iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: This research investigates the index properties of a residual soil profile at Bosso campus of the Federal University of Technology, Minna. A trial pit was dug to a depth of 3 m and disturbed soil samples were taken at depths of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 m respectively. Natural moisture content (NMC) test, Atterberg limit test, mechanical sieve analysis and hydrometer test, specific gravity and standard proctor compaction test were carried out on each sample. By visual inspection it was observed that the soil profile consists of three layers; light reddish at the top, reddish soil at the middle and whitish soil at the bottom respectively. The natural moisture content increased from 2.3 % to 15.3 % at 0.5 m to 1.5 m depth and decreased to 11.8 % at 2 m depth after which it increased to 15.8 % at 3m depth. Using the unified soil classification system (USCS), the top and middle layer were classified as well graded sand (SW) while the bottom layer was classified as clayed sand (SC). The optimum moisture content (OMC) decreased from 10.8 % to 7.2 % at 0.5 m to 2.0 m depth then increased to 7.8 % at 2.5 m depth and decreased to 7.2% at 3 m depth. The maximum dry density (MDD) decreased from 1.99 Mg/m3 to 1.92 Mg/m3 at 0.5 m to 1 m depth, it increased to 2.1 Mg/m3 at 2 m depth, it then decreased to 1.95 Mg/m3 and increased to 2.1 Mg/m3 at 3 m. Based on these investigations, the index properties of the residual soil profile of the pit varies with depth.
Keywords: Index properties, Residual soil, Soil profile, Undisturbed soil, Lateritic soil

[1]. Smith, G. N and Smith, I. G. N. (1998). Element of soil mechanics Blackwell Publisher, London Seventh Edition pp. 477
[2]. Maigien, R. (1966). Review of research on laterites. Natural Resources Research IV, United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris
[3]. Gidigasu, M. D. (1976). Lateritc Soil Engineering, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co, New York.
[4]. Chairman, J. H. (1988). Laterite in road pavements. Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRCA), special publication 47, West Minister, London.
[5]. Adekoya, J. A. (1987). A preliminary geological and geotechnical study of Nigeria proceedings of the 9th Regional Conference for Africa on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Akinmusuru, J.O, malomo , ss. And sesida, E A .(esd), lagos, Nigeria, 15 – 17 september, A.A balvema rotter dami the Netherlands. Pp 21 -30

Abstract: It is essential to study the effect of capillary tube geometry on the performance of refrigeration systems. The literature review focuses on the effect that geometrical parameters like capillary tube length, bore diameter, coil pitch, number of twist and twisted angle have on the pressure drop, coefficient of performance (COP) and mass flow rate of the system. These parameters can be further studied using physical models and mathematical modeling concepts. The parameters stated above can be further optimized in order to enhance the performance of the refrigeration system.
Keywords: Capillary Tube, refrigeration system, twist angle.

[1]. Hirendra Kumar Paliwall, Keshav Kant2 , " A model for helical capillary tubes for refrigeration systems," International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference Purdue University , 2006
[2]. M.Y.Taib, A.A.Aziz and A.B.S.Alias, "Performance analysis of a domestic refrigerator", National Conference in Mechanical Engineering Research and Postgraduate Students, 2010.
[3]. Sanggoon Park, Kidong Son, Jihwan Jeong and Lyunsu Kim, "Simulation of the effects of a non-adiabatic capillary tube on refrigeration cycle", International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference, 2008.
[4]. J.K.Dabas, A.K.Dodeja, Sudhir Kumar and K.S.Kasana, "Performance characteristics of "vapour compression refrigeration system" under real transient conditions", International Journal of Advancements in Technology, 2011.
[5]. M.M.Tayde, Pranav Datar and Pankaj Kumar, "Optimum choice of refrigerant for miniature vapour compression refrigeration system", Indian journal of Applied Research, 2013.

