iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: This article is focused on the turbulence attenuation and their effect on optical beam in free space Analysis has been done for comparison the atmospheric turbulence effect between two classical methods, Rytov approximation and Andrews's method. The SNR was calculated for not weak turbulence employing Tailor series at different strength of scintillation. These calculations run for communications of wavelengths 850nm and 1550nm. The distance between the transmitter and receiver o horizontal link set to value range (0-2000) m.
Keywords: Rytov variance, Atmospheric turbulence, Rytov approximation, Andrews's method. Signal to noise
ratio.

[1]. A. Prokeš, Modeling of Atmospheric Turbulence Effect on Terrestrial WOC Link, Radio Engineering, vol. 18, no. 1, 2008.
[2]. A. C. Motlagh, V. Ahmadi, Z. Ghassemlooy, K. Abedi, The Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence on the performance of the Free
Space Optical Communications, International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing,
6th, CNSDSP, 2008.
[3]. R. I. Roberto, S. M. IDRUS, and S. Ziran, Optical wireless communications: IR for wireless connectivity, New York: CRC Press,
2007.
[4]. P. Liu,K. Kazaura, K, Wakamori, M. Matsumoto, Studies on n C and its effects on free space optical communication system,8th
Asia-Pacific Symposium on Information and Telecommunication Technologies, APSITT, 2010

[5]. L. Dordova, O. Wilfert, Calculation and Comparison of Turbulence Attenuation by Different Methods, Radio Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, 2010.

Abstract: Real-time surveillance is an important aspect of an intelligent building with modern security demands. This paper presents the design and Implementation of Automatic Security Alert System Using PCI Board, GSM Network and Cross Platform Technology. To solve the problem of complex cabling, misdeclaration and missing alarm of traditional alarm system, GSM network is used. The project deals with a complete end-to-end detection and alerting application which employs advanced technologies. Telecommunication card is used for the proper communication between the two ends as it offers communication between a numbers of places with the control centre. Cross platform is used as it is convenient to use single source code on multiple operating systems. In the following paper the application for fire is considered, where architecture for an Intellectual Voice Response System (IVRS) is being proposed. This system has been successfully installed in one of the corporation which is very useful for the society.
Index Terms: Fire alert system, GSM module, smoke detector, dialogic card, Cross platform

[1]. Rakesh V S "An Improved Real-Time Surveillance System for Home Security System using Beagle Board SBC, Zigbee and FTP Webserver"Department of ECE Vidya Academy of Science and Technology Thrissur, Kerala, India-680501 Email: rakeshvs@ymail.com 2012 India Conference(INDICON),Annual IEEE pages:1240-1244.
[2]. Jun Hou, Chengdong Wu, Zhongjia Yuan, Jiyuan Tan, Qiaoqiao Wang, Yun Zhou. "Research of Intelligent Home Security Surveillance System Based on Zigbee", International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application Workshops (IITAW), IEEE Computer Society, pp. 554-557, Dec. 2008.
[3]. Vivek Nainwal, Pramod P.J, S.V Srikanth. "Design and Implementation of a remote surveillance and monitoring system using Wireless Sensor Networks", Electronics Computer Technology (ICECT), 3rd International Conference, pp. 186-189, April 2011.
[4]. LIAN Chun-yuan "Design of Intelligent Fire Alarm System Based on GSM Network" Changzhou Institute of Technology School of Electronic Information & Electric Engineering Changzhou, China,2011 International Conference on Electronics and Optoelectronics (ICEOE 2011).
[5]. Fan Guan-lin "Design of Fire Alarm System Based on Multi-source Information Fusion" Department of Computer Science and Technology Nanyang Institute of Technology Nanyang, China,2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering(ICACTE).

