iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: An image quality assessment method was developed using spiking neural network and support vector machines (SVM) with the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and root mean square error(RMSE) used to describe image quality. The neural network was used to obtain the mapping functions between the objective quality assessment indexes and subjective quality assessment. The SVM was used to classify the images into different types which were accessed using different mapping functions. The number of isolated points in the correlations of the image subjective and objective quality assessments was reduced by this method. Simulation results show that the method accurately accesses image quality.
Index Terms: image quality assessment; neural network; isolated points; PSNR;RMSE.

[1]. ITU-R Recommendation BT. 500-10 (2000). Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of the television pictures. 2000.
[2]. Vapnik V N. An overview of statistical learning theory. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1999, 10(5): 988-999.
[3]. Li Guiling, Wang Nannan, Zhang Qiang. Study of moving image quality evaluation base on MPEG-2 system. Journal of Tianjin University, 2001, 34(5): 573-576. (in Chinese)

[4]. Wolfgang Maass. Networks of spiking neurons: The third generation of neural network models. Neural Networks, 10(9):1659 { 1671, 1997.
[5]. Sander M. Bohte, Joost N. Kok, and Han La Poutre. Error back-propagation in temporally encoded networks of spiking neurons. Neuro Computing, 48:17–37, 2002

Abstract: In this paper, proposed a joint estimation of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and Channel Distortion for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system using training sequences. Since the main objective of maximizing the sum of rates of all the nodes in the network can lead to a severe bias in rate allocation among the nodes. An important technique for an OFDM system is IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) which is used for modulation and demodulation of OFDM systems. Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) acquisition algorithm and Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) tracking algorithm are proposed to improve the estimation accuracy of MIMO OFDM system. The proposed estimation method requires at least one OFDM training block for estimation and training symbols should be random Joint Estimation of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and Channel Distortion Using Two Repeated Training Sequences m. If the OFDM training block consists of two repeated sequences, a low complexity two step approach used to solve any one of the two problems and important insights can be obtained by Inferring duality results for the other problem.
Keywords: Carrier-frequency offset (CFO), channel estimation, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

[1]. P. H. Moose, ―A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction", IEEE Trans.Commun.,vol.
42, no. 10, pp. 2908-2914, Oct. 2010.
[2]. Alert van Zelst and Tim C.W.Schenk, ―Implementation of aMIMO OFDM-based Wireless LAN system", IEEE Trans.Signal
Processing, vol. 52, No. 2, pp.483-494, Feb. 2004.
[3]. Y.-H. Chung and S.-M. Phoong, ―Joint estimation of I/Qimbalance, CFO and channel response for MIMO OFDM systems‖IEEE
Trans. Commun., vol.58, no.5, pp.1485-1492,May 2010.
[4]. A. J. Paulraj, D. A. Gore, R. U. Nabar and H. Bolcskei, ―AnOverview of MIMO Communications - A Key to Gigabit Wireless,‖
Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 92, pp. 198-218, February2004.
[5]. X. Ma, H. Kobayashi and S. C. Schwartz, ―Joint frequency offset and channel estimation for OFDM," of Global Telecommun.
Conf., pp. 15-19, Dec. 2003.

Abstract: VLSI Circuit Design is a significant subject for instance like adders and multipliers for the implementation of a various of logic and arithmetic functions likes of basic circuit approach and topology. Full adders like digital signal processors (DSP) architectures and microprocessors are vital elements in the application. Apart from that, the adding of two numbers is main assignment. it's key that determines the overall speed of the critical path lies in the vast majority of these systems like subtraction, multiplication , division , address calculation system as participate in many other activities . So the 1 -bit full adder cells (connective building blocks) is an essential objective of attractive performance. This paper show relative study of highspeed,low-power and low voltage full adder circuits. Our aim is to compare different XOR - XNOR full adder based circuit to and designs a high efficiency adder. We have studied 27 different combinations of adders and studied noise, average power, the ability to delay, utilization of space in 45nm technology.
Keywords: CMOS, XOR-XNOR circuit, SERF, TG, TFA, MUX, and CPL.

[1] Uming Ko, Poras T. Balsara and Wai Lee, (1995) "Low-Power Design Techniques for High- Performance CMOS adders," IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 327-333.
[2] A. Parameswar, H. Hara and T. Sakurai, (1996) "A swing restored pass-transistor logic-based multiply and accumulate circuit for multimedia applications," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 804–809.
[3] K. Yano, Y. Sasaki, K. Rikino and K. Seki, (1996) "Top-down pass-transistor logic design," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31,No. 6, pp. 792–803.
[4] Reto Zimmermann and Wolfgang Fichtner, (1997) "Low-power Logic Styles: CMOS versus pass transistor logic," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 1079-1090.
[5] Ahmed M. Shams, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, (2000) "A Novel High- Performance CMOS 1-Bit Full- Adder Cell," IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems. II, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 478–481.

