IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2015

Abstract: Propaganda has become a tool governments often use to lessen the intensity or utterly deny its failure on any assignment, political rivals deploy it to discredit or denigrate their opponents. This work investigated Nigerian audience's appraisal of propaganda in reportage of the kidnapped Chibok girls. Survey research was used with 300 respondents as sample; multi-stage sampling technique was applied in choosing the samples and questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The study found out that propaganda was used in the reportage of the phenomenon.

[1]. M.E. Okemi, Boko haram: a religious sect or terrorist organization. Global Journal of Politics and Law Research, vol.1 (1), 2013, 1-9. Retrieved from: http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/BOKO-HARAM-A-RELIGIOUS-SECT-OR-TERRORIST.pdf
[2]. M.M., Babatunde, U. Unwanna-Obong, and M.K. Olanrewaju, Historical Antecedents of Boko Haram Insurgency and Its Implications for Sustainable and Educational Development in North Central Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 2014, Retrieved from: http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/viewFile/14542/14851 [3]. P.M. News Editorial. Nigeria and the 2015 break-up prediction, 2015, Retrieved from: http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/content/editorial-was-cias-prediction-nigerias-collapse-2015-correct
[4]. F. Itua, speed up release of Chibok girls, BBOG tasks Jonathan, Buhari: Abuja stands still to mark first year of abducted students, Daily Sun (April 15, 2015), p.5.

[5]. K., Lyons, W. Robinson, and M. Chorley, #Bring-Back-Our-Girls: Michelle Obama and Malala join campaign to free 276 Nigerian teenagers kidnapped by Islamic extremists, May 8, 2014 Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2622999/Celebrities-join-campaign-bring-kidnapped-Nigerian-girls.html

Abstract: We are social beings and, so in some way or other we need help and guidance of others. Mother, father, grand parents, teachers and other elders, home, school and society guide youngsters for successful living. Due to explosion of knowledge, industrialization and changes in socio-economic set up the need of professional guidance is felt in the present day society.

[1]. Caleb Kangai ,Gift Rupande & Shillah Rugonye. The African Symposium: An online Journal of the African Educational networks, June 2011; 1(11): 12-31.
[2]. Jones, J. A., (1979) Principles of Guidance, Mc Graw Hill New York.
[3]. Kochhar, S. K., (1980) Guidance and Counselling, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
[4]. Nanda, S. K. and Sharma S., (1992) Fundamentals of Guidance, Chandigarh.
[5]. Sahin KESICI. Educational sciences: Theory and Practice, Sep 2000; 7(3): 1325-1349.

Abstract: Study on setting specially campus as setting in Indian novels is a fascinating subject. Yet it is a virgin area. We come across a number of studies on plots, themes and characters in novels but when it comes to setting, we find a few and far between, that to sketchy and unsystematic. Primarily such a state of affairs in literary studies prompted me to undertake this study to unravel its various facets, frailties and fecundities. In a novel, like character and plot, setting is an integral and important ingredient. Besides serving the purpose of a backdrop, it is of overriding importance as it determines the characters in most cases.

[1]. Bhagat, Chetan, 2004. Five Points Someone. New Delhi: Rupa & co.
[2]. Tukaram, Jadhav Arvind. "Representing Metropolitan Youth Culture: An
[3]. assessment of Chetan Bhagat‟s Five Point Someone Center"
[4]. The Criterion: An International Journal in English Vol.3.2 (2012): (1-5).
[5]. "Indian Readers and a Penchant for Campus Novels" ttp://www.zimbio.com /Chetan+Bhagat/articles / Indian +Readers+Penchant+Campus+NovelsWeb.3 March. 2013

Abstract: India, a seismically active country, has maximum loss of life and property due to earthquakes in comparison to other natural disasters. The recent Nepal earthquake of April and of the past decades like that of Bhuj and Tsunami, calls India to have an effective and efficient earthquake management system. Literature review was carried out for understanding the countries seismicity, its monitoring structure and guidelines. A country having its first recorded earthquake in1819 and first seismic observatory in 1898 was found to be still coping with earthquake risk management.