Abstract:The Electronic voting machine plays a key role in elections. The major drawbacks like it needs more man power, time and mislead the voting scenario due to influence of local people. The proposed system overcome the above problems using biometric (FINGERPRINT), Touch screen based GLCD and GSM modules. Finger print authentication is used to identify the voter and display the voter information on graphical LCD. If the person is authenticated then the vote is issued and the polling process is done using the touch screen, else that denies the process. At every regular intervals of time the polled votes are transferred to the server through GSM module. The GSM module receives the polled votes and updates the database. At the end of voting session the server counts all the polled votes and display on LED module. This system gives an efficient way to conduct elections and display the results on the same day.
Keywords: Biometric, Touch screen based GLCD, Microcontroller, GSM module

[1]. S. Prabhakar, S. Pankanti, and A. K. Jain, "Biometric Recognition: Security and Privacy Concerns", IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 33-42, 2003.
[2]. L.Hong and A.K. Jain , "Integrating Faces and Fingerprints for Personal Identification", IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 20. No. 12. PP. 1259-1307. Dec 1998.
[3]. "Atmel s Self-Programming Flash Microcontrollers" by Odd Jostein Svendsli 2003,Heilmeier, George; Castellano, Joseph; Zanoni, Louis (1969). "Guest-Host Interactions in Nematic Liquid Crystals". Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 8: 293. doi:10.1080/15421406908084910.
[4]. A Preview on Microcontroller Based Electronic Voting Machine in Journal Of Information and Electronics Engineering ,Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013. By diponkar Paul and Sobuj Kumar Ray, Member , IACSIT.

Abstract: In this work, we present motion detection algorithms that are based not only on biological models but also on the computational properties of motion perception. First, we describe monolithic implementations of hysteretic winner-take-all and nonlinear differentiator based algorithms. Second, we explain multi-chip implementations of biomimetic intensity-based models, namely Adelson-Bergen model. In addition, we describe an obstacle avoidance algorithm that is realized by incorporating a multi-chip version of the Adelson-Bergen algorithm with centering behavior and time-to-collision computation. In this way, the overall system can successfully acquire clues about the structure of its environment so that collisions can be effectively avoided. This system might be employed in building a robot that can navigate in complex cluttered environments.

[1]. M.V. Srinivasan and M. Lehrer, Temporal aquity of honeybee vision: behavioral studies usingmoving stimuli.
[2]. M.V. Srinivasan, M. Lehrer, W.H. Kirchner, and S.W. Zhang, Range perception through apparentimage speed in freely-flying honeybees.
[3]. M.V. Srinivasan and S.W. Zhang, Evidence for two distinct movement-detecting mechanisms in insect vision, 80 (1993), 38–41.Visual control of honeybee flight, Orientation and communication in arthropods (M Lehrer, ed.), 1997, pp. 95–113.
[4]. M.V. Srinivasan, S.W. Zhang, and N. Bidwell, Visually mediated odometry in honeybees.
[5]. A. Starzyk, J. and X. Fang, CMOS current mode winner-take-all circuit with both excitatory and inhibitory feedback, Electronic Letters 29 (1993), no. 10, 908–910.

Abstract: Communication in wireless sensor networks is through nodes. High quality network needs efficient communication between nodes. Here Order-Optimal Neighbour Discovery Using Feedback protocol is proposed for neighbour discovery .This protocol exploits the feedback from the receiving nodes. After certain transmissions some nodes loose energy and become selfish. The Trust Based Routing Algorithm routes the packets through optimal energy nodes and thus leads to a more efficient high quality network. The trust based routing algorithm is compared with the conventional routing protocols on the basis of mainly five parameters i.e. trust level, throughput , delay, packet delivery ratio and overhead

[1] AbdulSattar, Junqi Zhang, Rajan Shankaran, Mehmet A. Orgun,VijayVaradharajan2009 A Trust Management ArchitectureformmmmmmmHierarchicalWirelessSensorNetworks
[2] Sagar D. Padiya, Rakesh Pandit, Sachin Patel 2003 A System for MANET to Detect Selfish NodesUsing NS2
[3] Guoyou He 2004 Destination Sequence Distance Vector(dsdv) protocol,
[4] Hassan Jameel, Brian J. d'Auriol, Member, IEEE Computer Society,Heejo Lee, Member, IEEE, Sungyoung Lee, Member, IEEE, and Young-Jae Song, Riaz Ahmed Shaikh 2008Group-Based Trust Management Scheme for Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks
[5] 172-185, IEEE Transactions On Network And Service Management, Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2010 Trust Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using a Scalable Maturity-Based Model Pedro B. Velloso, Pujolle