Abstract: This paper presents the technical performance measurements of biogas premixed charge diesel dual fuelled engine. A 4-stroke research diesel engine was used for the performance analysis. The performance parameters like engine brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency and brake thermal efficiency were measured and compared with conventional diesel with different proportion of biogas-diesel dual fuel (minimum flow 8kg/hr, intermediate flow 9.8 kg/hr and full flow 11.9 kg/hr). The average brake power 0.6 kW at lower load and 2.80 kW at higher load condition which is almost nearest to diesel operation. brake thermal efficiency lower at low load and it is increased with increase in load than neat fuel operation(Around 16% to 17% at lower load and 40% at higher load condition) .The value of maximum brake thermal efficiency is 40% with full flow (11.9Kg/hr) at higher load condition.SFC value of neat diesel 0.65 kg/kWh at lower load and 0.30 kg/kWh at higher load and dual fuel and dual fuel has 0.51 kg/kWh at lower load and 0.21 kg/kWh at higher load condition. The reference volumetric efficiency of engine has almost similar volumetric efficiency when using dual fuel and diesel (about 80% at lower load and 78% at higher load). But with slight reduction is seen in using dual fuel operation (about 79% at lower load and 77% at higher load).
Keywords : Biogas, compression ignition, dual fuel, renewable energy

[1]. Ahmed, Kamil, Balewgize Amare, and A. Venkata Ramayya. "Experimental Investigation On Thermal Efficiency Of Diesel Engine With Jatropha-Diesel Blend With Biogas." International Journal of Engineering 2.7 (2013).
[2]. N.H.S.Ray, M.K.Mohanty and R.C.Mohanty, "Biogas as Alternate Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Literature Review" IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) (Sep. - Oct. 2013).
[3]. Debabrata Barik, S. Murugan," Production and Application of Biogas as a Gaseous Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines" International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 7, September - 2012 ISSN: 2278-0181
[4]. Phan Minh Duc and Kanit Wattanavichien," Study on biogas premixed charge diesel dual fuelled engine" Energy Conversion and Management 48 (2007) 2286–2308.
[5]. R. Chandra a, V.K. Vijay b, P.M.V. Subbarao cand T.K. Khura a," Performance evaluation of a constant speed IC engine on CNG, methane enriched Biogas and biogas" Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3969–3977.

Abstract: Any defect in machine will affect vibration behavior and nature of this effect is different for different faults. Understanding and practicing the fundamentals of rotating shaft parameters is the first step in reducing unnecessary vibration, reducing maintenance costs and increasing machine uptime. Hence condition monitoring based on vibration measurements can be used to identify those defects qualitatively. Vibration signals give early indication of mechanical failures such as misalignment, unbalance and bent shaft etc. The present study deals with experimental investigation of unbalance with the help of FFT analyzer and its unique vibration spectrum for different types of couplings such as jaw coupling, flexible flange coupling and rigid coupling. Understanding and practicing the fundamentals of rotating shaft parameters is the first step in reducing unnecessary vibration, reducing maintenance costs and increasing machine uptime. Many researchers have reported unbalance related faults show dominant peak at 1×. For experimental identification of unbalance an experimental setup is constructed and frequency spectrum is acquired for jaw coupling, flexible flange coupling and rigid flange coupling. These acquired spectrums are compared with available literature for confirmation of experiment results. The experimental results are in close agreement with results available in literature.
Keywords: Coupling, FFT analyzer, Unbalance.

[1]. M.Xu ,R.D. Marangoni, Vibration Analysis of Motor-Flexible Coupling-Rotor System Subject to Misalignment and Unbalance, Part-I:Theoretical Model and Analysis, Journal of Sound and Vibration, (1994), pg.663-679.
[2]. M.Xu ,R.D. Marangoni, Vibration Analysis of Motor-Flexible Coupling-Rotor System Subject to Misalignment and Unbalance, Part-II: Experimental Validation, Journal of Sound and Vibration, (1994), pg.681-691.
[3]. AbdolrezaAskarian, S.M.R. Hashemi,Effect of axial force, unbalance and coupling misalignment on vibration of a rotor gas turbine, 14th international congress on sound vibration, Cairns Australia, 2007.
[4]. V. Hariharan, P.S.S.Srinivasan, Vibration analysis of flexible coupling by considering unbalance, World applied sciences journal(8),2010.
[5]. K.M.AI-Hussian, I. Redmond, Dynamic Response of Two Rotors Connected by Rigid Mechanical Coupling with Parallel Misalignment, Journal of Sound and Vibration 249(3), (2002) ,pg. 483-498

