iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: This paper describe accept and the accomplishing of an Earliest point initial (EDF) founded algorithm to abutment amount of absolute time submissions on a abandoned processor.EDF is an optimal scheduling algorithm on preemptive uniprocessors.EDF can affirmation that all deadlines are met supplied that the absolute CPU appliance is not added than 100%.Contrasted to anchored antecedence alignment techniques like rate-monotonic of scheduling, EDF can assertive all the deadlines in the arrangement at college loading. EDF alignment in real-time accretion it is accessible to appraise inferior case acknowledgment times of methods in EDF, to accord with added kinds of processes than alternate methods and to use servers to adapt overloads. This action is to be accord the achievability to the next appointed for execution the after-effects apparent from simulation displays and ADC (Temperature sensor), RTC, UART (TX), UART (RX), LCD, RELAY. This following of task at any agreeable time instant is very effective μC/OS-II activated in this algorithm for programs allotment device, is a multi-task real-time operation arrangement and along analyzes. The development adjustment which is real-time action arrangementμ μC/OS-II directed in microcomputer accessory based on ARM. This (EDF) algorithm was implemented on development lath LPC2148 and outcome were verified.
Keywords: EDF RTOS, Real-Time System, μC /OS-II

[1]. Pinkesh Pachchigar , P Eswaran, Amol Kashinath Boke "Design and Implementation of Deadline based EDF Algorithm on ARM LPC2148," Proceedings of 2013 IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT 2013).
[2]. An Algorithm to Reduce the Time Complexity of Earliest Deadline First Scheduling Algorithm in Real-Time System (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 2, No.2, February 2011
[3]. James H. Anderson, Vasile Bud, and Uma Maheswari C. Devi "An EDF-based Scheduling Algorithm for Multiprocessor Soft Real-Time Systems" Proceedings of the 17th Euromicro Conference on Real Systems (ECRTS‟05), 6-8 July, 2005, pp.199-208.
[4]. Su-Lim TAN and Tran Nguyen Bao Anh , "Real-time operating system (RTOS) for small (16-bit) Microcontroller "proceedings The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE2009), pp. 1007-1011
[5]. Liu Yong, Huang Xinbo "The Application of RTOS in Microcomputer Protection Device" International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering 2010 pp 2264-2268.alculation and Comparison of Turbulence Attenuation by Different Methods, Radio Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, 2010.

Abstract: In developing countries like India there is strong focus on national infrastructure .New bridges are build every year. The maintenance of these bridges is many times overlooked. And the present systems use complicated and high cost wired network and high maintenance optical fiber system. So the main objective behind this project is to build a cheap bridge health monitoring system for developing countries.
Keywords: Bridge health monitoring system(BHMS), Accelerometer, Anemometer, Load Cell, LM35

[1]. Yongtao Dong and Ruiqiang Song, "Synthesis of Knowledge and Technology" Bridges Structural Health Monitoring and Deterioration Detection, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
[2]. D.Niranjan Reddy and P.G.R.Nair, "Bridge Monitoring through Vibration Signatures", Konkan Railway Corporation limited.
[3]. "Real-time bridge health-monitoring for management", US-Japan Center to Center Cooperative Research in Urban Earthquake Disaster Mitigation between Disaster Prevention Institute, Kyoto University and Southern California EQ Research Center under NSF.

[4] Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer, Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks (Wiley, July 2010)
[5] Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas Wireless Sensor Networks First edition (Elsevier publication

Abstract: Designing efficient and reliable communication protocols for wireless sensor networks in indoor monitoring applications is a challenging task, due to the uncertainty and dynamics of the environment. Besides maximizing the lifetime of the sensor node, it is preferable to distribute the energy dissipated throughout the wireless sensor network in order to minimize maintenance and maximize overall system performance. The routing protocol has been designed based on the energy efficient techniques. The proposed system uses the distance as the major role to which the power changes adaptive to the distance. The proposed algorithm is AODV when implemented in the wireless sensor networks (WSN) will increase the battery life.
Keywords: AODV, WSN

[1]. Adeel Akhtar, Abid Ali Minhas, and Sohail Jabbar, "Energy Aware Intra Cluster Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks",

[2]. International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology Vol.3, No.1, January,2010.