Abstract: Arithmetic circuits play a really important role in each all-purpose and application specific procedure circuits. Multiple Valued Logic (MVL) provides the key good thing about the next density per computer circuit space compared to ancient 2 valued binary logic. Quaternary (Four-valued) logic conjointly offers the good thing about simple interfacing to binary logic as a result of base four (=22) permits for the utilization of straight forward encoding/decoding circuits. The purposeful completeness is well-tried with a collection of basic quaternary cells. The library of cells supported the Supplementary Symmetrical Logic Circuit Structure (SUSLOC) square measure designed, simulated, and accustomed build many quaternary fixed-point arithmetic circuits like adders, multipliers. These SUSLOC circuit cells square measure valid mistreatment SPICE models and also the arithmetic architectures square measure valid mistreatment System Verilog models for purposeful correctness. Quaternary (radix-4) twin quantity secret writing principles square measure applied to optimize power and performance of adder circuits mistreatment common place cmos gate technologies.
Index Terms: Multiple-valued logic, Quaternarylogic, Modulo-n addition , subtraction and multiplication, Galois.addition and multiplication.

[1]. Vasundara Patel K.S, K.S. Gurumurthy, "Design of high performance Quaternary adders",IEEE, International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control and Telecommunication Technologies, pp.22-26. IEEE 2011.
[2]. Vasundara Patel K.S, K.S. Gurumurthy, "Multivalue Logic Addition and Multiplication In Galois Field", IEEE, International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control and Telecommunication Technologies, pp.752-755, IEEE 2009.
[3]. Satyendra R. Datla et.al, "Quaternary Addition Circuits Based on SUSLOC Voltage Mode Cells and Modeling with System Verilog", 39th International Symposium on Multiple Valued Logic, IEEE, 2009.
[4]. Mahsa Dornajafiet al. " Performance of a quaternary logic design ", IEEE Region 5 Conference, pp.1-6, IEEE April 2008.
[5]. Dakhole P. K,Wakde D. G. "Multi-Digit Quaternary Adder on Programmable Device: Design & Verification", International confe-rence on Electronic Design, P enang, Malaysi, December pp. 1-3, IEEE 2008.

Abstract:Method for applying spread-spectrum techniques to optical communication is presented. The interference suppression capability of spread-spectrum systems is shown to be enhanced by optical transform domain processing.Effects of jammer in DSSS communication system are demonstrated in thispaper.Several possible implementations of this system are suggested, and applications to fiber optics, laser radar, free space optical communications, and other systems are discussed.
Keywords: additive white gaussian noise, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, bit error rate

[1]. D. Grischkowsky and A. C. Balant, "Optical pulse compression based on enhanced frequency chirping," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 41, pp.1,2-1982
[2]. A. M. Johnson, R. H. Stolen, and W. M. Simpson, "80 x singlestate compression of frequency doubled Nd-yttrium aluminum garnet laser pulses," Appl. Phys. Letr., vol. 44, pp. 729-731, 1984.
[3]. H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984.
[4]. P. Maine, D. Strickland, P. Bado, M. Pessot, and G. Mourou, "Generation of ultrahigh peak power pulses by chirped pulse amplification, "IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 24, pp. 398-403, 1988.
[5]. P. Das et al., "Surface acoustic waveacousto-electro-optic effect, "Appl. Phys. Left., vol. 49, pp. 1016-1018, 1986.

Abstract: Growth of plant is influenced by environmental conditions and topography. So there is need to measure dynamics of plant to understand how plants respond to variation in water content and long term water conditions. Various studies have found that variation of the diameter and height of plant stem has an important correlation ship with water status, temperature, light and humidity. Here, an interface between a C3008 smart camera and a computer has been developed. This camera module has digital output and digital video port that supplies a continuous 8-16 bit range of data stream. It is used to capture the images of a plant. A MATLAB GUI has been developed for performing Sobel Edge Detection on a plant image to determine its height, maximum and minimum width. Testing of different plants is done at different locations. The results attained prove that the system is capable of measuring the changes (diameter and height changes) of plant's growth accurately.
Keywords: Digicam, Edge detection, Growth, Sobel edge detection, Stem diameter and height.