Abstract: The Recognition of objects is considered as difficult one in Image Processing. It includes recognition of face, iris, cars, airplanes, etc. For object recognition, many neural networks have been proposed. But these neural network methods have high computational complexity which require more computation time. Hierarchical Model and X model (HMAX model) is a biologically based model which is used to improve all complexities in the object recognition. This HMAX model need less number of training examples and it is the state-of-the-art system in object recognition task. The basic HMAX model involves the operation of Gabor filter for object recognition. The recognition based on Gabor filter is done in MATLAB. The Gabor filter is used to provide the features of an image of different orientations. It provides independent variables. In the proposed system, the object recognition is done by means of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). It is then implemented in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) which has the advantage of less area, less required power and also provide less computational time.
Index Terms: Object recognition, Neural network, HMAX model, Gabor filter, LDA, FPGA.

[1] Garrick Orchard, Jacob G. Martin, R. Jacob Vogelstein, and Ralph Etienne-Cummings, Fellow, IEEE "Fast Neuromimetic Object Recognition Using FPGA Outperforms GPU Implementations," IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. And Learning Syst, VOL. 24, NO. 8, AUGUST 2013.
[2] T. Serre, L. Wolf, S. Bileschi, M. Riesenhuber, and T. Poggio, "Robust object recognition with cortex-like mechanisms," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 411–426, Mar. 2007.
[3] J. Kim, M. Kim, S. Lee, J. Oh, K. Kim, and H. Yoo, "A 201.4 GOPS 496 mW real-time multi-object recognition processor with bio-inspired neural perception engine," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 32–45, Jan. 2010.
[4] V. Bonato, E. Marques, and G. Constantinides, "A parallel hardware architecture for scale and rotation invariant feature detection," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1703–1712, Dec. 2008.
[5] D. Le Ly and P. Chow, "High-performance reconfigurable hardware architecture for restricted boltzmann machines," IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1780–1792, Nov. 2010.

Abstract: This project proposes a new data-hiding method based on Hidden Markov Model. The basic idea of Hidden Markov Model is to use the values of pixel pair as a reference coordinate, and search a coordinate in the neighbourhood set of this pixel pair according to a given message digit. The pixel pair is then replaced by the searched coordinate to conceal the digit. The proposed method offers lower distortion by providing more compact neighbourhood sets and allowing embedded digits in any notational system. The process of informed embedding is formulated as an optimization problem under the robustness and distortion constraints and the genetic algorithm (GA) is then employed to solve this problem. By the existing method we have to perform Image Embedding in secure and effective manner. To avoid artifacts in effective manner we have to apply Adaptive Histogram Equalization as proposed method.
Index Terms: Adaptive Histogram Equalization, Hidden Markov Model, Genetic Algorithm.

[1] I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller, and J. A. Bloom, Digital Watermarking. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2001.
[2] P. Moulin and R. Kotter, "Data-hiding codes," Proc. IEEE, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 2083-2016, Dec. 2005.
[3] M. H. M. Costa, "Writing on dirty paper," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-29, no. 3, pp. 439-441, May 1983.
[4] I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller, and A. L. McKellips, "Watermarking as communications with side information," Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 1127-1141, Jul. 1999.
[5] B. Chen and G. W. Wornell, "Quantization index modulation methods: A class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1423-1443, May 2001

Abstract: Biometric recognition is a common and reliable way to authenticate the identity of the person. Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on images of the irides of an individual's eyes. With the growing employment of the iris recognition systems and associated research to support this, the need for large databases of iris images is growing. If the required storage space is not adequate for these images, compression is an alternative. JPEG standard cannot fulfil the advanced requirements of today's digital imagery. Digital imaging has become an integral part of the Internet and JPEG 2000 is a powerful new tool that provides power capabilities for designers and users of networked image applications. SPIHT algorithm is a very efficient technique for wavelet image compression. This is based on DWT. SPIHT is an improved and extended version of Embedded Zero tree Wavelet (EZW) coding algorithm. In this paper parameters like compression ratio, signal to noise ratio, average bit rate are obtained for JPEG 2000, SPIHT and modified SPIHT algorithms and compared.
Keywords: Biometric recognition, Compression, Discrete Transform, Quantization, Entropy Coding