[1]. C. ZumBrunnen, Is there a Natural Transition from Geography and natural hazards to Geography and Natural Disasters (University of Washington, : USA,:OMICS Publishing Group,2012)
[2]. T. Jeggle., From Emergency Assistance to Risk Management Policy Implications for the Future, in P. Sahani (Ed.), Disaster Mitigation – Experiences and Reflections, (New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, 2012) 186-199.
[3]. Prasad B. Erramilli, Disaster Management in India: Analysis of Factors Impacting Capacity Building, Political Science Diss. , Georgia State University, Georgia, 2009.
[4]. Moin Fazal,. Disasters and Development, in P. Sahani (Ed.), Disaster Mitigation – Experiences and Reflections, (New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, 2012) 22 -30.
[5]. Indian Metrological Department. http://www imd.gov.in

Abstract: The present paper entitled "Problems Encountered by Students at al-Amal Secondary School in Using Passive Voice in Written English". It's conducted to investigate and analyze the errors encountered by some al-Amal Secondary School students at third year at English Specialization in Aljmeil, Libya, in using passive voice in written English, in order to find out the main causes behind the errors committed, which may affect their learning of English.

[1]. Bogdan, Biklen, (1998). Quantitative Research for Education: An introduction to theory and Methods. 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston.
[2]. Crystal, David. (1997). A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
[3]. Eckersley, C.E (1960). Comprehensive English Grammar for Foreign Students. Hong Kong: Longman Group Limited.
[4]. Eastwood. John,(1994). Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[5]. Ellis, R.(1996). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. London: Oxford University Press.
[6]. Graver, B.D (1997). Advanced English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Abstract: The first stage: this researchaims toexplorethe practiceandlearning needsof economicliteracyin primary school.The secondstageaims toproduce abookbasedEconomicLiteracyCartoonforelementary schoolage childrenwhich containsmaterial fromexploration resultsat the first stage. Stages are use dare the stages of designing, testing experts are testing a limited scale and large-scale test. Writing a book Economic Literacy Cartoon-based for Elementary Age Children give an understanding of the economic activities with respect to:(1) Theme and Content of stories adapted to the cognitive and language development of children.

[1]. Antara news. Hanya 42,6 persen Guru Ekonomi Berkualitas baik. 2012. Baik.ht1m.htm.
[2]. Gouws,D.G. 2009."Financial Literacy: an Interface Between Financial Information and Decsion makers in Organizations". Southern African Business Review Vol 13 No 2.
[3]. Jappelli.T. 2010. "Economic Literacy: An International Comparation ", No 2010/16
[4]. Kotte,D& /witt R. 2011."Chance and Challenge: Assessing Economic Literacy ". www.google-economic literacy.
[5]. Media Indonesia. 2011. "Hanya 42,6 persen Guru ekonomi Berkualitas Baik". Edisi 3 April 2011.
[6]. Mathews, L.G. 1999. " PromotinEconomic Literacy: Ideas for Your Classroom". Paper prepared for the 1999 AAEA Annual meetengNashville. Tennessee.

Abstract: This study investigated the contributions of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to the livelihoods of Ibaji people of Kogi State. Specifically, it identifies and prioritizes non-timber forest products in the area and further determines the uses and financial benefits of the top five NTFPs. A sample of 125 respondents was randomly selected from five council wards and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire to elicit data. These were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgetary tools. The study identified a list of 10 most commonly utilized NTFPs for income, food supply, health and other socio-economic purposes by the Ibaji people.

[1]. FAO, Forest resources assessment 1990; Global synthesis, FAO, Forestry paper. 1995. 124pp.
[2]. Sunderland TS, A.J. Besong, Distribution, utilization and sustainability of non-timber forest Products from Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Smithsonian, 2002.
[3]. A. Dohrenbusch, Forest management systems and diversified production- principles of sustainable management of renewable
Resources, in Kleinn C. Yang Y. Weyerhauser H, Stark M (Eds.), The sustainable harvest of non-timber forest products in China- Strategies to balance economic benefits and biodiversity conservation: Symposium proceedings sponsored by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion, Beijing. 2006. 22-28.
[4]. S.O. Jimoh, Sustaining the roles of non-timber forest products in rural poverty reduction and household food security in Nigeria. J. Fish. Int. 1 (2-4), 63-69.
[5]. Tee, T.N., Orsar, T.J., and Bugh A.J, Prioritization and Cost and returns analyses of selected non-timber forest products in Yobe State, Nigeria. J. Devt. and Agricultural Economics 6(2). 2014, 481-489.

