IOSR-JHSS   Volume-21 ~ Issue-12 ~ December-2016

Abstract: This research aims at answering three questions, that is, (1) What factors stimulated people of Tanamara District in Kolana kingdom of Alor island to run into military resistance toward the Dutch colonial government at Kamengmi village in 1916 under the leadership of Kapitan Yonas ? (2) How did the process of resistance of Taramana people against Dutch colonial government from 1916 to 1918 ? (3) What were the impacts of people resistance in Taramana district against Dutch colonial government for both warring parties ? By using historical method, the three questions above get the answers. Things that motivated people's resistance are the cruel and harsh attitudes of the Dutch colonial.......

Keywords: Resistance, Kekapitanan Taramana , Alor Island

[1] Ali, R,Muhammad. 1963 Introduction to the Science of Indonesia History. Jakarta : Bharata.
[2] The Central Bureau of Statistics.2006/2007 Alor District in Figures.
[3] Barnes1974 Kedang : A Study of Collective Thought of an Eastern Indonesian People. Jakarta : Universitas Indonesia Press. Department of Education and Culture.
[4] 1978/1979 Local Customs of East Nusa Tenggara. Kupang : Research Project and Local Culture Recording.
[5] The history of the struggle of Sultan Malie Lehi against the Dutch in Alor. Kupang : UPTD Archaeological, Historical Study and Traditional Values.Doko, Ishak Huru.1973 East Nusa Tenggara in Struggle arena for Indonesia Independence. Jakarta : Balai Pustaka

Abstract: The rapid change of social-political system after reformation event in 1998 entails society change towards mutual democracy in Indonesia. For instance, immigrant ethnic, Tionghoa, has been accepted as one of the Indonesian ethnics. Several events of terrorism, such as Bali Bombing I, II and J.W. Marriot in Jakarta also raising issue threaten multicultural in Indonesia since contains religion issue. Therefore, social identity becomes prominent subject to multicultural. The study tested a theoretical model to predict for multiculturalism, in which ethnic, religion, and national identity served as exogenous...........

Keywords: National identity, Ethnic identity, Religion identity, and Multiculturalism

[1] Bauböck, R. (2001) International migration and liberal democracies: the challenge of integration. Research Unit for Institutional Change and European Integration, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna.Online Publication Date: 01 October 2001
[2] Berry, J. (2016). Comparative analysis of canadian multiculturalism policy and the multiculturalism policies of other countries. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art. Volume 9, Issue 1.
[3] Berry, J.W., Kalin, R., & Taylor, D.M. (1977). Multiculturalism and ethnic attitudes in Canada. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and services Vienna. Online Publication Date: 01 October 2001.
[4] Brooks, S. (Ed.) (2002). The challenge of cultural pluralism. Westport: Praeger.
[5] Burris, C. T. & Jackson, L. M. (2000) Social identity and the true believer: responses to threatened self-stereotypes among the intrinsically religious. British Journal of Social Psychology (2000), 39, 257±278

Abstract: Since the adoption by the UN in 1989 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), children's participation has been one of the most highly debated and examined aspects of it. While there is no consensus on a general definition of children's participation, it is clear that as a concept it relates to many dimensions and processes. The aim of this paper is not to provide an exhaustive presentation of relevant research on children's right to participation in early childhood education sector; its intention is to provide an overview of some up to date researches, to explore how the international guidelines as formulated in the UN documents mentioned, are relevant to early childhood education and attempt to raise some questions and stimulate further reflections............

