iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of New Public Transportation System in Nagpur City: A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Narendra M.Hatwar ,Prof .V. K. Gajghate
	:	10.9790/1684-11340106

Abstract: This paper regards to impact of new public transportation system NPTS includes public transportation is the most efficient method to solve city transportation solution such as public traffic jam, simultaneously traffic incidents, traffic environment pollution and energy sources deficiency etc. For designing city-bus intelligent system Nagpur city, the main body in ITS (Intelligent Transportation System), we analyzed the complete demand of society, and government, passenger, driver and center of monitoring and management. City-bus control traffic system the evaluations of the travelling time at the connection stop are the main objective of this study. In Nagpur city most public transportation runs to schedules timetable with the most frequent services running to headway. This facilities shift from car traffic towards public transportation, which is safer, cleaner and produces less congestion.
Key word: Public transportation network, Intelligent Transportation system The timed management, schedule of city bus with withdrawal to taken, discrete waiting and travelling times of city.

[1] Johan Holmgren., "Study in Local Public Transportation Demand", Linkoping Studies in Art and Science, 2008.
[2] Margareta Fireman., "Customer Satisfaction in Public Bus Transportation- A study of travel' perception in Indonesia", Karlstad University Spring, 2009.
[3] Jenny Carlson., "Passengers' Valuation of Quality in Public Transportation with Focus on Comfort", Chalmers University of Technology, 2012.
[4] Gee tam Tiara. "Sustainable Transportation Systems Linkage between Environmental Issues, Public Transportation, Non -Motorized Transportation and Safety", Economic and Political Weekly, 1999.
[5] Vatic, V, Urban transits: planning, operation and economics, Wisely, I Madcap, G. Badami.,"An analysis of public bus transits performance in Indian city", Transportation, 2007

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of tool pin profile on mechanical properties of Al6082 and Al6082-Cu composite by friction stir processing
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Vikrant Yadav , Vinay Kumar , Vatsalya Tiwari
	:	10.9790/1684-11340711

Abstract: With the surge of applications incorporating MMCs which provide enhanced mechanical properties, the need of better technologies for fabrication of these materials has attracted lot of work. One of the latest techniques to produce these specialised defect-free materials is Friction Stir Processing (FSP) which is derived from the principles of Friction Stir Welding. In the present study, a metal matrix composite was fabricated by using Al-6082 T651 alloy as the substrate. Copper particles with 37μm particle size were the added reinforcement. Two tool pin profiles; a square profile and a threaded cylindrical profile, were employed to carry out the processing. With each tool pin profile, two specimens; one with reinforcement and one without reinforcement, were processed. The five specimens including the base metal were then critically examined for changes in mechanical properties. Rockwell test for hardness was conducted and tensile properties evaluated using digital UTM.
Keywords : MMC, Aluminium 6082, Tool Pin Profile, Tensile Properties, Hardness, Elongation

[1] R.S Mishra, Z.Y Ma, I Charit, Friction stir processing: a novel technique for fabrication of surface composite, Material Science and Engineering, A 341(2003) 307-310.
[2] R.S. Mishra, M.W. Mahoney, S.X. McFadden, N.A. Mara, A.K. Mukherjee, Scripta Mater 42 (2000) 163.
[3] R.S. Mishra, M.W. Mahoney, Mater. Sci. Forum 357-359 (2001) 507.
[4] Thomas WM et al., Patent Application No. 9125978.8, December 1991.
[5] M.Zohoor, M.K. Besharti Givi, P.Salam, Effect of processing parameters on fabrication of Al-Mg/Cu composites via Firction Stir Processing, Materials and Design 39(2012) 358-365..

[6] S.Soleymani, A.Abdollah-zadeh, S.A.Alidokht, Microstructural and tribological properties of Al5083 based surface hybrid composite produced by FSP, WEAR, 278-279(2012) 41-47.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Synthesis of Al- Sic Composite Prepared By Mechanical Alloying
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Charanjit Singh,Jagteshwar Singh
	:	10.9790/1684-11341217

Abstract: Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) refer to the class of light weighthigh performance aluminium centric material systems. Properties of AMCs can bepersonalized to the demands of special industrial applications by appropriate combinationsof matrix, reinforcement and processing technique. The widespread acceptance of particulate metal matrixcomposites for engineering applications has been hindered by the high cost of producingcomponents. Although several technical challenges exist with casting technology yet it can beused to overcome this problem. Achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcement within thematrix is one such challenge, which affects directly on the properties and quality of compositematerial. In the present reading a modest effort has been made to develop aluminium basedsilicon carbide particulate MMCs with an objective to develop a conventional low cost technique ofproducing MMCs and to obtain homogenous dispersion of ceramic material. To achieve theseobjectives Mechanical alloying method of powder metallurgy has been adopted and consequentproperty analysis has been made. Experiments have been conducted by varyingweight fraction of SiC (4%, 6%, 8% and10%), while keeping all other parametersconstant. Friction and wear characteristics of Al–SiC composites have been investigated under dry sliding conditions. Dry sliding wear tests have been carried out using pin-on-disk wear test rate normal loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N and at constant sliding velocity of 1.6m/s. The results show that the 'developed method' is moderately successful to attain uniformdispersion of reinforcement in the matrix. An increasing trend of hardness with increase in weight percentage of SiC has been observed. It was found from the testing that the wear rate decreases linearly with increasing weight fraction of silicon carbide.
Keywords: AMCs, MMCs, MA, Al, SiC