Abstract: The fact remains that the increase and diversification of the information and communications technologies, have continued to usher in a new era in human development. Often mainstream views depict that such technologies have only technical rather than social implications. Their position is based on the notion that the remarkable affirmative transformations introduced by these ICT technologies have not touched all levels of societies. To some extent such views are accurate. This may be attributed to the fact that the existing power relations and structures in societies often determine the levels of benefits groups or classes in a given society enjoys. In view of this, we argue that ICT's projects or technologies are often not gender neutral.

[1]. Anwar Z. (March 2011), Closing the Gender Gap, The Star Newspaper (Sunday March 13 2011)
[2]. Baer, A. Endicott, K. Gianno, R. Howell, S. Nowak, B.S. and Van der Sluys, C. (2006) Orang Asli Women of Malaysia: Perceptions, Situations & Aspirations. Malaysia Select Books
[3]. Brown, C. and Czerniewicz, L. (2008), Making sense of Gender and ICTs in Education: Exploring theoretical explanations for complex findings. A paper presented at the University of Cape Town conference on ICT usage. [4]. Chupil, T. and Joseph, J. (2003) Indigenous Education Program Case Study Creating Knowledge For Change: A Case Study of Sinui Pai Nanek Sengik's Educational Work With Orang Asli Communities In Malaysia. Asian South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education (ASPBAE): Malaysia IEP Case Study. [5]. Cook, R. J. (1995) Enforcing Women's Rights Through Law, in Gender & Development (Caroline S (ed).) Journal Volume 3 Issue 2 Women and Rights, Oxfam GB: Routledge, 8-16.
[6]. Enoch, Y. and Soker, Z. (2006) Age, Gender, Ethnicity and the Digital Divide: University Students' Use of Web-based Instruction. Open Learning 21 (2): 99-110.

Abstract: India's future is threatened by shortage of food, water and energy and these should be given priority. Agricultural productivity has to be enhanced to meet the increasing demand of ever growing population of the country. The study area covering an about 6533 sq km has been studied for the land systems, landforms, soils, land use and hydro-geomorphology using IRS-P6, LISS III data on scale 1: 50,000. The major soils of the study area are red loamy soils, red sandy soils, deltaic alluvial soils, laterite soils and coastal soils.

[1]. Alaguraja, P. Durairaju, S et al. (2010),Land use Land Cover Mapping - Madurai District, Tamilnadu, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol.1, No. 1, Pp.91-100.
[2]. Bhattacharya,T.,C.Mandal and S.N.Deshmukh (1992), Soils and Land use pattern in part of Western Maharashtra, Journal of Indian Society of soil science, Vol.40, Pp.513-520.
[3]. David KURIA, Douglas NGRI and Edward WAITHAKA (2011), Using geographic information dystems (GIS) to determine land Suitability for rice crop growing in the Tana delta, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, Vol.4(9), Pp.525-532.
[4]. Directorate of Economics and Statistics (2006-2007), An outline of Agricultural situation in Andhra Pradesh, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
[5]. Ethiopian Forestry Action Program (EFAP 1994),Vol II. The Challenges for development. EFAP Secretariat, Addis Ababa.

Abstract: The paper on the thematic and literary features of Sujata Massey's latest novel "The City of Palaces" (2013) attempts to grasp the semantics of the narrative dwelling at length on the structure of the plot, its context, characterisation, narrative techniques and thematic intricacies. The novel depicts story of a young woman making her way in Bengal during the end of the British Raj period. While author takes the reader into a village hut, an elite Lockwood School, a swanky brothel, an Englishman's library and into the heart of a young woman who comes to age in a manner that is heartbreaking, the plot's journey becomes entwined with India's own struggle for independence and becomes, in equal parts, a social commentary, a historical thriller and a romantic love story.