[1]. N.M.Khairi, M.A.Marni Shah Rizam, M.S.B. Tahir, N.M. Naimah, M.I. Zainol Abidin,"Optimization of strain gauge for stem measurement using PIC based instrumentation," System Engineering and Technology (ICSET), 2011 IEEE International Conference, pp.196-199, 27-28 June 2011.
[2]. Jiaxing Che, Chunjiang Zhao, Yunhe Zhang, Cheng Wang, Xiaojun Qiao, Xinlu Zhang, "Plant stem diameter measuring device based on computer vision and embedded system," World Automation Congress (WAC), 2010, pp.51-55, 19-23 Sept. 2010.
[3]. Ariff, E.A.R.E. Suratman, M.N.Abdullah," Stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, diameter and heightin different growth stages of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) saplings," Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA), 2011 IEEE Symposium, pp.84-88, 25-28 Sept. 2011.
[4]. Nick Kanopoulos, et.al. ; "Design of an Image Edge Detection Filter using the Sobel Operator", Journal of Solid State Circuits, IEEE, vol. 23, Issue: 2, pp. 358-367, April 1988.
[5]. Beant Kaur, Mr. Anil Garg, "Comparative study of different edge detection techniques" International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST) Vol. 3 No. 3 March 2011 2010.

Abstract: Multiplication and Squaring functions are widely used in many real time applications. They form an integral part in implementation of many Digital Signal Processing, Digital Image Processing and Multimedia algorithms. The size and power consumption of a DSP chip is influenced by the multiplication and squaring architectures that are used. The aim of this paper is to propose a novel fixed width, 16 bit parallel array multiplier. The proposed approach is aimed at providing a degree of flexibility to designers when it comes to designing fixed width multipliers with reduced area and delay. The design being proposed was implemented in Verilog, and simulation were carried out in Xilinx version 13.2.
Keywords: Digital signal processing(DSP), Bit truncation, Partial product reduction, Verilog HDL.

[1]. R. Devarani, Mr. C.S. Manikanda Babu, Design and Implementation of Truncated Multipliers for Precision Improvement and Its
Application to a Filter Structure International Journal of Modern Engineering Research Vol. 2, Issue. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2012 pp-4736-
4742
[2]. J. M. Jou, S. R. Kuang, and R. D. Chen, ―Design of low-error fixed- width multipliers for DSP applications,‖ IEEE Trans. Circuits
Syst. II, s Analog Digit. Signal Process., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 836–842, Jun. 1999.
[3]. J. E. Stine and O. M. Duverne, ―Variations on truncated multiplication,‖ in Proc. Euromicro Symp. Digit. Syst. Des., 2003, pp .
112–119.
[4]. C. S. Wallace, ―A suggestion for a fast multiplier,‖ IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput., vol. EC-13, no. 1, pp. 14–17, Feb. 1964.
[5]. N. Petra, D. De Caro, V. Garofalo, E. Napoli, and A. G.M. Strollo, ―Truncated binary multipliers with variable correction and
minimum mean square error,‖ IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1312–1325, Jun. 2010.

Abstract: Fingerprint is most widely used in individual identification especially in civilian applications, forensic laboratories etc. due to large bio-invariant characteristics of human fingerprints. A search over all the records in a data base takes a very long time and deteriorates accuracy as database is very large. To avoid this inconvenience, automatic fingerprint classification method is employed that does not require any user's interaction, reduce the search space and time and also increases accuracy of identifications. Classifying fingerprint images is a very difficult pattern recognition problem, due to the small interclass variability, the large intraclass variability, and the presence of noise and the ambiguous properties of fingerprints. In this paper we discuss about fingerprint classification and also review existing methods that have been applied for the classification problem.
Keywords: Minutiae, Ridges, Fingerprint Classification, Core Point, Delta Point

[1]. Ahmad, F. ; Fac. of Computer Sci. & Inf. Syst., Univ. Teknol. Malaysia, Mohammad, D."A review on fingerprint classification technique" comp technology and development, vol.2, pp-411-415(2009)
[2]. 22. Sarat C. Dass "Classification of Fingerprints", Department of statistics and Probability (October 2010)
[3]. Yifei Wan, and Anil Jain, "Fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm and performance evaluation", IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, vol. 20, no. 8, August 1998
[4]. Hong L., Jain A.K. "Classification of Fingerprint Images‟.
[5]. Proceedings of 11th Scandividian Conference on Image Analysis,(1999).