[1]. Neelima Devi.C, Mahesh.V, Selvaraj.N (2011), "Mechanical characterization of Aluminium silicon carbide composite", International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Dindigul, Volume 1, No 4, ISSN 0976-4259
[2]. C. Suryanarayana, (2001)," Mechanical alloying and milling", Progress in Materials Science 46, 1-184
[3]. M. Kathiresan and T. Sornakumar (2010), "EDM Studies on Aluminum Alloy-Silicon Carbide Composites Developed by Vortex Technique and Pressure Die Casting", Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, No.1, pp.79-88
[4]. M K Surappa (2003), "Aluminium matrix composites: Challenges andOpportunities", SadhanaVol. 28, Parts 1 & 2, February/April, pp. 319–334
[5]. Mark Occhionero, Richard Adams, and Kevin Fennessy, "A New Substate For Electronics Packging: Aluminium-Silicon Carbide (AlSiC) Composites", Proceedings of the Forth Annual Portable by Design Conference, Electronics Design, March 24-27, pp 398-403

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Clay Mineralogy on Plasticity of Lateritic Soils
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	M. Alhassan, A. M. Mustapha, E. Mesaiyete
	:	10.9790/1684-11341821

Abstract: Lateritic soils samples taken from four different locations were subjected to plasticity tests and clay mineralogical analysis using method of X-ray diffraction. The results of the plasticity test of the soils indicate liquid limit values of the soils ranging between 35.00 to 52.30 %. The plasticity index and linear shrinkage of the soils ranges from 15.73 to 24.70 % and 8.21 to 16.64 % respectively. The clay mineralogy results show three of the soil samples, having lower plasticity values, consisting of mostly kaolinite as clay mineral, while the soil having relatively higher plasticity value (liquid limit of 52.30 %, plasticity index of 24.70 % and linear shrinkage of 16.64 %), shows presence of a mineral of the chlorite group as the dominant clay mineral. This shows that the relatively lower and higher water affinity of kaolinite and chlorite respectively, present in this soils were responsible for the recorded plasticity values.
Keywords: Clay mineral, Lateritic soil, Plasticity, X-ray diffraction.

[1] M. D. Gidigasu, Laterite Soil Engineering: Pedogenesis and Engineering Principles, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1976.
[2] A. M. Mustapha, R. Jibrin, N. M. Etsuworo, and M. Alhassan, Stabilization of A-6 Lateritic Soil using Cold Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), 2014, vol. 4 No. 1, 52-57.
[3] Carter, M. and Bentley, S. Correlation of Soil Properties, Pentech Press Publishers, London, 1991, 3–4.
[4] S. Tembe, D. A. Lockner and T. F. Wong, Effect of Clay Content and Mineralogy on Frictional Sliding Behavior of Simulated Gouges: Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Quartz, Illite, and Montmorillonite, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115, B03416.
[5] A. T. Sudjianto, K. B. Suryolelono, A. Rifa'I and I. B. Mochtarb, The Effect of Variation of Plasticity Index and Activity in Swelling of Expansive Soil, International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2011, 11(6), 142–148.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Role, Services of Project Management Consultancy in Construction Projects & the Audit Process
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Atul R Nikumbh , Dr. S.S. Pimplikar
	:	10.9790/1684-11342231

Abstract: To Manage the various kind of construction projects requires an know-how with organizations and a thorough body of knowledge. The project Management consultancy has characteristic of Knowledge, Performance & Inter-personal Skills. The purpose of this paper is to provide the analysis or breakdown of various services &Role of Project Management Consultancy and study the Problems faced by PMC for executing the project. Project Management Consultancy have versatile role in various construction projects and provides the various services from Initiation to Handing over of projects. The customer / client's requirements is very essential during the project life cycle and all is looking after by Project Management consultancy during their services Project Management Consultancy (PMC) provides one of the helpful management solution to enhance and growth the efficiency and outcome of a project in construction. A research is carried out to study the Role, Services and Operating Processes provided by the Project Management Consultancy (PMC) in construction projects, identify the methods of selection of the Project Management Consultancy by the clients, to identify the problems faced by Project Management Consultancy's in project implementation, and to determine the level of Importance & satisfaction regarding the services provided by the Project Management Consultancy with respective all stakeholders viz Client, Consultant, contractors, etc.
Keywords: Importance & Satisfaction of PMC's Services, Knowledge, Project Management Consultancy (PMC), Role &Services of PMC, Standard Operating Processes.