[1]. Visual Evaluation of JPEG 2000 Color Image Compression Performance,ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N1583, Mar. 2000.
[2]. J.Daugman, "How Iris Recognition Works" Proceedings of 2002 International Conference on Image Processing, Vol.1, 2002.
[3]. "Methods in IRIS recognition" in NCECC-09
[4]. The JPEG 2000 Still image compression standard by Athanassios Skodras, Charilaos Christopoulos, and Touradj Ebrahimi
[5]. J. Daughman. "New methods in IRIS recognition" IEEE transactions on systems. Vol.37, No.5, October 2007
[6]. M. Antonini, M. Barlaud, P. Mathieu, and I. Daubechies, "Image coding using the wavelet transform," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, pp. 205-220,

Abstract: In this paper, we have introduced an architecture for real-time video transmission over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. We employ the 2x1 and 2x2 Alamouti MIMO technique to develop a transmission system and implement the design on FPGA using Xilinx System using the modeling and simulation capabilities of MATLAB. Furthermore, according to the contribution to the reconstructed video quality, we apply unequal error protection strategy using STBC space-time codes for each video bitstream. We present a solution using FPGA as target platform (instead of software), for implementing algorithms for transmission of educational videos using MIMO systems. In our proposed system, we have provided the system performance of a joint MPEG-2 coding scheme with convolutional channel coding and space time block coding (STBC) techniques, associated with suitable modulation method (QAM and BPSK), for video data transmission over a wireless MIMO system with Rayleigh fading noises. Simulation results show the quality of the reconstructed image can be significantly improved over only using space time coding. The comparison has been done on the basis of quality of reproduced image by measuring image PSNR based on SNR and BER value for different system model is realized over Xilinx Virtex-4 XC4VFX100FFG1517-11C FPGA based WRAP board.
Keywords: FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays); STBC (Space Time Block Coding), Bit error rate(BER), FPGA, Peak to signal noise ratio (PSNR), Multiple input multiple output (MIMO), WRAP board, Joint source channel coding, Space time block coding(STBC)

[1]. S.Gupta, S.Mittal, S.Dasgupta, A.Mittal. "MIMO Systems For Ensuring Multimedia QoS Over Scarce Resource Wireless Networks." in ACM International Conference On Advance Computing, India 2008.
[2]. D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. Shiu, P.J. Smith, A. Naguib. "From theory to practice: an overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless systems." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 21,no. 3, pp. 281-302, 2003.
[3]. WARPLab framework. 2010. URL http://warp.rice.edu/WARPLab.
[4]. "WARPRepository:http://warp.rice.edu/trac"
[5]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/user:renatol/PSNR"

Abstract: The progress in computer network technology, processing, reproducing and distribution of digital images has becomes very easy. Apart from its advantages, it also gives an opportunity to the attacker or illegal user. Two major approaches available to protect digital images are watermarking technique and encryption technique. This paper presents a combined watermarking and encryption method to further improve the security of the images. It uses Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) – Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) watermarking technique and chaotic encryption method. After embedding the two watermark images into the host image it is encrypted and transmitted. At the receiver side it is decrypted and the watermarks are recovered. Simulation results prove that the proposed method is simple and more secure.
Keywords: Discrete Wavelet Transform, Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NCC), Singular Value Decomposition

[1] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto and A. Lu, Techniques for data hiding,, IBM Systems Journal, vol.35, no. 3&4, pp.313-336, 1996.
[2] I. J. Cox, J. Killian, F. T. Leighton and T. Shamoon,Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 6, no. 12,pp. 1673-1687,December 1997.
[3] J. J. K. 0 Ruanaidh, W. J. Dowling and F. M. Boland, Watermarking digital images for copyright protection, IEEE Proceedings - Vision, Image and Signal Processing, vol. 143,no. 4, pp. 250-256, August 1996.
[4] M. D. Swanson, M. Kobayashi and A. H. Tewfik, Multimedia data-embedding and watermarking techniques, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 86, no. 6, pp.1064-1087, June1998.
[5] Chunlin Song, SudSudirman, MadjidMerabti, Recent Advances and Classification of Watermarking Techniques in Digital Images, ISBN: 978-1-902560-22-9 © 2009 PGNet