[1]. Banerji, Chitrita. Mirror City. Penguin India 2013 .
[2]. Bashir,Shahnaz. The Half Mother. Noida: Hachette India, 2014.
[3]. Berwick, Dennison. A Walk along the Ganges. London: Century Hutchinson, 1986.
[4]. Das, Sudipto. The Ekkos Clan. New Delhi:Niyogi Books 2013.
[5]. Deccan Chronicle "Love in Times of Struggle" Thursday 8 January 2015.
[6]. Gunesekera, Romesh. Noontide Toll. Granta Books, 2014.

Abstract: Zimbabwe's determination to empower its citizens is loud and clear and the policy is rooted in distributive justice. This has resulted in people-oriented policies being implemented in various sectors including the mining industry. The consequence has been a significant penetration and control of the small scale mining sector by Africans. However, the affirmative action has somehow missed a target. It has tended to empower men alone than women resulting in serious economic and social gender inequality in the society. The paper analyses the contribution of gender neutral mining cooperatives to the empowerment of women in the society. As both women and men possess inherent skills and weaknesses gender inclusive syndicates will ensure optimum utilisation of their individual skills.

[1]. Banda T. J. "Women and Mines; Yesterday and Today‟, in the Midlands Observer, 13 January, 2012.
[2]. Bokwe N. Rudolf, Kwekwe, 16 June, 2013.
[3]. Bongozo W. Ministry of Mines, Masvingo, 12 June, 2013.
[4]. Chihwehwete B. Mariveri Farm, Kwekwe, 15 June, 2013.
[5]. Dube B. Gaika Park, Kwekwe, 16 June 2013.

Abstract:This a survey article of the English loan words from Arabic language. The article begins with different conflicting views regarding the term "loan words" and the amount of the Arabic loan words in English from both points of views the English and the Arab linguists.Then, a historical preview from the first Arabic words in Old English till the latest few words in the last decades is displayed considering the factors involved in borrowing from Arabic to English. Finally, there are a recommendation and a conclusion.
Key words: Loan Words; Arabic language; English Language; borrow.

[1]. Abdel Rahman W. (1989) A Critical Linguistical Study of Lexical Borrowing from Arabic to English, King Saud Uni. Vol.3 Art (1), pp 33-66.
[2]. Abu Ghoush, S. (1977) 10000 English Word from Arabic, Kuwait. Printing Agency.
[3]. Bale J. (2006) Arabic and English: Four Hundred Ways of Describing a Camel, MED Magazine - Issue 39.
[4]. Breeze, A. (1991) OLD ENGLISH EALFARA, `PACK-HORSE': A SPANISH-ARABIC LOANWORD Notes & Queries, Vol. 38 Issue 1, p15.
[5]. Bynon, T. (1977). Historical Linguistics, London. C.U.P.
[6]. http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/

Abstract: A multi-dimensional study of measures provides alternative ways through which women's empowerment can be viewed and understand how each domain contributes to enhance the empowerment of women in the developing countries. In this study, we examined women's empowerment levels using three domains that are directly related to issues regarding the position of women in their individual households. The strength of each of these domains was examined through some indicators that point out how well they contribute to the empowerment of women in Nigeria and Uttar Pradesh (India). Statistical analysis was applied to two national survey data obtained from the Nigerian Demographic Health Survey (2008) and India National Family and Health Survey (2006).

[1]. Acharya, D. R., Bell, J. S., Simkhada, P., van Teijlingen, E. R., & Regmi, P. R. (2010). Research Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal.
[2]. Alkire, S., Meinzen-Dick, R., Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., Seymour, G., & Vaz, A. (2013). The women‟s empowerment in agriculture index. World Development, 52, 71-91.
[3]. Allendorf, T. D., & Allendorf, K. (2012). The Role of Gender in Park-People Relationships in Nepal. Human Ecology, 40(5), 789-796.
[4]. Allendorf, T. D., & Allendorf, K. (2013). Gender and Attitudes toward Protected Areas in Myanmar. Society & Natural Resources, 26(8), 962-976.
[5]. Amer, M. (2013). Rethinking Women Economic Empowerment Challenges & Opportunities. Journal Of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, 2(4), 96-101

Abstract: The historical backdrop of Indian Freedom Struggle would be inadequate without saying the commitments of women. The penance made by the women of India will possess the first place. They battled with genuine soul and unflinching strength and confronted different torments, misuses and hardships to acquire us flexibility. At the point when the greater part of the men opportunity warriors were in jail the women approached and assumed responsibility of the battle.