Abstract: Engineering materials, mostly steel and their alloys are heat treated to alter their mechanical and physical properties so as to meet the engineering applications. The objective of the research was to maximize the impact toughness by selecting various combinations of Charpy Impact test parameters, thermal treatments and their appropriate levels based on the three- level (L9) Orthogonal Arrays (OAs) with four factors to provide an efficient and effective method for determining the most significant factors and interactions in the given design problem. In this paper experiments were carried out to Study the Effect of Thermal Treatments (annealing, hardening, cryogenic treatment and tempering) on Impact Toughness. Heat treatments were performed at different temperature for annealing, hardening and tempering in an Electric furnace. Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) was carried out on Cryocan at 77K. Various combinations of heat treatment cycles were performed to improve the mechanical properties of EN31 steel. This experimental also investigated the role of multiple cryogenic treatments before and after tempering. The findings show that Cryogenic treatment improves hardness, dimensional stability, and retained austenite to martensite and decreases residual stresses. This paper also studied and measured the hardness of various heat treated specimens using Brinell Hardness tester.
Keywords: EN31 Steel, Impact Toughness, Orthogonal Arrays (OAs), Thermal Treatments, Cryogenic Treatment

[1]. Kobayashi, Hideo, Onoue, Hisahiro, Brittle Fracture of Liberty Ships, March,1943
[2]. AASHTO, Guide Specification for Fracture Critical Non-Redundant Steel Bridge Members, Washington DC , American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1978.
[3]. Website: http://www.sozogaku.com/fkd/en/cfen/CB1011020.html
[4]. S. Harisha, Bensely, D. Mohan Lal, A. Rajadurai , Gyöngyvér B. Lenkeyd, Microstructural study of cryogenically treated En 31 bearing steel, journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 , 2 0 0 9

[5]. M. Arockia Jaswin, D. Mohan Lal. Effect of cryogenic treatment on the tensile behavior of En 52 and 21-4N valve steels at room and elevated temperatures, Materials and Design xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Abstract: Engineering materials, mostly steel and their alloys are heat treated to alter their mechanical and physical properties so as to meet the engineering applications. The objective of the research was to maximize the impact toughness by selecting various combinations of Charpy Impact test parameters, thermal treatments and their appropriate levels based on the three- level (L9) Orthogonal Arrays (OAs) with four factors to provide an efficient and effective method for determining the most significant factors and interactions in the given design problem. In this paper experiments were carried out to Study the Effect of Thermal Treatments (annealing, hardening, cryogenic treatment and tempering) on Impact Toughness. Heat treatments were performed at different temperature for annealing, hardening and tempering in an Electric furnace. Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) was carried out on Cryocan at 77K. Various combinations of heat treatment cycles were performed to improve the mechanical properties of EN31 steel. This experimental also investigated the role of multiple cryogenic treatments before and after tempering. The findings show that Cryogenic treatment improves hardness, dimensional stability, and retained austenite to martensite and decreases residual stresses. This paper also studied and measured the hardness of various heat treated specimens using Brinell Hardness tester.
Keywords: EN31 Steel, Impact Toughness, Orthogonal Arrays (OAs), Thermal Treatments, Cryogenic Treatment

[1] Eustine, J., Flow of Water in Curved Pipes, Proc. Royal Society, London, Series A – 84, 1910, pp.107-118.
[2] Majumdar, B., Flow Investigation in Curved Diffuser, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, 1994.
[3] Majumdar, B.; Singh, S. N; and Agrawal, D. P., Flow Characteristics in S-Shaped Diffusing Duct, Int. Journal of Journal Turbo and Heat Engines, vol. (14), 1997, pp. 45-47.
[4] Majumdar, B.; Ratan Mohan; Singh, S. N; and Agrawal, D. P., Experimental Study of Flow in High Aspect Ratio 90 Curved Diffuser, Trans. ASME., Journal of Fluid Engineering, vol. (120), 1998, pp. 83-89.
[5] Anand, R. B.; Lajpat Rai; Singh, S. N.; and Sharma O. P., Flow Characteristics of A Low Aspect Ratio 90/90 S-Shaped Diffuser, Journal of Aeronautical Society of India vol. (53), 2001, pp. 239-252.
[6] Anand, R. B.; Lajpat Rai; and Singh, S. N., Flow and Performance Characteristics of 22.5/22.5 S-Shaped Circular Diffuser, Proc. of 28th national conference on FMEP, Chandigarh, India, 2001, pp. 364-371.