Abstract: Convolutional coding technique is a low rate coding technique. Optimum multiple channel capacityis achievable only when entire bandwidth is devoted to coding. For maximizing the coding gain the combination of two operations coding and spreading using low rate codes are done. The implementation of convolutional codes in an optical IDMA system provides significant improvement in system performance. Optical interleavedivision multiple-access (OIDMA) scheme inherits the advantage of both Optical system and IDMA technique. For pulse propagation in optical fiber, the nonlinear linear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is used. On- Off keying (OOK) is used for pulse transmission. It is demonstrated that Convolutional Coded optical IDMA has better bandwidth utilization and less multiple access interference. Convolutional Coded Optical IDMA technique shows that high performance can be maintained with large number of users.
Keywords: Convolutional Codes, Interleavers, Optical IDMA, On-Off keying, Turbo code

[1]. M.Shukla, Monika Gupta, Shashi Tiwari and P.K.Sharma "Optical Interleave Division Multiple Access Scheme for long Distance Optical Fiber Communication", in proc.2010 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research,ICCIC-2010,pp.260-263,December 28-29,2010.
[2] Li Ping, Lihai Liu, Keying Wu, W. Leung,"Interleave Division Multiple Access"IEEE Transactions On Wireless Communications" ,Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 938-947, April 2006.
[3] I. Pupeza, A. Kavcic, and L. Ping, "Efficient generation of interleavers for IDMA," in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1508-1513, June 2006
[4] T.Mizuochi, "Recent progress in forward error correction and its interplay with transmission impairments," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 544- 554, Jul. 2006.
[5] D. J. Costello, Jr. and G. D. Forney, Jr., "Channel coding: The road to channel capacity," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1150-1177, Jun. 2007.

Abstract: A low side lobe level is obtained using Tschebyscheff amplitude tapering. To obtain amplitude tapering Wilkinson power divider is used. Two antenna structures are designed, first is conventional corporate feed array that operates at 5.5 GHz with a side lobe level of -12.7 dB. The second structure is designed through appropriate Tschebyscheff distribution. It results in a decrease in SLL to -15.4dB. The simulated results are presented and discussed.
Keywords: microstrip antenna array, sidelobe level, Tschebyscheff distribution, Wilkinson power divider

[1]. A. Nesic, Z. Micic, S. Jovanovic, and I. Randonvic, "Millimeter wave printed antenna array with high side lobe suppression," in Proc. IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., 2006, pp. 3051–3054.
[2]. D. M. Pozar and B. Kaufman, "Design considerations for low sidelobe microstrip arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1176–1185, Aug. 1990.
[3]. C.L.Dolph, "A current distribution for broadside arrays which optimizes the relationship between beamwidth and side lobe level," Proc.IRE and Wavesand Electrons, June 1946, pp. 335-348
[4]. David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd ed.(India, John Wiley, Reprint 2007)
[5]. Constantine A. Balanis,Antenna theory, 3rd ed.(India, John Wiley, Reprint 2010)

Abstract: This paper presents the theory and design of a planar patch antenna in the shape of a rectangle at 2.4GHz. The antenna is designed with FR4 as a substrate which has a dielectric constant of 4.4. The frequency of operation is chosen to be 2.4GHz as the antenna can support many wireless applications in the frequency band like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The antenna is simulated using Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator. The designed patch antenna has a return loss of -24dB which is acceptable given the scope of the antenna.
Index Term: FR4, Microstrip, Return Loss, Substrate

[1]. Chandu DS, Ramesh Deshpande, "Computational Analysis of 2.25GHz Rectangular Patch Antenna", International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol.2., page 1-8, October,2012.
[2]. Balanis C.A. (2005) Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons.
[3]. C. Wu, K. Wu, Z. Bi and J. Litva, "Accurate Characterization of Planar Printed Antennas using Finite – Difference Time – Domain method, " IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 40, May 1992.
[4]. M. Zweki, R. A. Abd – Alhameed, M. A. Mangoud, P. S. Excell, and J. A. Vaul, " Broadband Analysis of Finite Microstrip Patch Antenna Structure using FDTD ", 11th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, UMIST, Manchester, UK, April 2001.