[1] Cheung, S.-O.; Suen, H. C. H.; Cheung, K. K. W. 2004. PPMS: a Web-based construction project performance monitoring system, Automation in Construction 13: 361–376. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2003.12.001.
[2] Dr. Dimitrios P. Kamsaris, Professor of Organizational Behavior,StefanosKougoulos, Doctorate Candidate, Project Management UGSM, Switzerland,Construction project management and the effects of project team cohesion-PM World Journal Construction Project Management andVol. I - Issue I - August 2012
[3] E.WilliamEast,AmrHassanein,johnmelin, Evaluating factors that affect construction project duration, USACERL technical report FF-92/09 sept 1992.
[4] Foxhall, W. (1976). Professional construction Management and project administration. New York: Architectural Record and the American Institute of Architects.
[5] K KChitkara,(2000):Construction Project Management, Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Review of Critical Analysis of Frame Building Structure by Wind Force
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sandeep Tembhurkar, Dr.Valsson Varghese
	:	10.9790/1684-11343238

Abstract: This paper presents a study of wind loads to decide the design critical parameter of a multistoried building. The significant of this work is to estimate the design loads estimate based on the basic wind speed and other factors of a structure.
In the present study, review of paper in used is the critical analysis of frame structure is made, to valued in study a multistoried building is analyzed for wind loads using IS 875 code. The wind loads are estimated based on the design wind speed of that zone .The wind loads so obtained on the building have been compared for different building. Finally it is found the wind loads are more critical in bending moment, shear force and displacement.
Key words: Critical analysis, Zone factor, wind loads, earthquake loads, design loads, high rise buildings

[1]. Wind Load Effects And Equivalent Static Wind Load Of Tall Building Based On Synchronous Pressure Measurements‖- By Guoquing Huang , Xinzhong Chen, Wind Science And Engineering Research Center, Department Of Civil And Environmental Engineering,Texas Tech University,Lubbock TX 79409.USA.
[2]. A Comparative Study Of Wind Standards For Tall Buildings‖ and ―Strategies For Adopting New Trends In Wind Load EvaluationOn Structures‖–By A.U.Weerasuriya and M.T.R.Jjayshinghe
[3]. Comparative Inter-Laboratory Study of Wind Loading on Low Industrial Buildings‖ By-Bogusz Bienkiewicz1, Munehito Endo1, Joseph A. Main2, and William P. Fritz.
[4]. Wind Engineering and Fluids Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1320, USA ―Analysis and Design of a 47-story Reinforced Concrete Structure -Futian Shangri-La Hotel Tower‖ ByDennis C.K. Poon P.E., Managing Principal, Thornton Tomasetti.
[5]. Wind Load For High-rise Building Construction In Shrilanka‖by- M.D.Wijeratne And M.T.R.Jayasinghe

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Modelling and Analysis of Composite as an Alternative Material for Leaf Spring
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Smita C. Saddu , Vikas V. Shinde
	:	10.9790/1684-11343944

Abstract: Weight reduction is now day's main issue in the automobile industry. Reducing weight while increasing or maintaining strength of product is getting to be highly important. The automobile industry has shown increasing interest in the replacement of steel spring with composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. Modern composites using unidirectional fiber-reinforced matrices of various types have created a revolution in high-performance structures in recent years. A current leaf spring is made up of a steel material which is having high weight, low natural frequency, high corrosion, more noise and the property of material is changing when the load is acting. Therefore current multiple leaf spring needs to be replaced by composite material leaf spring. Advanced composite materials offer significant advantages in strength, stiffness, high natural frequency and light weight relative to conventional metallic materials. This paper describes the analysis of steel and composite material leaf spring. Then these results are compared with that of the experimental results.
Keywords: Leaf spring, Steel, Composite material, Constant cross-section design, FEA, Modelling, Testing

[1] Mahmud M. Shokrieh , Davood Rezaei,; Analysis and optimization of a composite leaf spring, Composite Structures 2003(60), pp. 317–325.
[2] Pankaj Saini, Ashish Goel, Dushyant Kumar;, Design and analysis of composite leaf spring for light vehicles, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2013(02),pp. 1-10.
[3] M.Venkatesan, D.Helmen Devaraj,; Design and analysis of composite leaf spring in light vehicle, International Joural of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER, 2012(02), pp. 213-218.
[4] B.Vijaya Lakshmi, Satyanarayana,; Static and dynamic analysis on composite leaf spring in heavy vehicle, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, 2012(2), pp80-84.
[5] Shao-yun fu, bernd lauke,; Effects of fiber length and fiber orientation distributions on the tensile strength of short-fiber-reinforced polymers, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Composites Science and Technology, 1996(56) pp. 1179-1190.
[6] Gulur Siddaramanna, Shiva Shankar, Sambagam Vijayarangan.; Mono Composite Leaf Spring for Light Weight Vehicle – Design,End Joint Analysis and Testing, Materials Science, 2006(12), pp. 220-225..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Modal Analysis of Nanoparticles Reinforced Natural Rubber
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ramzan Muhammad, Bimlesh Kumar, Atul Chaskar
	:	10.9790/1684-11344552