Abstract: Solid particle erosion of polymer composites is a complex surface damage process, strongly affected by material properties and operational conditions. The present research work is undertaken to study the development, characterization and erosion wear performance of two different categories of fibers when reinforced in polymers. One of the two fiber is well known synthetic fiber i.e. glass fiber which is commercially used by many industries and the other fiber will be a natural fiber i.e. banana fiber which will be the new attempt in the present investigation. In both the above cases matrix material will remain epoxy. Attempts have been made to explore the possible use of a natural fiber as filler material in composites.

[1] M. Jawaid, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil. "Cellulosic/Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites: A Review", Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 86, pp. 1–18, 2011.
[2] Gad Marom, Albert Reuveni and Daniel Cohn, "Stiffness Variability and Stress-Dependent Elastic Response of Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Biomedical Applications", Biomaterials, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1993.
[3] Jansons, J.O., Glejbol, K., Rytter, J., Aniskevich, A.N., Arnautov, A.K. &Kulakov, V.L. "Effect 0f Water Absorption, Elevated Temperatures And Fatigue on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Flexible Risers", Mechanics of Composite Materials, Vol. 38(4), pp.299-310, 2002.

Abstract: The rising cost of fossil fuels and their negative impact to the environment has made it necessary for manufacturing industry to reduce energy consumption. Energy audits are commonly used to improve energy efficiency. However, the audits do not usually involve in-depth analysis of design features for optimum energy use. Pinch technology analysis, which involves heat exchanger design and retrofits, is increasingly being used to optimize energy utilization especially in thermo-chemical industries. Various pinch analysis studies have been conducted in different manufacturing and processing plants. However, there is no published literature about pinch analysis studies in the sulphonation process. Presented in this paper is the application of the pinch technology analysis to a sulphonation process at Orbit Chemical industries- Nairobi. The aim was to design a heat exchanger network retrofit for energy use reduction in the sulphonation process and to develop an investment appraisal for the design.

[1]       Kemp, I. C. (2011). Pinch analysis and process integration: a user guide on process integration for the efficient use of energy. Butterworth-Heinemann.
[2]       Svensson, E& Harvey, S (2011). Pinch Analysis of a Partly Integrated Pulp and Paper Mill. World Renewable Energy Congress, 2011- Linkopin, Sweden, 8-13.
[3]       Festin, M & Mora, V (2009). Pinch analysis of the Norske Skog Skogn TMP mill. Master’s Thesis within the Sustainable Energy Systems and Innovative and Sustainable Chemical Engineering programmes. Chalmers University Of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden 2009 (Unpublished).
[4]       Dunn, E & El-Halwagi (2003). Process integration technology review: background and applications in the chemical process industry. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology.volume 78 pages 1011-1021.
[5]       Natural Resources Canada, (2003). Pinch Analysis: For the Efficient use of Energy, Water and   Hydrogen. Natural Resources, Canada.

Abstract: Current system of waste collection methods and facilities in Enugu Urban in Nigeria have become a significant and growing problem because it is grossly inefficient and ineffective. This research work evaluated the methods of solid waste collection in Enugu Urban by ESWAMA and suggests a plan for further comprehensive management. To collect data for the study, the collection crew of the existing ten zones were used. Random sampling was used in the zone to collect appropriate number and quality of respondents for our questionnaires and interview. Analysis of the data showed that there is a problem of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in all the zones due to irregular and inefficient collection of solid waste and lack of suitable and adequate dust bins for the solid waste collection. The available and required total number of containers for haul container system are 28 and 265 respectively while for stationary container system are 684 and 1062 respectively. The average total cost in haul container system is N4,782,507.67 while that of the stationary container system is N17,585,808.41. The average efficiency of the collection crew for both haul and stationary container systems are 75.5% and 63.9% respectively. These results show that the haul container system is associated with higher efficiency and more less cost when compared to the stationary container system and as such is preferable. In order to improve waste management in Enugu state more suitable dust bins should be provided and professionals employed to manage waste. The government should provide more funds to the Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA) to set up basic infrastructures needed for effective solid waste collection. Adopting these measures will improve the state of the Enugu urban environment with regard to solid waste collection.
Keywords: Solid waste, ESWAMA, Indiscriminate dumping, Random sampling and Enugu