Abstract: The remote appliances control system based on the Android smart phone GUI is designed on Android Smartphone. A user logs into the smart Android phone interface, and clicks the buttons gently to send message commands from the GUI which will be transmitted to home information center through the GSM network. Then the AVR ATmega processor recognizes the specified command, and controls the home appliance switches in the wireless radio frequency manner to achieve remote control of appliances ultimately. This seminar focuses on the design of Android terminal, the communication between PIC and GSM module, the realization of the wireless module device's driver, the difficulty in supplying the appropriate low-voltage DC for MCU and wireless module just by a single live wire. The users can manipulate appliances anytime, anywhere, letting our houses become more and more automated and intelligent. There are some problems in the PC monitor terminal, such as its great bulk, inconvenience to carry, high cost, limited monitoring range and so on. Therefore, it's a good choice to design a terminal based on phone.
Keywords: android phone; GSM; Bluetooth; wireless switch; SDK

[1]. Jianjun Lv, Zhishu Li, Mingyi Mao. "A new USB home appliances based on PC and infrared remote control protocol".2010 International Conferences on Computer and Communication Technologies in Agriculture Engineering.2010, pp.572 -575.
[2]. Shengwen Chen, Chunghuang Yang, Chung-Huang Yang."Design and Implementation of Live SD Acquisition Tool in Android Smart Phone". 2011 Fifth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing. 2011, pp. 157-162.
[3]. Xiao Yuan, Yuliang Pan, Zaiying Ling. "The Application of Infrared Remote Controlled Code Lock in the Management of Industrial Machine Parameters" .Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE), 2011 International Conference on.2011, pp. 418-421.
[4]. Feng Xun, Ye Zhi-xia."Sunplus SPCE061A MCU Simulation PT2262 Coding". Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2010. 30(4) . pp. 40-42.
[5]. Ki-Cheol Son, Jong-Yeol Lee. "The methods of android application speed up by using NDK". Awareness Science and Technology (iCAST), 2011 3rd International Conference on. Sept 2011, pp.382- 385.

Abstract: Active SONAR involves the transmission of a short duration acoustic signal (called a ping), which when reflected from a target provides the SONAR receiver with a basis for detection and estimation.The challenge is to carry out detection in the presence of reverberation. All the literature available in this field points out that the computational burden of solving large equations for STAP in real time and significant performance loss due to limited amount of data available during a 'ping' stands forth as a stumbling block in active SONAR detection. Focus will be on simplifying the overall algorithm for STAP implementation. The Kroneckerproduct of spatial and temporal matrices is carried out for the implementation of STAP.Polyphase FIR filter method is proposed to be handled so that hardware implementation of the STAP technology can be simplified.
Keywords: Space Time Adaptive Processing, FIR filter, Kroneckerproduct,polyphase filter method

[1] Leon W. Camp,''Underwater Acoustics'', John Wiley & Sons Inc.
[2] James Ward, ''Space-time Adaptive processing for airborne radar''
[3] Prabhakar. S. Naidu: ''Sensor array signal processing'', CRC Press,1st Ed,2001.
[4] Barry D. Van Veen and Kevin Buckley, "Beamforming: A Versatile Approach to Spatial Filtering," IEEE ASSP Magazine, April 1988.
[5] Fredric J Harris, ''Multirate Signal Processing For Communication Systems'', Pearson Education

Abstract: n this paper a low power bypassing -based multiplier design is present, in which reduction in power is to be achieved in changed partial products of column bypassing multiplier as compared to column bypassing multiplier by exchange NOR gates with AND gates in the conventional multiplier I.e. in the design of conventional multiplier rather than AND gate, NOR gate is employed victimization DeMorgan's theorem Compare with 32×32 bits typical (parallel array) multiplier and column bypassing multiplier, this planned< system reduces power.
Keywords: changed column bypassing multiplier, conventional multiplier