Abstract: The voids in microstructural network of rubber favors the reinforcement of micro and nanosized fillers with a wide range of physical and mechanical properties. This phenomenon of nanofiller reinforcement opens a new horizon for researchers with a tremendous scope to design and investigate nanocomposite materials especially for energy storage, shock absorbing and vibration damping applications. In this study the possibilities of designing a new nanocomposite vibration damper is investigated through the mode of reinforcement of alumina-zirconia (Al2O3-ZrO2) hybrid nanocomposite particles in natural rubber (NR). TEM images of nanoparticles indicate clearly the particle size and reinforcement of ZrO2 in Al2O3 matrix and SEM images of nanocomposite NR shows the surface morphology and entanglement of elastomeric chains. Finite element method is applied to validate the results and it was recorded that the free vibration amplitude decay time is reduced by 25% alongwith excellent 260% enhancement in storage modulus with 15% filler concentration. A sensitivity analysis is carried out for the improvement in storage modulus of nanocomposite rubber as a function of nanofiller concentration.
Keywords: Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Loss Factor, Nano composites, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Vibration Damping

[1] R.J. Schaefer, C.M. Harris and A.G. Piersol (Ed.), Harris' shock and vibration handbook 5 (New York: McGraw-Hill Handbooks, 2002).

[2] M. Hernández, M.M. Bernal, R. Verdejo, T.A. Ezquerra and M.A. López-Manchado, Overall performance of natural rubber /graphene nanocomposites, Composites Science and Technology, 73, 2012, 40-46.

[3] Q.X. Jia, Y.P. Wu, Y.Q. Wang, M. Lu and L.Q. Zhang, Enhanced interfacial interaction of rubber/ clay nanocomposites by a novel two-step method, Composites Science and Technology, 68(3–4), 2008, 1050-1056.
[4] R. Schuster, Filler reinforcement. In: Educational Symposia, IRC '03, Nürnberg, Germany, 2003.
[5] S.H. Avner, Introduction to physical metallurgy (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 1997).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	High Strength Hot Rolled Steel Sheet for Automobile – A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nitesh Kumar, Anjani Kumar Singh, Ajit kumar, Sushil patel
	:	10.9790/1684-11345366

Abstract: Large weight reduction by application of high strength steels to underbody parts can be expected since relatively thick sheets are now adopted. In several different approaches to improve press formability of high strength hot rolled steels are explained. The basic concept of mechanical property control and the performances of a couple of high strength hot rolled steels. The fatigue strength of the steel sheet with scale increases with the decrease in the roughness of the steel sheet surface. The fatigue strength of the sheared edge deteriorates with the increase in the fractured plane roughness of the sheared edge. In case of the microstructure consisting of pearlite and coarse carbides, these phases increase the fractured plane roughness through the connection of the micro-voids arising around them. Accordingly, the reduction of these phases is significant for improving the fatigue strength. Based on these findings, three types of the 780MPa grade high strength hot rolled steel sheet for truck frame use have been developed.
Keywords : Hot rolled steel sheet, microstructures, and mechanical tests

[1] Corrosion and Mechanical Properties Study of Car Steel Sheet Ahmad Basyir Bin Sadan 06 December 2010.
[2] Manabu Takahashi Technical Report No. 88 July 2003udc 699. 14. 018. 295 - 415: 629 . 11. 011
[3] Mizui, N.: Ferrum. 4(12), 856(1999)
[4] Manabu Takahashi, Osamu Kawano, TerukiHayashida, Riki Okamoto Hirokazu Taniguchi Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 88 July 2003,Udc 669. 14. 018. 295 - 415 : 629 . 11. 011.
[5] YoshimasaFunakaw), Tsuyoshi Shiozaki, Isij International, Vol. 44 (2004), No. 11, Pp. 1945–1951

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Wind Effects on Isolated Buildings with Different Sizes through CFD Simulation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Er.Ankit Mahajan, Er. Puneet Sharma, Er. Ismit Pal Singh
	:	10.9790/1684-11346772

Abstract: Calculation of wind load is necessary for design of tall buildings, usually wind load is calculated with the help of wind codes or wind tunnel testing. As with technological advancement it is now possible to simulate wind tunnel environment in computers with the help of software like ANSYS which is quite cheaper as compared to costly wind tunnel experiments In this study we carried out the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) experiment of wind tunnel flow. Validation of the CFD Simulation of wind tunnel simulation through the comparison of the available results of experimental work carried out. In this study the three different models have been considered. Setup 1 consists of the isolated building of size 50X50X300mm, Setup 2 consists of the isolated building of size 75X75X300 mm and compares it with step 1. Setup 3 consists of the isolated building of size 100X100X300 mm and compare with step1 and step 2. Wind incidence angle is varied from 00 to 900 with 150 variation. After computational study for setup 1 it is observed that for 00 wind incidence angle for isolated building model the values of the coefficients from CFD is close to those specified in ASCE 7-02 and AS/NZS 1170.2. On comparison with IS 875 (part 3) it is observed that for front face and side face of the building the values obtained are in close agreement. But for back face there is large variation when compared. After comparison of all three setup it is observed that for face A and face B there is not any significant variation between all three setups. For face C setup 3 gives most severe suction at 600 as compared to the other two whereas for face D setup 2 gives most severe suction value at 450.
Keywords: wind load, wind tunnel, ANSYS 13.1, fluent,meshes