[1]. Adesanya, Y.O. (1986): "Constraints to Solid Waste Management: A case study of Ibadan." An Unpublished MURP Degree Dissertation.University of Ibadan.
[2]. Agbogu, L.N. (1991) "Environmental Effect of Industrial Waste:" An Unpublished BURP Degree Dissertation. Department of Urban and Religional Planning, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus.
[3]. Buckets and Smith (1994): Introduction to Solid Waste Management. www.plastic.ca/epic.
[4]. Chukwu, A.O. (2002): "The Effect of Indiscriminate Disposal of Plastic Waste in theEnvironment: A case study of Enugu". An Unpublished BURP Dissertation of Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus.

Abstract: To Study Of Different Research Papers Related To The Extended Surfaces And Effect On Heat Transfer Rate By Changing The Cross-Section, Fin Pitch, Fin Material, Fin Thickness, Air Velocity, And Air Exposed Angle Etc. And Survey Has Been Conducted On Fin Profile Of Various Cylinder Block Of Two/Three Wheelers Automobiles Available In India. The Fins Are Generally Used To Increase The Heat Transfer Rate By Increasing The Area Of System. So It Is Necessary To Study About Effect Of Fin Geometry On Heat Transfer Rate. This Review Study Is Useful To Know Betterment Of Fin Material And Fin Geometry

[1] Bassam A/K Abu-Hijleh, "Enhanced forced convection heat transfer from a cylinder using permeable fins", Journal of heat transfer,
Vol. 125, 804-811, 2003.
[2] Masao YOSHIDA et al, "Air-Cooling Effect of Fins on a Motorcycle Engine", JSME International journal, Series B, Vol.49, No.
3,869-875, 2006.
[3] Fernando Illán et al, "Optimization of Annular Cylindrical and Spherical Fins in an Internal Combustion Engine under Realistic
Conditions", Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, Vol. 2 / 041002-1-041002-7, 2010.
[4] Ashok tukaram pise et al, "Investigation of enhancement of natural convection heat transfer from engine cylinder with permeab le
fins", International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Vol.1, No. 1, 238-247, 2010.
[5] S. H. Barhatte et al, "Experimental and Computational Analysis and Optimization for Heat Transfer through Fins with Different
Types of Notch", Journal of Engineering Researches and Studies, Vol. II, 133-138, 2011.
[6] Pulkit Agarwal, et al, "Heat Transfer Simulation by CFD from Fins of an Air Cooled Motorcycle Engine under Varying Climatic
Conditions", Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Vol. III WCE 2011, July 6 - 8, ISBN: 978-988-19251-5-2,
2011, London, U.K.

Abstract: Designing of pavement involves many variables like material, construction methods, loads, environment, and maintenance. Therefore various technical and economic factors must be known to design the pavement and also for its maintenance. But still the problem related to pavement maintenance are yet to be solved which arises due to the dynamic nature of road pavement where materials of these pavement are constantly changing. These materials deteriorate with time and therefore to be maintained in good condition requires substantial expenditure. At present there is a large emphasis on performance aspect of pavement, one such thought has lead to the development of Self Compacting Concrete.SCC is a new kind of High Performance Concrete (HPC) with excellent deformability and segregation resistance. It can flow through and fill the gaps of reinforcement and corner of moulds without any need for vibration and compaction during the placing process. Such concrete accelerates the placement, reduce the labour requirement needed for compaction and finishing.
Keywords: Durability,Pavement detoriation,mix design method.

[1]. Kazim Turk,Sinan caliskan,"Capillary waterabsorption of self compacting concrete under different curing condition",Indian journal of Engineering,Vol.14october2007,365-372.
[2]. S.Bhaskar,Ravinder Gettu,B.H Bharatkumar,"Strenght bond and durability related properties of concrete with mineral admixtures",The Indian concrete journal,february2012,09-15.
[3]. Md.safiudin,J.S West and K.A Soudki,"Durability performance of self
[4]. Compacting concrete",journal of civil engg,1834-1840.
[5]. Pratibha Aggarwal,S.M.Gupta,"Properties of self compacting concrete-An overview"Journal of civil engineering,23-24August2005,Singapore.
[6]. The Europian guidelines by EFNARC for SCC,May2005.