[1] Jin-Tai Yan, Zhi-Wei Chen," Low-Cost Low-Power Bypassing-Based Multiplier Design", 978-1-4244-5309-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE
[2] J. T. Yan and Z. W. Chen, "Low-power multiplier design with row and column bypassing," IEEE International SOC Conference, pp.227-230, 2009.
[3] M. C. Wen, S. J. Wang and Y. M. Lin, "Low power parallel multiplier with column bypassing," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp.1638-1641, 2005.
[4] J. Ohban, V. G. Moshnyaga, and K. Inoue, "Multiplier energy reduction through bypassing of partial products," IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp.13–17, 2002.
[5] J. Ohban, V. G. Moshnyaga, and K. Inoue, "Multiplier energy reduction through bypassing of partial products," IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp.13–17, 2002.

Abstract: In telecommunication, Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. The presence of ISI in the system introduces errors in the decision device at the receiver output. Therefore, in the design of the transmitting and receiving filters, the objective is to minimize the effects of ISI, and thereby deliver the digital data to its destination with the smallest error rate possible. In this paper, we design a zero forcing equalizer, which is a type of linear equalizer used to mitigate the effects of ISI (Intersymbol Interference). The zero forcing equalizer does this by finding the inverse of the impulse response of the channel. The ISI can be studied using eye diagram, which overlays many samples of a signal and can give a graphical representation of the signal characteristics. In this paper the results have been shown with proper eye diagrams. In this paper we also investigate the bit error rate, which is used to estimate the performance characteristics of the zero forcing equalizer.
Keywords: Zero forcing equalizer, intersymbol interference, eye diagram, Rayleigh fading, bit error rate

[1] Veeraruna Kavitha and Vinod Sharma, "Tracking Performance of an LMS-Linear Equalizer for Fading Channels", Forty-Fourth Annual Allerton Conference Allerton House, UIUC, Illinois, USA Sept 27-29, 2006.
[2] D.M. Bappy, Ajoy Kumar Dey, Susmita Saha , Avijit Saha, Shibani Ghosh, "OFDM System Analysis for reduction of Inter symbol Interference Using the AWGN Channel Platform", (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 5, November 2010.
[3] Pragya Sharma, "Performance Analysis of Zero-Forcing Equalizer for ISI Reduction In Wireless Channels", International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 1 Issue 8, October – 2012.
[4] Vinay Panwar, Sanjeet Kumar, "Bit Error Rate (BER) Analysis of Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile Communication", International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), May-June 2012.
[5] Ramanpreet Kaur and Sonia Goyal, "Bit Error Rate reduction in MIMO systems using Equalization techniques", International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2013.

Abstract: The paper describes the transmission of 32-QAM signals in an OFDM system with 128-point IFFT at transmitter and FFT at receiver. The channel over which transmission will take place is AWGN channel. Cyclic prefix for OFDM is calculated for improving bandwidth efficiency of the system. First, the symbol rate (SER) of coded OFDM system with transmission of BPSK signals in an OFDM system with 64-point IFFT at transmitter and FFT at receiver is plotted as a function of SNR via simulation in MATLAB and then the result is compared with coded OFDM system's SER plot, where the coding is provided by Trellis encoding at the transmitter accompanied by viterbi decoder at the receiver side.
Keywords: OFDM, lSI, Fading, SER, Cyclic Prefix, trellis encoding, viterbi decoder

[1] Wei Zhang, Xiang-Gei Xia, Khaled Ben Letaief; "Space Time /frequency coding for MIMO-OFDM in next generation broadband wireless systems", IEEE Wireless communication, vol. 14,No. 3 pp. 32-43, June 2007.
[2] R Nee and R Prasad, "OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications", Norwell, MA: Artech House, 2000. Fcsdds
[3] Hassan A: Ahmad, Ahmed Iyanda Sulyman, Hossam S.Hassanein, "BER Perfonnance of OFDM System with Channel Impairment", 9th IEEE International Workshop on Wireless Local Networks (WLN 2009) Zurich, Switzerland; 20-230ctober 2009.
[4] Chi-Hsiao Yih, "Etlects of channel estimation error on the BER pertonnance of OFDM systems in multipath rayleigh fading channels", Vehicular Technology conference, Baltimore, MD, pp. 1 097-11 01, Sept 2007.
[5] J G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1995.