[1]. Ansys tutorial manuals
[2]. American National standard ANSI: A58, 1982
[3]. Blocken B., Stathopoulos T. and Carmeliet J. (2007b), ―CFD evaluation of wind speed conditions in passages between parallel buildings—effect of wall-function roughness modifications for the atmospheric boundary layer flow‖, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95, pp. 941-962
[4]. Blocken B., Stathopoulos T., Saathoff P. and Wang X. (2008), ―Numerical evaluation of pollutant dispersion in the built environment: Comparisons between models and experiments‖, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96, pp. 1817-1831.
[5]. Beneke D.L., Kwol K.C.S., Aerodynamic effect of wind induced torsion on tall buildings

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Loss in Productivity in Relation with Delay Analysis in Building Construction Projects
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Er. Varma Santosh, Prof. Emeritus. M. R. Apte
	:	10.9790/1684-11347380

Abstract: Schedule delays commonly occur in construction projects and often result in delay and low productivity. Several studies have proposed different schedule delay analysis methodologies. By using as-planned and as-built schedules most studies have concentrated on calculating and identifying the delay events on project but have neglected the low productivity. Loss in productivity, which is a primary cause of schedule delays, entails the completion of work at less than the planned rate of production; it is usually experienced by contractors. To solve analysis problem of schedule delays associated with loss in productivity. This study proposes a delay analysis that integrates a loss in productivity by window analysis method which primarily calculates the schedule variance between the as-planned and as-built schedules to identify the schedule impact and loss in productivity.
Key words: Loss in Productivity, Construction project, Delay analysis

[1]. AACE (2004). Estimating Loss labor productivity in construction claims, AACE International Recommended Practice No. 25R-03, Morgantown.
[2]. Arditi, D. and Pattanakitchamroon, T. (2008). "Analysis methods in time-based claims." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 134, No. 4, pp. 242-252.
[3]. Baki, M. (1999). "Delay claims management in construction-a step-bystep approach." Cost Engineering, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 36-38.
[4]. Bordoli, D. W. and Baldwin, A. N. (1998). "A methodology for assessing construction project delays." Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 327-337.
[5]. Braimah, N. and Ndekugri, I. (2008). "Factors influencing the selection of delay analysis methodologies." International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 789-799.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The use of Canal lining available materials and its comparative study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Pradeep Sahu, A. K.Saxena, Dr. M. K.Travadi
	:	10.9790/1684-11348186

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to produce a comparative study of irrigation canal lining by the use of excising materials. This study reveals why irrigation canals lining and describes a number of various lining and there analysis. Requirement of line should be supported an analysis like water conservation, cut backed water work and suitable method of excavation ,lower operation and maintenance, structural safety and long life. There are various materials which are adopting concrete lining, mineral lining, brick lining, asphaltic lining, and geo membranes lining. However in our country as per environmental condition mostly tile and cement concrete lining are popular. These kind of lining such as long life or effective in price and most satisfactory for all kind of locations. Life cycle cost of lining for financial assessment, Cut back maintenance and operation price of canal is also effectively studied.
Keyword: Reduce damage, highly saving in water, Increases efficiency of water, Reduce cost.

[1]. Dr. B.L.Deopura did his doctorate from IIT Kanpur. He joined IIT Delhi as a faculty in 1974. He spent about a year at University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1979 and also at US Air Force Materials Laboratory, Dayton Ohio in 1985. He has to his credit a large number of publications, conference presentations and chapters in books. His contributions on developments of water lining material are of major significance, with a major impact on water conservation.
[2]. B. R. Chahar, Asso Professor, Dept of Civil Engg, IIT Delhi. Earned PhD degree on "Optimal Design ofChannel Sections considering Seepage and Evaporation Losses" from IIT Roorkee and MTech degree in Water Resources Engg from IIT Kharagpur. His current areas of research include Seepage, Subsurface drainage,Urban drainage, Groundwater modeling, Channel design and Numerical methods. He is recipient of several
[3]. GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING OF PARALLEL CANALS -Central Water Commission Ministry of Water Resources Government of India.
[4]. Dr.M.R.Kabir- Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka. Department Of The Interior Bureau Of Reclamation office of chief engineer denver, colorado canals and related structure Irrigation Engineering Principles( CE IIT, Kharagpur ) - Canal Systems for Major and Medium Irrigation Schemes.
[5]. Syed Zafar Syed Muzaffar, S.L. Atmapoojya, D.K. Agarwal, 2012, vol.2 issue 1, "Minimum Lining Cost of Trapezoidal Round Cornered Section Canal" International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology" (IJAET) pp 433-436.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Parametric Optimization of Belt Conveyor Supporting Structure Using FEA-DOE Hybrid Modeling
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Parth Patel, Hiren Prajapati, Sunil Prajapati
	:	10.9790/1684-11348793

Abstract: The supporting structure use in track mounted convoyer. It should be rigid enough to withstand the vibration and other stresses. Along with strength, an important consideration in structure design is to have adequate bending. The main objective of the research is to obtain the minimum weight of supporting structure. The structure model is to be developed in Solid works 2012 and analyzed using Ansys14.5. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the probable models are too many. So, to select optimum parameters among them large no of modeling and analysis work is involved which consumes more time. To overcome this problem TAGUCHI method along with FEA is use. The weight reduction of the side bar is achieved by changing the Parameters using orthogonal array. Then FEA is performed on those models to get the best solution. This method can save material used, production cost and time.
Keywords : Parametric optimization, belt conveyor supporting structure, FE analysis, FEA-DOE hybrid modeling, Weight reduction

[1] Tushar M. Patel, Dr. M. G. Bhatt , Harshad K. Patel Parametric Optimization of Eicher 11.10 Chassis Frame for Weight Reduction Using FEA-DOE Hybrid Modeling IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 6, Issue 2 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 92-100
[2] Bappa Acherjee, Arunanshu S. Kuar, Souren Mitra, Dipten Misra, Modeling of laser transmission contour welding process using FEA and DoE, Optics & Laser Technology 44-5, 2012 1281-1289

[3] PSG Design Data Book for Standard Data (Kalaikathir Achchagam, Coimbatore2004).

