IOSR-JHSS   Volume-30 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2025

Abstract: This paper focused on: 1) the epistemology of conflict and its multidimensional nature,2) the paradigms defining conflict,3)the conflict cycle and phases; a) Pre-conflict,b) during, and c)post-conflict phase. Media entry-point focused on 4) the changing role of the media in international relations and their contributions to the “crisis of expectations” 5) the media in the Middle Eastern conflict;6) the media’s preference of the reconciliation model, and 7) the implications of the media.....

Keywords: conflict, media, epistemology, multidimensional, paradigms,strategist, peace research, conflict research, conflict cycle,conflict phases, peace agreements, peace timelines, international relations, crisis of expectations, conflict transformation, early warning, media diplomacy, shuttle diplomacy,objectivity, impartiality,leaks

[1] Allen, T And Seaton,J., The Media Of Conflict: War Reporting And Representations Of Ethnic Violence. (London: Zed Books, 1999).
[2] Andersen,R. 1991. The Press, The Public, And The New World Order. Media Development, Special Issue, October.
[3] Arnett, P. 1991. Why I Stayed In Iraq And How I Got That Interview With Saddam. Washington Post, March 17.
[4] Barston, R.P.1997.Modern Diplomacy, 2ndedition. London: Longman.
[5] Bercovitch, J.1984.Social Conflicts And Third Parties: Strategies Of Conflict Resolution. Boulder: Westview Press.

Abstract: Change in business environments due to globalization, varying consumer preferences and technological advancements have immensely pressured commercial bank workers to develop new ways to interact and serve their customers in order to remain competitive. Service innovation has become crucial for bank’s survival and development. This study examined the influence of service innovation on mental competitiveness of Commercial Bank workers in Kenya. The study was guided by the Creative Destruction theory. Descriptive and correlational research designs.....

Keywords: Commercial Banks, Competitiveness, Service Innovation

[1] Adefulu, A. D., Ashikia, O. U., Makinde, O. G., & Alao, A. E. (2020). Strategic Marketing, Innovation Culture And Competitive Advantage Of Selected Petroleum Products Marketing Companies: Evidence From Nigeria. Journal Of Business And Management (IOSR-JBM), 22(3), 54-64.
[2] Ahmad, K., & Zabri, S. M. (2016). The Effect Of Non-Financial Performance Measurement System On Firm Performance. International Journal Of Economics And Financial Issues, 6(S6), 50-54[3]
Ambrosini, V., & Bowman, C. (2009). What Are Dynamic Capabilities And Are They A Useful Construct In Strategic Management? International Journal Of Management Reviews, 11(1), 29-49.
[4] Anning-Dorson, T. (2018), "Innovation And Competitive Advantage Creation: The Role Of Organizational Leadership In Service Firms From Emerging Markets", International Marketing Review, 35(4), 580-600. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/IMR-11-2015-0354
[5] Arasa, R., & Dzinekou, J. (2018). Managerial Capabilities And Private University Performance In Kenya Journal Of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship In Africa, 3(1), 109-132

Abstract: From the onset of colonialism, the “Somali Question” has been a big headache to Kenyan administrations. This is because of the issue of Somali ethnic nationalism question; a creation of the European arbitrary partition of Africa during the Berlin Conference of 1884-85. The drawing of boundaries did not take into consideration the political, social and economic realities that existed where the Somali ethnic community occupied the larger part of the Horn of Africa. The colonial powers shared the Horn among themselves scattering the Somali into four states. Since then, Somalis....

Keywords: Secession, Shifta, maritime dispute, border, diplomatic spats, deterrence

[1] Abdullahi, M. (1990). Colonial Policies And The Failure Of Somali Secessionism In The Northern Frontier District Of Colony, C. 1890-1968. MA Thesis. Rhodes University.
[2] Abyssinia. 2024). “From Ideology To Action: Analyzing Rapoport’s Terrorism Framework In The Academy Of Science, Vol, 70. No 3Autumn, Pp 359-365.
[3] Al.Jazeera, (2022). Analysis: Why Are Rwanda And DRC Having Another Diplomatic Spat?
[4] Al-Jazeera, 2021, Kenya – Somalia Maritime Dispfute Explained, 14th March. And Defense Review 13, No. 1. 109, Http:// Isndemo. Atlas.Project.Eu/Asset_Demo/File/491bfaac-Af3-4cd8-9f9a-9881afb1064f/D3bad8a9-Eb6-4063-8b13-C4177bf822co/Ch5.Pdf. Accessed 10/5/2023. Accessed 04/01/2024.
[5] Arquilla, John. 1992 Dubious Battles: Aggression Defeat And The International System

Abstract: This study investigates whether the cognitive processes outlined in the Output Hypothesis (Swain, 1995) emerge during a translation task. The Output Hypothesis posits that language production fosters second language (L2)1 learning by triggering three key functions: noticing gaps, hypothesis testing, and metalinguistic reflection. To examine this, participants worked in pairs to complete a translation task, which was recorded and analyzed to determine the extent to which these cognitive processes were activated. The findings indicate that the functions of output do not occur in isolation but rather in an interwoven and overlapping manner throughout task performance. These results suggest that translation tasks elicit cognitive processes that support language learning, reinforcing their potential as an effective pedagogical tool in L2 instruction.

Keywords: translation tasks, Output hypothesis, pedagogical translation, written tasks

[1] Balboni, P. E. (2014). A Tradução No Ensino De Línguas: História De Uma Difamação. Revista In-Traduções, 4. Trad. Maria Teresa Arrigoni. Rev. Noêmia Soares E Sérgio Romanelli. Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina. Retrieved From Http://Goo.Gl/Ozwypu
[2] Branco, S. O. (2009). Teorias Da Tradução E O Ensino De Língua Estrangeira. Horizontes De Linguística Aplicada, 8(2), 185–199.
[3] Branco, S. O. (2011). As Faces E As Funções Da Tradução Em Sala De Aula De Língua Estrangeira. Cadernos De Tradução, 27(1), 161–177.
[4] Carreres, A. (2006). Strange Bedfellows: Translation And Language Teaching. The Teaching Of Translation, 1–21.
[5] Cook, G. (2010). Translation In Language Teaching: An Argument For Reassessment. Oxford University Press.