[3]. Zijian Wang, Eyuphan Bulut, and Boleslaw K. Szymanski, "Energy Efficient Collision Aware Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks", International Conference on Communication June 14-18, 2009.

[4]. An Energy-Aware Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks Ming Liu 1, Jannong Cao 2, Guihai Chen 3 and Xiaomin Wang [5]. Sensors 2009

Abstract: This paper proposes a Comparison of Multirate two-channel Quadrature Mirror Filter QMF bank with FIR filters based Multiband Dynamic Range Control DRC for audio. Two-channel QMF decomposes input audio signals into low and high frequency bands with the help of analysis filters, and these sub-bands are decimated by a factor of 2 and inputted to DRC up-sampled by a factor of 2 after which need to be combined to reconstruct the original signal with the help of synthesis filters with increased amplitude in the audio compared to when only FIR filters are used. The filters used here are Finite Impulse Response FIR using Kaiser Window. The reconstructed signal is an exact replica of input signal with some delay called perfect reconstruction. In DRC, multi-band compressor is used to apply compression differently to different frequency bands of the input signal, which uses minimum gain method. This allows the user to be selective about how compression is applied to a signal and only add power to certain parts of the frequency spectrum. Here limiter, compressor, expander and noise gate are used in the DRC, which protects the AD converter from overload.
Index Terms: Analog to digital converter (A/D), Dynamic Range Control (DRC), Finite Impulse Response (FIR), Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF).

[1]. J. O. Smith, Introduction to Digital Filters with Audio Applications, BooksurgeLlc, 2007.
[2]. M. Guillemard, C. Ruwwe, U. Zölzer," J-DAFx – Digital Audio Effects in Java", Proc. 8th Int. Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-05), pp. 161–166, Madrid, 2005.
[3]. G. W. McNally, "Dynamic Range Control of Digital Audio Signals", J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 32, pp. 316–327, 1984.
[4]. E. Stikvoort, "Digital Dynamic Range Compressor for Audio", J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 34, pp. 3–9, 1986.
[5]. A. Croisier, D. Esteban, and C. Galand, "Perfect channel splitting by use of interpolation/decimation/tree decomposition
[6]. techniques",In Proc. International Symposium on Information Science and Systems, Patras, Greece, 1976.

Abstract: This paper describes two folds. First it describes comparative analysis of different feeding techniques for microstrip patch antenna wireless applications. Where it covers two broad categories of feeding approach – contracting (coaxial and microstrip feeds) and non-contracting (aperture coupling and proximity coupling feeds). Today as smart antenna has emerged as an auspicious technique to improve the performance of cellular mobile system. In second section authors propose a MIMO structure ,consist of multiple antenna elements and its application in mobile communication with the key characteristics features, benefits, drawbacks, types of smart antennas and their working mechanism..
Key Words: Microstrip Antenna (MSA), Feeding Techniques, Smart Antenna

[1]. James J.and P.S. Hall (Eds), "Handbook of microstrip antenna", Peter Peregrinus, London, UK, 1989.
[2]. Indrasen Singh, Dr. V.S. Tripathi, "Microstrip patch antenna and its applications: a Survey ", Int. J. Comp. Tech. Appl., Vol. 2 (5),
1595-1599, ISSN: 2229-6093.
[3]. Liton Chandra Paul, Nahid Sultan,"Design, Simulation And Performance Analysis Of A Line Feed Rectangular Micro-Strip Patch
Antenna ", Int.J.of Engg. Sci. & Emerg. Tech., Feb. 2013. Vol. 4( 2), pp: 117-126 ,ISSN: 2231 – 6604 .
[4]. Amit Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Rajinder Singh "Performance Analysis of Different Feeding Techniques," Int. J. of Emerg. Tech. and
Ad. Engg." , Vol. 3( 3), March 2013, ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal.
[5]. RK Jain, Sumit Katiyar, NK Agrawal,"Smart Antenna for Cellular Mobile Communication "VSRD-IJEECE, Vol. 1 (9), 2011, 530-
541