[4] Brian J. Auer, Size and shape optimization of frame and truss structures through evolutionary methods, University of Idaho, 2005

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effects of Electric Pulse Modification on Eutectic Al-12.6%Si alloy
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Aliyu Mohammed Aliyu, QI Jin-Gang, LI Yang, Zuofu Zhao, S. A Tukur
	:	10.9790/1684-11349498

Abstract: Al-Si alloy at eutectic region as the research object, Electric pulse modification (EPM) were used to achieve simultaneous refinement and modification of eutectic silicon phase, in order to analyze the mechanism of electrical pulse modification to the alloy and analyzed how the EPM affects the solidification structure and the corresponding properties. We get the conclusion by observing the microstructure of the sample, measuring the hardness, calculating the volume fraction and the average size of primary silicon at different pulse frequency and voltage. By using this process the particle size of primary silicon was reduced from 50 μm to a range of 5-20μm and the shape changes from acicular to fine fiber when compared with the conventional casting process. Also, the result of mechanical test showed that the hardness increase from 105HV-156HV with the change in pulse voltage at 700V peak value it therefore increased with 49% and at 1000V decline to 144HV with increased by 37% with homogeneous distribution of eutectic silicon.
Key words: electric pulse modification; Al-Si alloy; microstructures; primary Silicon phase;

[1] L. Wang, M. Makhlouf, D. Apelian, Int. J. Mater. Rev. 40 (1995) 221-238.
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[6] Feng H K, Yu S R, Li Y L and Gong L Y 2008 J. Mater. Process. Tech. 208 330-5

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Chloride-Contaminated Water on the Compressive Strength of Plain Concrete
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	S. O. Ojoawo, A.M. Oladejo ,O. S Olaniyan
	:	10.9790/1684-113499108

Abstract: The occurrence of pollution of water for mixing the other constituents of concrete has been on increase in saline areas this century. This research work investigates the effects of water contaminated with chloride salts on the compressive strength of concrete.
The mix ratio of 1:2:4 was employed for the concrete cubes (150mm x 150mm x 150mm), the batching of which was by volume. However, the distilled water for the concrete mix was polluted with varying concentrations of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) which ranges from 0mg of the salt/litre of water (the control) to 500mg of salt/litre of water at an interval of 100mg/litre. After curing, the compressive strength tests were carried out on the concrete at 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. Findings revealed that for 0mg of salt/litre, the initial strength was retarded in the first 7days, uniformly progresses through 28days until the 56th day. For the contamination of 100mg/litre, the trend of concrete strength is similar to the control. As the quantity of contaminated salt increases after this stage, the compressive strength generally decreases. It was further observed that the contamination effects were not pronounced on the strength within the first 7 days. Fresh concrete with higher salt concentrations (exceeding 200mg/litre) however has elongated setting times. The respective 56-day compressive strengths found for the 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500mg of salt /l of water were: 37.12, 37.15, 23.00, 24.68, 24.50, 24.30 N/mm2. The study therefore concludes that the contamination effects of chloride salt on the compressive strength of concrete worsen with concrete age and thus should be prevented at all cost. The use of water free of impurities is hereby recommended in concrete mixing.
Keywords: Contamination, Chloride, Compressive Strength, Concrete, Solution

[1] Oyenuga, V., 'Reinforced Concrete Design'. ASROS Ltd, 2005, pp 4-6.
[2] Wikipedia, 'Salt water and concrete', 2005.
[3] Taylor, H.F.W 'Chemistry of Cements' Vol. 1 Academic Press UK and USA, 1964.
[4] British Standard, 'Seawater and Concrete', 1970.
[5] Neville A.M. and Brooks J.J., 'Concrete Technology'. 2nd Edition, 1997, pp 54.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Functional Correlations between Compaction Characteristics, Un-drained Shear Strength and Atterberg Limits
Country	:	India
Authors	:	N. Vijayakumar Raju , M. Srimurali , K. Nagendra Prasad
	:	10.9790/1684-1134109115

Abstract: Undrained shear strength is one of the useful parameters in order to take engineering decisions. Most often the bearing capacity is estimated based on undrained shear strength to make conservative estimates. Some laboratory tests needed to obtain these values are expensive and time consuming, while soil properties like moisture content and Atterberg limits can be performed faster and cheaper. Many empirical formulae are available to estimate the undrained shear strength for fine grained soils like clay or silt. Determining of undrained shear strength and compressibility parameters in laboratory are really tedious and time consuming. Therefore, a correlation between undrained shear strength and Atterberg limits is useful for restraint of testing number and costs. However, a limited effort is made to understand whether such a relationship is possible in case of soils of Tirupati region of Andhra Pradesh. It is noticed that the there exists a definite relationship between modified plasticity index and undrained shear strength.
Key words: regional soils, Atterberg limits , functional relationships, compaction characteristics, undrained shear strength