Abstract: In this work numerical therapy, called reinitialization which is intrinsically maintained during the level set evolution. This is applied to periodically replace the degraded level set function with a signed distance function because due to the development of irregularities in level set functions. This yields a new type of level set evolution called distance regularized level set evolution (DRLSE). The distance regularization effect eliminates the dictate for reinitialization and thus avoids its induced statistical errors. In dissimilarity to knotty implementations of straight level set formulations, a simpler and more resourceful finite divergence design can be used to execute the DRLSE formulation. DRLSE also allows the employ of more broad and capable initialization of the level set function. In its numerical implementation, somewhat large time steps can be used in the finite difference scheme to reduce the number of iterations, while ensuring sufficient statistical precision. To reveal the efficacy of the DRLSE formulation, we apply it to an edge-based active contour model for image segmentation, and provide an easy narrowband realization to significantly diminish computational cost.
Keywords: Reinitialization, image segmentation, DRLSE

[1] S. Kichenassamy, A. Kumar, P. Olver, A. Tannenbaum, and A. Yezzi, "Gradient flows and geometric active contour models,"
inProc.5th Int. Conf. Comput. Vis., 1995, pp. 810–815.
[2] M. Sussman and E. Fatemi, "An efficient, interface-preserving level set redistancing algorithm and its application to interfacial
incompressible fluid flow,"SIAM J. Sci. Comput., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1165–1191, Jul. 1999.
[3] G. Aubert and P. Kornprobst, Mathematical Problems in Image Processing: Partial Differential Equations and the Calculus of
Variations. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.
[4] G. Gilboa, N. Sochen, and Y. Zeevi, "Forward-and-backward diffusion processes for adaptive image enhancement and
denoising,"IEEETrans. Image Process., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 689–703, Jul. 2002.
[5] C. Li, C. Xu, C. Gui, and M. D. Fox, "Level set evolution without re-initialization: A new variationalformulation," inProc. IEEE
Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit., 2005, vol. 1, pp. 430–436.

Abstract: Mobile adhoc network is an infrastructureless network with a dynamic native where the nodes are free to move and hence it is susceptible to various attacks. Previous system is an acknowledgement based intrusion detection system where there is a high energy condumption due to the inefficient path selection where the selected nodes energy is drained before completing the communication and also due to the flooding of hello packets to unavailable nodes. The previous IDS also has the disadvantage of pre distribution of keys which can be easily accessed by the malicious attacker which can forge the acknowledgement packets which is confirming the packet delivery. The acknowledgement packet is when forged, the false information will be delivered to the source about the honest nodes which has already successfully forwarded the packet. This project deals with the problem of high energy consumption and also attack caused by pre distribution of the keys. The acknowledgement packets are digitally signed using a session key in order to avoid the forging of the acknowledgement packets. The energy consumption is reduced by using an energy efficient path selection method where efficient nodes are selected and also by suppressing the hello packets which is sent to the unavailable nodes. Simulation tool used in this project is ns2.35 .Simulation result shows that the proposed scheme provide a reasonably good level of security and reduced energy consumption than the existing system.This system is used in the military applications,banking etc.
Keywords: Energydistancefactor,Diffiehellman,Digital signature,Hello message interval

[1]. Akbani.R, T. Korkmaz, and G. V. S. Raju(April 2012) ―Mobile Ad hoc Network Security,‖ in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 127.New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 659–666.
[2]. Eleni Darra,Christoforos Ntantogian,Christos Xenakis,Sokratis Katsikas(May 2010) ―Prolonging the Lifetime of wireless sensor networks via hotspot analysis‖ in International Colloquium on Computing, Communication,Control and Management (CCCM2009),Vol 6, pp. 421-428
[3]. Elhadi M. Shakshuki, NanKang, andTarekR.Sheltami(March 2011), ―EAACK— A Secure Intrusion-Detection System for MANETs‖ IEEE journal on industrial electronics, Vol. 60, pp 1089-1098
[4]. Giruka.V.C and Singha.M(January 2005)l, ―Hello protocols for ad-hoc networks: overhead and accuracy tradeoffs,‖ Proceedings of Sixth IEEE InternationaL Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks,pp. 354–361
[5]. Hoang Lan Nguyen,Uyen Trang Nguyen(July 2006) ―A Study of different types of attacks on multicast in mobile adhoc networks‖Proceedings of IEEE WMCSA'06,Vol 9,pp 32-46