[1] Dr. D.D. Pattanaik, The Swadeshi Movement: Culmination of Cultural Nationalism, Orissa Review, August 2005
[2] Leela kasturi, Women and Indian Nationalism (Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd ,4 August 1994)
[3] Satwinder Kaur, Role of Women in India's Struggle for Freedom, International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR), 2(4), 2013, ISSN: 2319-4421
[4] Amitabha Mukherjee, Women in Indian life and society (Calcutta: Punthi Pustak and Institute of Historical Studies, 1996), ISBN:8185094977
[5] Prithwischandra Ray, Swadeshi samaj, byadhi o chikitsa (Swadeshi Samaj, the Disease and the Cure), (Prabasi, Sravana Calcutta, July-August 1904).
[6] Dwarakanath Datta, Deen bharater anunoy (Supplication of Poor India), Samya Press, College Square, Calcutta, July 1905, pp 102-114

Abstract: The present paper is the analysis of the situation of Infant mortality rate in India in terms of disparities, which persists among eighteen selected states. The paper deals with the determinants of Infant Mortality rate (IMR) that cause to create inequality among the Indian States. Some demographic, socio-economic, Environmental and other factors of IMR are analysed for the fulfilment of the purpose.

[1]. NIMS, ICMR, UNICEF ( unite for children), 2012, Infant and child mortality in India: Levels, Trends and Determinates, National Institute of Medical Statistics (NIMS), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi, India.
[2]. Das NP, Dey D 2003. Understanding the causative factors behind stalling of Infant mortality in India during recent period. Demography India 32: 249-74.
[3]. Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.
[4]. SRS Bullation, 45(1), Sample Registration System, Office of the Registrar General, India, 2011.
[5]. Ghosh, R. 2012. Child mortality in India: a complex situation, World J Pediatr 2012;8(1):11-18

Abstract: This paper is interested in points of view as narrative modes in AyiKwei Armah's seven published novels. From these seven novels alone, nonetheless, it appears that his core merits as a novelist are subtlety, refinement and control; and on the quintessence of narrative modes Armah is exemplar on the African continent. Armah by his writerly decision chooses various narrative perspectives that form the structure of each of his novels. This work reveals that through a close study of Armah's points of view in his seven novels, a pattern is traceable.

1]. Armah, AyiKwei. The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born. London: Heinemann, 1968.Print.
[2]. -----.Fragments. London: Heinemann, 1969. Print.
[3]. -----.Why Are We So Blest? London: Heinemann, 1972. Print.
[4]. -----.Two Thousand Seasons. London: Heinemann, 1973. Print.
[5]. -----.The Healers. London: Heinemann, 1978. Print.
[6]. -----.Osiris Rising: A Novel of Africa Past, Present and Future. Popenguine, Senegal: Per Ankh, 1995. Print.

Abstract: The Study examined Grassroots Perception and Participation in Community Development Programs in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State. The population for the study comprised 600 executive members of the community administration institutions – Town Union, Women Association, Youth Association, CDC and the Traditional Rulers Council in the thirty communities that make up the LGA spread in five clans. A multi-stage sample procedure was adopted, involving the random sampling technique which was used in selecting 2 communities from each of the 5 clans in the LGA.

[1]. Alozie. K (2011) "Cultural Practices affecting the Well Being of Women from a Community Development Perspective" Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of Port Harcourt, Choba – Port Harcourt.
[2]. Amirize, B. (1999). Liberal Education and Community Development. Port Harcourt: Osia International Publishers.
[3]. Bartle, P. (2009). Key words of community development, empowerment, participation.
[4]. http://www.scn.org.htm
[5]. Clayton, A; Oakley, P. and Pratt, B. (1998). Empowering People: A Guide to Participation, New York: UNDP.