[1]. Fernando A. M. Marinho , Orlando M. Oliveira ( 2011) ´ Unconfined shear strength of compacted unsaturated plastic soils ´
Proceedings of the ICE - Geotechnical Engineering, Volume 165, Issue 2, September 2011 pages 97 –106.
[2]. Kayabali, Kamil; Tufenkci, Osman Oguz (2010)´ Shear strength of remolded soils at consistency limits ´, Canadian Geotechnical
Journal;Mar2010, Vol. 47 Issue 3, p259
[3]. Nagaraj,H.B.,Sridharan,A, Mallikarjuna,H.M. (2012) ´Reexamination of Undrained Strength at Atterberg Limitswater
contents´,Geotch Geol Engg(2012),30 727-736
[4]. Neelu Das, Binu Sarma, Shashikant Singh and Bidyut Bikash Sutradhar (2013) ´ Comparison In Undrained Shear Strength
Between Low And High Liquid Limit Soils´, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue
1,1-6.
[5]. Sharma, B. and Bora, P. (2003). "Plastic Limit, Liquid Limit and Undrained Shear Strength of Soil—Reappraisal." J. Geotech.
Geoenviron. Eng., 129(8), 774–777.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of change in material composition due to machining
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rahul Chadhokar , Ashok Atulker
	:	10.9790/1684-1134116119

Abstract: In fact it is, no doubt watched that while machining when chips shaping happen high measure of hotness is created because of shearing movement of chips and the contact demonstrations between chip surface and workpiece surface and in addition it assume its part on instrument surface and chip surface. Because of high bring up in temperature, blazing of carbon particles happen hence the synthesis of carbon substance of workpiece surface and chips shifts which is reflected by the different colors of chips. In this paper the study have been carried out for figuring the change in carbon content because due to different depth of cut during machining.

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[2]. Ajiboye, Tajudeen kolawole, Determination of cutting force and temperature change in heat treated mediam carbon steel during lathe turning process.
[3]. Sudhansu Ranjan Das, Amaresh Kumar, and Debabrata Dhupal, Effect of machining parameters on surface roughness in machining of hardned AISI 4340 steel using coated carbide inserts, International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies ISSN 2028-9324 Vol. 2 No. 4 Apr. 2013, pp. 445-453.
[4]. Hasan Gökkaya, the Effects of Machining Parameters on Cutting Forces, Surface Roughness, Built-Up Edge (BUE) and Built-Up Layer (BUL) During Machining AA2014 (T4) Alloy, Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 56(2010)9, 584-593.
[5]. D. Poirier, E.W. Grandmaison, M.D. Matovic, K.R. Barnes and B.D. Nelson, High Temperature Oxidation of Steel in an Oxygen-enriched Low NOX Furnace Environment, IFRF Combustion Journal Article Number 200602, September 2006 ISSN 1562-479X.
[6]. Michael D. Lanyi, Discussion on Steel Burning in Oxygen, Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Ninth Volume, ASTM STP 1395.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Biomechanical Analysis of Different Knee Prosthesis Biomaterials Using Fem
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Saurabh samadhiya , Amit Yadav , Dr. B.R Rawal
	:	10.9790/1684-1134120128

Abstract: Metal alloys have been the materials of choice since the start of orthopedic surgery. Orthopedic materials must fulfill the mechanical, biological and physical necessities of their proposed utilization. Knee joint is the most complex joint in human body gets the discriminating loads in different moving conditions. Accordingly the material utilized for knee implant assumes exceptionally essential part for long survival of knee prosthesis. The materials that are utilized as biomaterials incorporate polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Out of those materials cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, stainless steel and Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene are most usually utilized biomaterials for knee implants. The objective of this paper is to prepare 3D CAD model of prosthetic knee joint from available literature and study the distribution of von-mises stresses, contact pressure, total deformation and in the same by assigning it the different combination of biomaterials for femoral and tibial components. 3D modeling software PRO ENGINEER 5.0 is used for 3D modeling of knee implant and finite element analysis software ANSYS 12.0 is used for numerical estimation of von-mises stresses and contact pressure. The aim is to find out the FEM results considering different flexion angles of knee joint for different biomaterials compare the results and find out the best biomaterial for knee implant design for total knee replacement.
Keywords: Biomaterials, FEA (Finite Element Analysis), prosthesis, TKR (Total knee replacement), UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene), von-misses stress.