Abstract: In the field of microwave engineering and circuit design, the Wilkinson Power Divider is an important type of power divider circuit that can achieve isolation between the output ports while maintaining a matched condition on all ports. Using RFSim99, a simple RF circuit simulator, an idealized Wilkinson can be simulated to help determine realistic values for return loss, isolation and other such characteristics. Similarly, two other topologies of Wilkinson Power Dividers are simulated and discussed. A comparison of all the three above configurations is carried out for their relations with regards to size of the design and S-parameters.
Keywords: Wilkinson, power –divider, single band, Sparameters

[1] David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering (John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 2005).
[2] U.D. Dalal, Y. P. Kosta, WIMAX New Developments( Croatia: Intech 2009, ch. 10).
[3] E.J.Wilkinson, An N-way hybrid power divider, IRE Transactions Microwave Theory Techniques, vol MTT-8, no.1, Jan 1960, pp. 116-118.
[4] X.Wang, I. Sakagami,K. Takahashi and S. Okamura, " A Generalized Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider With Parallel L,C and R Components, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 952-964, April 2012.
[5] X. H. Wang, Y. F. Bai, H. Xu, Q. L. Huang, and X. W. Shi, "Dual-band Power Divider with High Frequency-ratio, Microwave and MillimeterWave Technology (ICMMT), vol. 2, pp. 1-4, May 2012.

Abstract: Binary code is a two level of bit sequence of 1 and 0. On the other side, Duobinary (DB) is a three-level code of 1, 0 and -1 levels. Using duobinary transmission instead of binary transmission, it can improve the system performance, bandwidth efficiency of output signal, average power of signal, noise and distortion ratio of output wave shapes. Duobinary encoding and decoding are used in a significant bandwidth reduction of MAC signals transmitted by high and medium power TV satellites and also used in fiber optic communication system. This paperis based on the the observationof generation performance and transmission of duobinary coding and simulation of a single channel (1550-nm) 90-km OC-192 link. In duobinary transmission, the duobinary encoding can be implemented either with a combination of a delay-and-add operation or with a duobinary filter. Duobinary filter reduces bandwidth , wavelength, noise and distortion and improves the eye diagram of the output signals than the delay-and-add circuit in duobinary transmission of optical communication system. Also in this paper circuit design, simulation and fabrication of a duobinary encoder and decoder circuit for data communication system are presented.
Keywords: Duobinary transmission, Duobinary filter, Delay-and-add circuit, Optsim, Eye diagram

[1] L. A. Jiang, "Propagation Properties of Duobinary Transmission in Optical Fibers," PhD thesis submitted to Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, May, 1998.
[2] W. Kaiser, T. Wuth, M. Wichers and W. Rosenkranz, "A Simple System Upgrade from Binary to Duobinary," National Fiber Optic
Engineers Conference. pp. 1043- 1050, Germany, 2001.
[3] H. Kim and C. X. Yu, "Optical Duobinary Transmission System Featuring Improved Receiver Sensitivity and Reduced Optical
Bandwidth," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 14, No. 8, pp. 1205-1207, Aug, 2002.
[4] C. Xie, L. Moller and R. Ryf, "Improvement of Optical NRZ and RZ Duobinary Transmission Systems with Narrow Bandwidth
Optical Filters," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 2162-2164, Sep, 2004.
[5] P. Bravetti, L. Moller, G. Ghislotti, C. Cavalli, C. Gualandi and P. Bergamini, "Impact of Response Flatness on Duobinary
Transmission Performance: an Optimized Transmitter with Improved Sensitivity," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 16, No. 9,
pp. 2159-2161, Sep, 2004.

Abstract: The field of Adhoc Network has gained an important art of the awareness of researchers and become very popular in last few years. Adhoc network can operate without fixed infrastructure and can survive rapid changes in the network topology. This paper presents a survey on the art of energy efficient routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). Since the nodes in MANET are movable, the routing and power management become significant issue. In this paper, the performance comparisons of mobile ad hoc network's protocol with its quality of service factors has been considered. The main concentration of the paper is on hybrid routing protocols which is basically combination of proactive and reactive routing protocols. In this paper three different types of hybrid protocols are chosen for performance comparison on the basis of diverse simulation parameters.
Keywords: IARP, IERP,MANET, PDR,TORA,ZHLS,ZRP.

[1] Anuj K. Gupta, D. H. Performance analysis of AODV, DSR & TORA Routing Protocols. International Journal of Engineering and Technology , 2010, 226-231.
[2] CHANDNI, A. B. QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF MANET IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK. International Journal of Computer & Communication Technology , 2013,38-42.
[3] G.V.Sai Aravind, D. S. A Study on Scalable Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks. IJCSET , 2013, 312-317.
[4] Hrituparna Paul, P. S. A STUDY AND COMPARISON OF OLSR, AODV AND ZRP ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN AD HOC NETWORKS. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology , 2013,370-374.
[5] M. Ravi Kumar, N. G. A Literature Survey of Routing Protocols in MANETs. International Journal of Science and Research 2013, 33-40.