Abstract: From the bombing of the World Trade Center in the United States of America, the Al shabab insurgency in Somalia, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Talibans in Pakistan, Hamas in the Gaza strip, Boko Haram in Nigeria and very recently, the ISIS in Iraq and Syria, terrorism has continued to leave on its trail, tales of woes, horror, and devastation. In Nigeria, Boko Haram has killed several thousands of people and properties worth billions of dollars are wasted almost on daily basis. The bombing of the United Nations house in Abuja in 2011 and the abduction of over 200 Chibok secondary school girls in 2014 have been some of the high points of the activities of this group.

[1]. Adoke M, (2015) "B‟Haram: One million Nigerian refugees in Cameroon, others" PUNCHNEWSPAER March 7, 2015 http://www.punchng.com/news/bharam-one-million-nigerian-refugees-in-cameroon-others-fg
[2]. Agwu, F.A. (2007) World Peace through World Law: the dilemma of the United Nations Security Council. University Press Plc. Ibadan.
[3]. Alemika, E.O and Okoye , F.O (2005) " Human Rights Shariah Penal Code in Northern Nigeria" a publication of Human Rights Monitor.
[4]. Bayo, O (2015) "Boko Haram: Is the military protecting civilians?" Punch Newspaper punchng.com/business/money/

Abstract: This study investigated religious affiliation, age and gender as predictors of attitude towards peaceful well-being. Using 250 participants comprised of 141 Christian and 109 Muslim with age range between 20 to 65 with a mean age of 42.5.Two scale were used; The religious affiliation scale (RAS) developed by Omoluabi, (1995) was used to measure individuals believe on religious practices and modified version of the attitude towards peace being well-being scale(PWS) developed by Nasser & Abouchedid (2002). The scale was modified to suit the Nigerian sample.

[1]. Ajzen, C. and Fishben, M. (1980). Understanding attitude and Predicting Social Behaviour. Engle Wood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
[2]. Anderson, J. and Antalikova, R., (2004). Family (implicitly) matters: the role of Religion in attitude toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of psychology, vol. 55, no 6 p 593-800.
[3]. Ara N., (2013). Big Gods: How religion transformed cooperation and conflict. Princeton National Journal of Princeton University press.
[4]. Arentt J. J. (1995). The young and Reckless: Adolescent reckless, behaviour. Current Directions in Psychological Science 4(3) 67-71.
[5]. Arland, D. T., (1991). Family and Institutional Factors in Adolescent sexuality. Found in HHS/public Health Service, summaries of completes adolescent family life research project on adolescent sexual behaviour.

Abstract: In modern consumer society, body and body image have become the major issues in social and cultural studies. Due to the importance of the body, there is a branch of sociology called "body sociology" that seriously investigates the issues related to the body and society. Accordingly, the main objective of this paper is to study the body image status of students at University of Tabriz and its related factors. This is a survey study conducted with 372 people as study samples. Proportional stratified and random sampling methods were used for choosing the samples and the necessary information has been collected from undergraduate students of Tabriz University by questionnaire. The data analyzed by SPSS (22) and LISREL (8.5) software.

[1]. Cregan , Kate, The Sociology of the body: Mapping the Abstraction of Embodiment(London: SAGE Publications, 2006).
[2]. Krieger. N, Davey ,Bodies Count and Body Count: Social Epidemiology and Embodying Inequality". Epidemiologic Reviews.26,2004, 92-103.
[3]. Nettleton. S ,The Sociology of Health and Illness. USA: Polity Press,1996).
[4]. Shilling. C, The Body and Social Theory, Culture & Society( London. New Delhi. Newbury Park, Sage Publisher,1993).
[5]. Nettleton. S. &Watson, J,The Body in Everyday Life(London and new york, Rutledge,1998)
[6]. Barry.A-M and Yuill C, Understanding Health, A Sociological Introduction, (London , Thousand Oaks , New Delhi, SAGE Publications,2002).
[7]. Mokhtari, M, Anayat. H, The role of gender attitudes in the development of women's body image, Women in Development & Politics 9( 3),2011, 67-87.