Abstract: Air traffic management is responsible for smooth air traffic. Although it is done by lot of computations with human interactions, the system will be at its best if there are reduced computations and less flight delay time. This system deals with an introduction of fuzzy rules at the point where they are conflict detection. So with the set of rules implying on the detection, resolution can be made on the basis of fuzzy rules. Ensuring the separation and other criteria in lieu with other aircrafts, the resolution is computed. The computations are reduced either by spatial separation or temporal separation. In the present system there is hardly any conflict detection or decision support. The conflict detection computes and derives with the resolution which reaches the ATC (Air traffic control). This paper describes how fuzzy ideas are used with the conflict detection and how the decision support is made with reduced calculations and improved air traffic flow with a reduced delay
Index Terms: ATC, conflict detection, Optimization, AOC, Sensors, Smart Antenna

[1] B. Sridhar, G.B Chatterji, "Computationally efficient Conflict detection methods for Air Traffic Management", 1997 Proceedings
of the American Control Conference.
[2] Philip J. Smith, Charles E. Billings, David D. woods, c. Elaine McCoy, " Human Factors issues in Air Traffic Management"
[3] Schwab, R.W., Haraldsdottir, A., Kostiuk, P., Simpson R.W., Wright R., Wiseman R., Chen S., and Ware B., 2000, A PreliminaryDesign Process for Airspace Systems, Initial Assessment – Chicago Case Study. Report Prepared for NASA Ames Research Center, Department of Transportation. Report No. VNTSC-DTS20-PDP-001.
[4] Boeing Commercial Airplanes Current Market Outlook, www.boeing.com/ commercial/cmo
[5] Zhang, Y., Menendez, M., Hansen, M., Analysis of de-peaking strategies implemented by American Airlines: causes and effects, presentedat the 83rd annual meeting of Transportation Research Board, January,2004

Abstract: Initially developed for use in fixed networks, the ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) technique was adopted in UMTS systems aiming the QoS improvement for data transmission. However, real time services like VoIP cannot benefits of ARQ, because of the related delay problems in WCDMA systems. With the advent of HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) and the LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks, there was a consequent redefinition of the ARQ functionalities, aiming to become possible to use it for real time services. Delay problems were minimized as a consequence of the facilities introduced for the new methods of ARQ generation. The main objective of this work is the definition of a methodology toward ARQ optimization relatively to the mean power required to transfer the information from the origin to the destination, accordingly to a given error probability.To reduce the amount of the power transfer in the uplink direction is of paramount importance for the minimization of interference levels as well as to economize battery of cellular equipment.Though the treatment here presented is focused to E-DCH (Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel) of HSPA systems, the results obtained are applicable to other related networks using ARQ techniques.
Keywords: Umts, Arq, Wcdma, Lte, Hspa

[1]. 3GPP Document, Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification, TS 25.322, v6.0.0, December 2012.
[2]. Sohn I. and Bang S.C., Performance Studies of Rate Matching for WCDMA Mobile Receiver, IEEE VTC 2000, 52nd, vol.6, pp.2661-2665, 2000.
[3]. Aftelak S. and Bhatoolaul, Rate Matching Attribute Settings and Error Rate Performance Sensitivity for Selected UMTS FDD Services, IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference Final Program, October 6-9, 2003.
[4]. Vale E., Brandão J.C., Grivet M., UMTS Rate Matching Optimization, International Association of Science and Technology for Development - IASTED, CSA 2005, Banff, Canada, July 2005.
[5]. Hammer F., Reichl P., Nordstrom T., Kubin G., Corrupted Speech Data Considered Useful, Acta Acustica, Vol.90, No. 6, pp 1052-1060, Nov/Dec 2004.
[6]. Baey S., Dumas M. and Dumas M. C., QoS Tuning and Resource Sharing for UMTS WCDMA Multiservice Mobile, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.1, No. 3, pp. 221-235, July-Sept. 2002