Key Words:children's rights, participation, early childhood education, UNCRC, international guidelines

[1] Alexander, G. (1995). Children's rights in their early years: From plaiting fog to knitting treacle. In B. Franklin (Hrsg.), The handboook of children's rights. Comparative Policy and Practice (S. 131-146). London: Routledge.
[2] Austin, S. (2010). Children's participation in citizenship and governance. In B. Percy-Smith, & N. ThomasYork: Routledge. Von http://nmd.bg/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Routledge-A_Handbook_for_Children_and_Young_Peoples_Participation.pdf abgerufen
[3] Bae, B. (23. September 2009). Children's right to participate - challenges in everyday interactions. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal , 17(3), S. 391-406. doi:10.1080/13502930903101594
[4] Bae, B. (9. October 2010). Realizing children's right to participation in early childhood settings: some critical issues in a Norwegian context. Early Years, 30(3), S. 205-218. doi:10.1080/09575146.2010.506598
[5] Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), S. 1-26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1

Abstract: British Literature is a rich treasure trove of literary expressions in various forms. It is considered as one of the prolific and extensive literatures of the world. It has influenced not just the Europe but also the rest of the world with its vibrant nature, persistence and the distinctive drive. Amongst the litterateurs who contributed to the wealth of British literature, the name of R. L. Stevenson ( 1850 – 1894) shines luminously. Apart from his novels and poems, it is his brilliant optimistic essays which breathe a new life into dull and dreary minds. Hence an attempt has been made to re- invent and explore R. L. Stevenson's views 'Happiness' as reflected in his highly popular essays.

Keywords – British literature, R.L. Stevenson, Art, literature, happiness, courage, optimism

[1] Stevenson, R.L., , Virginibus Puerisque and Other Papers
[2] ( VP) with introduction and Notes by J.H. Fowler, London, Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1963.
[3] Stevenson,R.L.
[4] Memories and Portraits, (MP)New York, Charles Scribener's Sons., 1908.
[5] Balfour, Graham, , , The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, 20th Ed., London, Methuen., 1922.

Abstract: This article discusses the construct validity and reliability of Aggression Questionnaire Instrument. The instrument was developed based on past literature, expert opinion and research objectives. Expert interview was conducted to obtain a validation to identify the value and level of internal consistency. Result shows the overall value of Cronbach's alpha for the instrument is 0.848. However, each construct shows a different value of reliability. Based on the result, the reliability of aggression questionnaire instrument is remarkably high.

Key words :- Validity, Reliability & Aggression Questionnaire Instrument

[1] Azizi Yahaya, Halimah Ma'alib, & Faizah Idris. (2011). Persepsi pelajar terhdap perlakuan agresif yang berlaku di lima buah sekolah menengah di kawasan bandar. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai.
[2] Azizi Yahaya, Yusof Boon, Jamaludin Ramli, Jaafar Sidek Latif, Fawziah Yahya, & Amir Hamzah Abdul. (2004). Psikologi Sosial. Johor Bharu: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Abstract: The epistemological views and beliefs regarding the perceptual world and construction of knowledge related to it may be traced back to the schools of objectivism and subjectivism. The objective view of knowledge had influenced the methods of psychology and education until recent years, which was criticized for its passivity and behaviouristic approach to knowledge generation. The emergence of subjectivists view against the objectivism had resulted in the new outlook to understanding the nature of science and its processes, which led to a paradigm shift in understanding of science and its processes..........

Keywords – Epistemology, Constructivism, objectivism, Subjectivism, learning process in science

[1] Ausubel, D.P. (1968) Educational Psychology. A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Rinchart and Winston
[2] Ayer, A J (1958) The problem of Knowledge. MacMillan Co.Ltd, London
[3] Confrey, J (1990): what constructivism implies for teaching.in R.Davis, C.Maher &.N.Noddings (eds) Constructivist views on the teaching and learning of mathematics, National council of teachers of Mathematics, Reston, VA., pp.107
[4] Dewey,J(1916): Democracy and Education- An introduction to the Philosophy of Education, The Free Press, Newyork
[5] Devereux, Jane (2000). Primary Science-Developing subject knowledge, Sage publications Inc, London

Abstract: As the author of Leviathan tells us, "the life of a man, in the state of nature is nasty, brute poor & solitary'. In such a state, without an institutionalized law, man proceeds to redress the wrongs done to him or which he considers done to him. The situation furnishes sufficient mandate for everyone to try & execute whatever he deems proper, by employing whatever means. Thus 'might' becomes the sole measure of right & administration of justice becomes concentrated in a small sect of population, with only the capable carrying out their will. Resultantly people with no means to settle their claims are left undone...........

