260.
[3]. ---, Ibid,p.4.
[4]. ---,Ibid,p.27.
[5]. ---,Ibid,p.13
[6]. ---,Ibid,p.45.
[7]. ---,Ibid,p.257-258.
[8]. ---,ibid,p.35-36.
[9]. ---,Ibid,p.60.
[10]. ---,Ibid,p.146

Abstract: This work is mainly looking at the origin of both pidgin and creole, because there are lotsof arguments on where they are originated from. It can trace back to whether the contact between languages in Africa or the communication between slaves and their masters in Caribbean. To clear such arguments we brought theories that looked at them (pidgin and creole) in different angles, and we have suggested our thought about it.
Keywords: pidgin, creole, definition, and origin

[1]. Bickerton, Derek 1984 the language bioprogram hypothesis The Behavioural and Brain Sciences 1984 Vol. 7, pp 173-221
[2]. Bickerton, Derek. 1988 "Creole languages and the bioprogram", Linguistics: The Cambridge
[3]. Survey.1st ed. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 268-284. Cambridge Books Online.Web. 08 July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621055.016
[4]. Bickerton, D. and Muysken, P. 1988 "A dialog concerning the linguistic status of creole languages", Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. 1st ed. Vol. 2. Cambridge:
[5]. Cambridge University Press, 1988.302-306. Cambridge Books Online.Web. 08 July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621055.018

Abstract: The Maos inhibit the northern part of Manipur State of India, bounded by similar Naga tribes such as the Angami and Chakhesang tribes in the north, the Maram naga tribes in the west and south, and the Tankhul and Poumai tribes in the east. The Maos are also known as Memei or Ememei, in their own language. According to Grierson (1903),Maola is included in the Naga Kuki group of the Tibeto-Burman language family. Benedict P.K. (1972) described that Maola belongs to the Naga group of Sino-Tibetan language family. According to Scott Delancy(1987)Maola belongs to the Naga group under the Assam Burmese section of the Tibeto-Burman language family. Ethnoculturally, the Mao is with the Nagas of Nagaland being closely related to the Angami Nagas (P.P.Giridhar 1994)

[1]. Benedict, K, Paul.1972: Sino-Tibetan Conspectus.Cambridge Univ.Press London
[2]. Giridhar, P.P.1994: Mao Naga Grammar. CIL Mysore.
[3]. Grierson, G.A.(2006), Languages of North-Eastern India, Vol II,Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi.
[4]. http://introling.ynadu.Com/category/phonetics-phonology.
[5]. Shafer, Robert.(1974): An Introduction to Sino-Tibetan, Ottoharrassowitz, Wiesbaden.

Abstract: Bangladesh is a land of grueling poverty in terms of economic sense. The country lacks significant amount of natural resources except 150 million populations. Dhaka is the fastest growing mega-city in the world. Annually, the city draws an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 mostly poor migrants who provide critical employment for the city's industries and services. Most migrants come from rural areas in search of opportunities, which can provide new livelihood options for them. As one walks through Dhaka, the pervasive poverty is evident, as is the inequality between rich and poor. In 2010, the population of the city of Dhaka has projected at 17.6 million people, with up to 60% in the slums. The poor mainly live in slums scattered throughout the city, with close to 80 percent of slums located on privately owned land creating considerable institutional challenges in terms of basic service provision. The article explores the socio-economic condition of females in slum area of Dhaka City. The finding of the study is social economic condition of female in slum area of Dhaka City in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Dhaka, Female, hygiene, Slum, Sanitation.

[1]. Cynthia.D.Fisher, Lyle.F.Schoenfeldt, James.B.Shaw: "Human Resources Management‟ (Bizlantra-19-A, Ansari Road, Daryanganj, New Delhi-110002. 2001), Fifth edition.
[2]. Alan Nankervis, Robert Compton, Marian Baird: "Human Resources Management‟ (Nelson Australia Pty Limited, 2002), Second Edition.
[3]. Dr. Mahbububa Sultana &Emadul Islam, "The Invisible Children Working as Domestic Labor‟ (Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka. The Journal of Social Development Volume 24,Number 1 ,December 2012),pp. 57-80.
[4]. Faruq Ahmed ,"Compensation Practices of the Blue-Collar Worker in the Garments Industry: A Study of Few Selected firms in Bangladesh‟ (Reading in Management –Department of Management Studies, University of Dhaka, Volume 1,No.1, October 2001) , pp.155-163.
[5]. Subarna.Shirin, "Feminist Movement and Women Empowerment: Bangladesh Perspective‟ (Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka. The Journal of Social Development Volume 24, Number 1, December 2012), pp. 183-312.