[1] Dr. B. Ravi, Sandip Anasane, Anshul Pandey, Kapil Kumar Rathi, Nirmal Panda, "Total Knee Prosthesis: Design, Manufacture, and Testing", team tech 2007.
[2] Anurag Soni, Anoop Chawla, Sudipto Mukherjee "Effect of muscle contraction on knee loading for a standing pedestrian in lateral
Impacts" of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Paper Number 07-0458.
[3] G Mallesh et al "Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of Prosthetic Knee Joint‟ International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering ISSN 2250-2459, Vol. 2, Issue 8, 2012.
[4] JOON PARK, Bioceramics properties characterizations and applications ISBN 978-0-387-09544-8, Springer Science, Business Media LLC, 2008.
[5] M. A. Kumbhalkar, Umesh Nawghare, Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of Knee Prosthesis with and without Implant, universal Journal of Computational Mathematics 1(2), 2013: 56-66.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Optimal Polypropylene Fiber Content for Improved Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Anthony Nkem Ede, AbimbolaOluwabambi Ige
	:	10.9790/1684-1134129135

Abstract: Worldwide, concrete is a very important construction material, impacting heavily on Gross Domestic Products of many nations: a $30 billion business for ready- mix concrete production industry per year in the United States and a cement consumption rate of about 106kg per person in Nigeria. It is therefore imperative that this important material in the world construction industry must also be endued with the best possible properties. The principles on which reinforced concrete structural designs were based hangs on quality concrete material used in conjunction with quality steel or reinforcing material. However, in Nigeria, the reinforcement steel commonly used is of poor qualities as recent researches have shown that over 40% of 12 mm and 16 mm used within Lagos in 2010 failed the 460N/mm2 yield strength bench mark of BS8110 of 1997. The employment of micro fibers in the concrete will improve the strength and compensate for the apparently declining strength of Nigerian reinforced concrete building constructions and will also improve the strength of the non-reinforced concrete-sand crate block buildings. This research studies the effects of micro synthetic polypropylene fiber in improving concrete strength with the main focus of identifying the optimal quantity for improved compressive and flexural strengths of concrete. Destructive and non-destructive compressive strength tests and destructive flexural strength tests were carried out on the samples built with 0.25%, 0.5% 0.75% and 1% contents of polypropylene fibers alongside a control samples after 7, 14, 21 28 days of curing. The optimal percentage of polypropylene fiber that produced improved compressive and flexural strengths were found to lie within 0.25% and 0.5%.
Keyword: Concrete, Polypropylene Fiber, Destructive Test, Non Destructive Tests, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength

[1]. Anthony Nkem Ede and Joshua OmoruyiOkundaye, Appraisal of Timber as Structural Members for Residential Buildings in Nigeria, International Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol:14 No:01 108 2014.
[2]. Anthony Nkem Ede,Samuel Olusegun Adebayo1, Emmanuel Ikechukwu Ugwu1 and ChidoziePraiseGodEmenike, Life Cycle Building Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Using Concrete or Timber to Construct a Duplex Residential, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. I 2014.
[3]. ACI committee 544 Report. American Concrete Institute State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete, reported by the ACI Committee 544, ACI 544.1R-96, reapproved 2002.
[4]. Richardson, A.E., and Landless, S., (2009). Synthetic fibers and steel fibers in concrete with regard to bond strength and toughness. North Umbria Working Paper Series: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Built and Virtual Environment, December 2009, pp. 128-140.
[5]. Nataraja, M. C., Dhang, N., and Gupta, A. P. "Stress–strain curves for steel-fiber reinforced concrete under compression." CementConcrete Composite, vol. 21, issue 5–6, December 1999, p. 383–390.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Finite Element Analysis Of Metallic And Non Metallic Spur Gear
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mahebub Vohra, Prof. Kevin Vyas
	:	10.9790/1684-1134136145

Abstract: Gears are the very useful components in mechanical power transmission system and industrial rotating machinery. A spur gear generally subjected to two types of stresses like bending stresses and contact stresses which are causes teeth failure during meshing with another tooth. Gears are generally made from metallic materials but recently advanced polymers were developed which have sufficient strength and properties similar to the metallic materials so they can easily replace the metallic gears if some care will be taken. Nylon, polycarbonate, acetlas and delrin are the structure polymer materials used in printing and robotics mechanism with good functionality but polymers gears are not used in heavy loading type application. Especially polymer gear gives extra benefits compared to metallic gears like less noise-vibration, low requirement of maintenance-lubrication, low cost and easy manufacturing. This paper presents the design optimization methodology step by step using a static finite element method.
Keywords: Metallic and non metallic material, bending stress, static finite element analysis, facewidth, module, composite material

[1] V. Siva Prasad1, Syed AltafHussain, V.Pandurangadu, K.PalaniKumar, ―Modeling and Analysis of Spur Gear for Sugarcane Juice Machine under Static Load Condition by Using FEA‖.Vol.2, Issue.4, July-Aug 2012 pp-2862-2866
[2] K Biernacki* and J Stryczek ―Analysis of stress and deformation in plasticgears used in gerotor pumps.21 December 2009
[3] Dr. van Melick, ―Tooth-bending effects in plastic gears. September/octomber 2007.
[4] Raymond M. Paquet, Plastic gearing technology,inc. ― systematic approach to designing plastic spur and helical geras. November/Decemeber1989,gear technology-the journal of gear manufacturing.
[5] Gun-Hee Kim, Jeong-Won Lee,and Tae-Il Seo, ―Durability Characteristics Analysis of Plastic Worm Wheel withGlass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide‖Materials 2013.