Abstract: The present study tries to find out the teaching competencies developed by the student teachers those who are interested in teaching profession. The sample consisted of student teachers from various colleges of Tamilnadu. Random sampling technique was used to collect data. Teaching Interest Scale and Teaching Competency Scale constructed and standardized by the researcher was used to collect the data. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted on the data.

[1]. Bhargava,A. and Pathy,M.(2011). Perception of Student Teachers about Teaching Competencies, American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1).
[2]. Bulunuz, M. (2007) Development of positive interest and attitudes toward science and interest in teaching elementary science: influence of inquiry methods course experiences Doctoral dissertation. Georgia State University. Available at http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12122006-150931
[3]. Hakim,A. (2015)Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Competence and Social) On the Performance of Learning ,The International Journal Of Engineering And Science,4(2).
[4]. Hamilton-Ekeke, J.(2013) Conceptual Framework Of Teachers' Competence In Relation To Students' Academic Achievement, International Journal of Networks and Systems, 2(3).
[5]. Kulkarni,U.K. (2011) Relationship Between Teaching Competence And Attitude Towards Teaching Of B.ed. Trained Teachers Working In Up-graded Primary Schools, International Referred Research Journal,3(30).
[6]. Mangieri, J. N.,& Kemper, R.E. (1984). Factors Related to High School Students' Interest in Teaching as a Profession. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education , Texas Christian Univ., Fort Worth.

Abstract: Meta-ethics is the analytic and conceptual deliberations of ethical terms, ethical sentence and ethical arguments. Meta-ethicists contend that there cannot be any moral standard as there is diversities on the part of human behaviors and social ethos in various societies of the world. These meta-ethicist also claim that ethical problems subsist in ethical language. This is how, according to these meta-ethicists, ethical problem can only be resolved by the analytic study of language of morals.

[1]. Hare, R.M.;'Preface to Language of Morals,'' Oxford Univ. Press'' ,London
[2]. Ayer, A.J; On the analysis of moral judgments. Page 238,OxfordUniv.Press
[3]. Frankena, W.K; Ethics p.23- 24.,Allied Publishers Limited,New Delhi
[4]. Toulmin, S; An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics,P.28,12,The University of Chicago Press.
[5]. Ayer A.J. ''Language, Truth and Logic'' Page 107-108,Oxford University Press,London
[6]. Ayer , A.J; ''On the analysis of moral judgment''.p.246,Oxford Univ.Press,London
[7]. Swann, John Hartland; An Analysis of Morals, P.46,47,Oxford Uni. Press,London

Abstract: In this article, we generalize the notion of an ideal graph of the zero divisor of a commutative ring. Let R be a commutative ring and let I be an ideal of R. Here we define a generalized zero divisor graph of R with respect to I and denote this graph by (R). We show that (R) is associated with a mean of at most three. If (R) has a cycle, we show that the circumference of (R) is at most four. We also investigate the existence of cut vertices (R). Additionally, we investigate certain situations where (R) is a complete bipartite graph. In this chapter, all circles are commutative, not necessarily with unity. Unless otherwise stated. For a commutative ring R with identity, the zero divisor graph of R, denoted.....

Keywords :- generalized zero-divisible graph ,commutative ring etc.

[1]. S. Akbari and A. Mohammadian, On the zero-divisor graph of a commutative ring, J. Algebra 274 (2004), 847 – 855.
[2]. D.D. Anderson and M. Naseer, Beck's coloring of a commutative ring, J. Algebra 159 (1993), 500 – 514.
[3]. D.F. Anderson and P.S. Livingston, The zero-divisor graph of a commutative ring, J. Algebra 217 (1999), 434 – 447.
[4]. D.F. Anderson, A. Frazier, A. Laave and P.S. Livingston, The zero-divisor graph of a commutative ring II, Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math., 220 (2001), Marcel Dekker, New York—Basel, 61 –72.
[5]. I. Beck, Coloring of commutative rings, J. Algebra 116 (1988), 208 – 226