Abstract: The concept of farm efficiency has important implications for size productivity relationship and the extent to which farms have adopted the current technology. Using plot level input –output data on cultivation of paddy crop of a set of farmers in Bihar, the study ascertain the nature of scale efficiency among three different agro climatic zones of the state. Estimation was carried out by using Non-Parametric DEA. Empirical findings indicate a considerable difference of scale efficient farms among the three agro climatic zones in Bihar. The incidence of scale efficient farm is much higher among the marginal and small farmers compared to larger ones.
Keywords: Scale Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, Paddy cultivator.

[1]. F.R. Førsund, L. Hjalmarsson, Generalized Farrell Measures of Efficiency: An Application to Milk Processing in Swedish Dairy Plants. The Economic Journal. 89, 1979 294-315.
[2]. R. Frisch, Theory of Production. (D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1965.).
[3]. M.H. Khan, Farm Size and Land Productivity in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, 18(1), 1979.
[4]. M.R.Carter, Identification of Inverse relationship between Farm Size and Productivity: An Empirical Analysis of Peasant Agriculture, Oxford Economic Papers, 36(1), 1984.
[5]. M. Chattopadhyay, A. Sengupta, Farm Size and Productivity: A New Look at the Old Debate, Economic and Political Weekly, 32( 52).December 27, 1997.

Abstract: Existing studies on generic structure potential (GSP) were on shop transaction, advertisement, editorials, resolutions, court interactions and Christian apologetics, among others. Studies on generic structure potential of football discourse are on a rare side. This study intended to explore GSP application on football matches in newspapers. The study identified the elements of the text structure potential in terms of the obligatory and optional elements prevalent in selected 2010 World Cup football matches in newspaper reporting in Nigeria. Three purposively selected sport-based Nigerian newspapers namely: Sporting Life, Soccer Star and Complete Sports were used for the study. Each of the newspapers selected has a total of 128 lead reports; giving a total of 384 match reports from the sports newspapers. Of these 384 match reports, 36 reports were randomly selected from each the newspapers for analysis. These gave a total of 108 match reports all together from the three newspapers. These newspapers were selected because they had orientation for sport news reporting. The study showed that ten macrostructural elements characterised the generic structure potential of the texts. Out of these, four were obligatory while six were optional. The obligatory elements identified were Title [T], Preamble [P], Online Thesis [OT], and Online Thesis Expatiation [OTE]. The optional elements were Voice Insertion (VI), Offline Thesis Insertion (OTI), Offline Thesis Expatiation (OFTE), Evaluation (Eva), Prediction (Pre) and Winding Up (WUp). The study concluded that there is a distinctive genre of football reporting.
Keywords: GSP, macrostructural, football matches, online thesis, offline thesis, distinctive genre.

[1]. Alvaro, S. (2004) "The Business of Football: Linguistic Analysis of the Chairman‟s Statement‟. FORUM DE RECERCA No. 16. 545-557.
[2]. Ansary, H. & Babaii, E (2004) "The Generic Integrity of Newspaper Editorials: A Systemic Functional Perspective‟ Asian EFL Journal Vol. 1. 1-28.
[3]. Beard, A. (1998) The Language of Sport. London: Routledge.
[4]. Buyukkantarcioglu, N. (1999) "Favouritism in Sport Discourse‟ Hacett eppe Universitesi EdebiyatFakultesi Dergisi, 16 (2), 117-130.
[5]. Delin, J. (2000) The Language of Everyday Life: An Introduction. London: Sage.

Abstract: Mental health is a condition of psychological; maturity a relatively stable and enduring functions of personality. Its influence individual life; the first year college student faced lots of stressful experiences on college time so many times they reduced their mental health. The present study was conducted to see the role of gender and residence on mental health. 100 hostellers and 100 day scholars (half males and half females) were selected. To assess the mental health of the student's Hindi adaptation of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire was used. MANOVA result indicated that Obsessional Traits Symptoms and Neurotic Depression were presented more in hostellers as compare to the day scholars. Girls show more score than boys. Overall result found that gender and residence show significant effect on mental health, but jointly these factors, not affect the mental health of students.
Keyword: Mental Health, Residence and Gender.

[1]. Adlof, E. M. Gliksman, L. Demers, A. & Newten & Tylor, B. (2001). The prevalence of elevated Psychological distress among Canadian undergraduates: finding from the 1998 Canadian campus survey. Journal of American College Health, 50, 67-72.
[2]. Afifi, M. (2007). Gender differences in mental health. Review Article, 48 (5), 385-391. [3]. American Academy of Pediatrics (2009). Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and Task Force on Mental Health. The future of pediatrics: Mental health competencies for pediatric primary care. Pediatrics, 124, 410-421.
[4]. Anand S.P. (1999). A study of students mental health attitude and motivation for studies. Journal of Educational Research, 36 (2), 55-61.
[5]. Aro, H. (1994). Risk and Protective factors in depression: A development perspective. Acta Psychiatrica scandinavica, 89, 59-64.