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Abstract: An individual's self-concept is the complex product of all life's experiences (Christensen & Dahle, 1998). During the elementary and middle school years, students develop a sense of independence; they learn to cope with feelings of jealousy, fear, and aggression; and they form friendships and develop empathy (Kostelnik, Stein, Whiren, & Soderman, 1998). Each of these social areas seems to be universal across cultures, although they may be expressed differently in various societies (Ekman & Davidson, 1994). The various boards of education like the CBSE, STATE (Tamil Nadu), ICSE, emphasize different modes of study and inculcate analytical skills at different levels to its students..........

Keywords: Self-concept, Boards of Education

[1] Ruth C. wylie, Susan S. Cowles, Peggy J Miller, Published May 1st 1979, The self-concept :Revised Edition, Volume 2,Theory and Research on selected topics, University of Nebraska Press

[2] Susan Harter, 2012, The Construction of the Self: Developmental and Socio cultural Foundations, Guilford Press
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concept
[4] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Self-Concept.aspx

Abstract: This article examines the relationship between happiness and religious beliefs. According to various authors, there is a direct link between the happiness status of a person and his or her beliefs. However, there are those who oppose this notion, claiming that there is no direct link between happiness and religious beliefs. This paper works with the basic assumption that there is a positive link between happiness and religion and examines various viewpoints that support this assumption..........

Keywords: Happiness. Religious beliefs. Religion. Affiliations

[1] Diener, E. & Seligman, M. (2002). Very Happy People. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415
[2] Brülde, B. (2010). Happiness, morality, and politics. Journal Of Happiness Studies, 11(5), 567-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9207-9
[3] The three types of happiness (article). (2016). Derekstockley.com.au. Retrieved 30 May 2016, from http://www.derekstockley.com.au/newsletters-06/085-happiness-types.html
[4] Chittister, J. (2011). Happiness. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
[5] Ferguson, W. (2002). Happiness. Edinburgh: Canongate.

Abstract: Discourse On The Local Government System In Nigeria Involves Two Major Notable Factors: The Intervention Of The Military In Politics, And The 1976 Reform Of Local Government Which Brought A Lot Of Changes Into The System. However, The 1979 Constitution, Which Provided The Basis For The 1976 Reforms, Plunged The Local Government System Into A Of Challenges, And Ever Since Then Local Government In Nigeria Has Remained Non Relevance. This Paper Examines The Implications Of Economic Downturn On Local Government Administration In Ekiti State..............

Keywords: Economic Downturn, Service Delivery And Local Government Administration

[1] Abutudu, M. (2011) The Challenges And Opportunities For Improving The Local Government System In Nigeria. Paper Presented At The Third Biennial National Conference On Community Development In Nigeria, Grand Hotel, Asaba, November, 20–24, 2011. Available At: Www.Communitylifeproject.Org [Accessed 4 February 2014].
[2] Akinbosade A (2003) " Management And Practice Of Local Government Administration In Nigeria . O & A Books (Publishers).
[3] Adamolekun, L. (1979) The Idea Of Local Government As A Third Level Of Government. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books.
[4] Adeola, G.L. (2008) From Native Authority To Local Government In Nigeria: Implications For Flexibility And Dynamism In Local Governance. Journal Of Constitutional Development, 8 (3).
[5] Akaeze, A. (2012) How The Local Government Are Robbed Of Funds. Available At: Http://Www.Newswatchngr.Com/How-The-Lgs-Are-Robbed-Of-Funds [Accessed 4 February 2014].

Abstract: Liberalisation of airwaves and proliferation of broadcasting stations has led to increased competition in Kenyas' broadcast industry (Oriare et al., 2010). In pay television sector, stiff competition was witnessed with the entry of Wananchi Group having a brand name Zuku in 2009 (Kenya Film Commission 2010).This study was based on the pay television broadcast sector in Kenya and focused on Zuku as a service provider. The overall objective of the study was to establish consumption patterns towards local content on Zuku television by subscribers. Specific objectives sought to establish factors determining uptake of local Zuku content, establish subscribers............

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