Abstract: Stress can develop among workers because of work related or social and organization related content such as work overload, workplace politics among others. These manifest into burnout, fatigue, apathy and loss of interest in work which in turn can lead to a decline in job satisfaction in tandem with job performance. Currently the existing research on employee counselling is concentrated on already developed countries which may not apply perfectly in the Kenyan situation (Siagi, Mukulu and Waititu, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to examine the theories of employee counselling and their applicability in public and private corporations and institutions in Kenya. The paper first examines three theories of counselling then goes ahead to examine their applicability in the Kenyan context and later proposes a contingent approach which is a blend of several theories.
Key words: Adlerian Therapy, Computer Assisted Therapy, Self-Focused Brief Therapy, employee counselling.

[1]. Adler Graduate School, (n.d.). Alfred Adler: theory and application. Retrieved from http://www.alfredadler.edu/about/theory
[2]. Allyn and Bacon (2003).Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Retrieved from http://www.ablongman.com/ helpingprofessions/coun/theoriesppt.html
[3]. Aluede, O. O. (2006). Comprehensive guidance programme for Nigerian schools. Pakistan Journal of Education, 23 (1), 75-81.
[4]. Brammer, L. M. and Shostrom E. L., (1977). Therapeutic psychology: fundamentals of counseling and psychotherapy. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
[5]. Carroll K. M. and Rounsaville B. J. (2011). Computer-assisted Therapy in Psychiatry: Be Brave—It's a New World. 12(5): 426–432. doi: 10.1007/s11920-010-0146-2

Abstract: This paper analyses poverty and income inequality among farm households in rural Nigeria. The incidence of poverty was highest (65.70 per cent) among Remittance Income Earners (RIEs) followed by other sources of income (58.0 per cent). It was lowest (34.1 per cent) among Non-farm Income Earners (NIEs). RIEs contributed most (61.8 per cent) to rural poverty based on FGT(2) and was followed by Others sources(59.5 per cent). NIEs contributed the least (32.8 per cent). The results also reveal the relative importance of specific income sources to income inequality and the various determinants of income inequality in rural Nigeria. From the results, the overall Gini index of income inequality is 0.39 indicating low income disparity among rural dwellers. While Agricultural Employment is income inequality reducing (45.3 per cent), followed by NIE (55.3 per cent), Remittances Income Earning (RIE) increases inequality (67.1 per cent). Farming activities and non- farm employment therefore hold the potentials for boosting income of the rural poor in Nigeria.
Keywords: Poverty, inequality, income sources, rural Nigeria.

[1]. Alayande B., 2003. Decomposition of inequality reconsidered.: Some evidences from Nigeria being text submitted to the UNU-WIDER for conference on inequality, poverty and human well being in Helsinki, Finland 29th to 31st May.
[2]. Alene, A. D, Manyong, V. M, and Tollens, E. F., 2006.Targeting agricultural research based on potential impacts on poverty reduction: Strategic program priorities by agro-ecological zone in Nigeria. Food Policy. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria IITA–Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium IITA–Kampala, Uganda
[3]. Araar, A. And Awoyemi, T.T., 2006. Poverty and inequality nexus: Illustrations with Nigerian data,‖ Cahier de recherche 0638, CIRPE
[4]. Araar, Abdelkarim and Duclos Jean Yves., 2007. Poverty Changes. PEP-PMMA training workshop LIMA.
[5]. Awoyemi, T.T., 2004 Explaining income inequality in Nigeria: A regression based- approach. http:/wwwaercafrica.org/aes/paper/group_A/9-Timothy%20Awoyemi.pdf

Abstract: The quote above is often wrongly attributed to John Smith who also wrote about Bermuda, but that does not undermine the point made. Any geography without history would be static and lifeless and any history without geography, rootless and vain. The relation between geography and history is as natural as it is man made and has caused both to either coexist or not toexist at all; and constantly affect, alter, influence and modify each other. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) remarked that the only difference between history and geography lay in the different angles from which they view the world, namely, that of time and that of space.1Kant‟s idea was that all academic pursuits could be subjected to the space-time reference frame. So History came to be studied chronologically in time and Geography came to be studied chorologically in space. The main similarity between History and Geography as academic disciplines is that they are both idiographic.

[1]. The relations between History and Geography by Jan O.M. Broek (University of California Press
[2]. C. R. Markham (1894) "Introduction", in The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci and other documents illustrative of his career. London: Hakluyt.
[3]. American Gods by Neil Haiman, published by Headline, 2001, UK
[4]. Reips, U.-D., &Buffardi, L. (2012). Studying migrants with the help of the Internet: Methods from psychology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1405-1424.
[5]. Geography and History, bridging the divide by Alan R.H.Baker, Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.