Abstract: This paper presents the design of multiaccess system using ARM and iButton. The system performs applications like identification and verification using aadhaar card, toll access control and electronic money transaction, displays vehicle registration details and also gives access to the vehicle. This system becomes very secure and reliable solution to many problems and has hardware simplicity which is specific to the 1-wire technology. The key part of the whole system is iButton. The iButton is a computer chip enclosed in a 16mm thick stainless steel can. Because of this unique and durable container, up-to-date information can travel with a person or object anywhere they go. Various components used in this system are 1-wire network, keypad, iButton, motor, relay, EEPROM memories.
Keywords: ARM processor, iButton, iButton reader, LCD display, 1-wire communication protocol

[1]. Eugen Diaconescu,Cristian Spirleanu,Identifying and authorizing application using ARM and 1- Wire technology, IEEE SIITME 978-1-4244-8124-8(2010).
[2]. Kai-Xin Tee,Moi-Tin Chew and Serge Demidenko,Intelligent Warehouse Stock Management and Tracking System Based on silicon identification technology, IEEE International Symposium on Electronic Design 978-0-7695-4306-2(2011).
[3]. Goran Martinovic,Tibor Kis-Konja,Zoran Kradija,Access control system based on electronic key, Technical Gazette 15(2008)2 3-7.
[4]. Miss.Bushra Anjum and Prof.S.Sharma, Access control and asset management using 1-wire technology for intelligent vehicle management system, ISBN: 978-93-81693-82-7.
[5]. Chengliang Zhang, Xianying Feng and Lei Li, The key technologies of a distributed temperature monitoring system based on 1-wire bus, Proc.8th IEEE World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Jinan, China, July 6-9 2010.

Abstract: Network-on-chip (NoC) architectures are emerging for the highly scalable, reliable, and modular on-chip communication infrastructure platform. The NoC architecture uses layered protocols and packet-switched networks which consist of on-chip routers, links, and network interfaces on a predefined topology. In this Project ,we design network-on-chip which is based on the Cartesian network environment.
This project proposes the new Cartesian topology which is uded to reduce network routing time, and it is an suitable alternate to network design and implementation.
The cartesian Network-On-Chip can be modelled using Verilog HDL and simulated using Modelsim software&Quartus II.
Keywords: Network-on-Chip (NoC), Routing, Switching, Cut-through,Cartesian

[1]. New Theory for Deadlock-Free Multicast Routing in Worm-hole-switched Virtual-channel less Network-On-Chip, , Faizal Arya Samman, Member, IEEE, and Thomas Hollstein ,Member, IEEE&Manfred GlesnerFellow,"IEEE Transactions on parallel and distributed systems," vol.22, no.4, April 2011.
[2]. Asynchronous Bypass Channels for Multi-Synchronous NOCs: ARouter Microarchitecture,Topology,Routing Algorithm, Tushar N.K.Jain,Mukand Ramakrishna .Paul V.GratzMember, IEEE, Alex Sprintson, Member, IEEE, and Gwan Choi Member, IEEE IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and systems," VOL. 30, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2011.
[3]. Adaptive Routing in Network-on-Chip Using a Dynamic-Programming Network,Terrence Mak,IEEE Member,Peter Y.K.Cheung,Senior Member ,IEEE Kai-Pui Lam ,and Wayne Luk,Member,"IEEE Transactions on Electronics,vol 58,no.8,August 2011.
[4]. Power performance Analysis of Network-on-Chip with Arbitrary Buffer Allocation schemes .Mohammad Arjomand and Hamid Sarbazi-Azad ,IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and systems,vol .29,no 10.October 2010,.
[5]. Application Aware NoC Design For Efficient SDRAm Acess,Wooyoung Jang,student member,IEEE and David Z.Pan,Senior Member,IEEE' IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and systemss,VOL 230,NO 10OCTOBER 2010.

Abstract: Due to large application of induction motor in industries it has become prudent to work on its efficiency. As the inverter output provides variable voltage magnitude and frequency, with lesser harmonics the efficiency of induction motor is improved. It is possible only with a better gate pulses. With recent development in power electronic devices, various PWM techniques have been developed. The most widely used PWM technique for a 3 phase VSI is SPWM. This paper focuses on step by step development, simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK and also hardware implementation of SPWM pulses.
Keywords: Matlab/ Simulink

[1]. Prachi S. Dharmadhikari and Gaurav N. Goyal "Analysis & Hardware Implementation of Three-Phase Voltage Source
Inverter".
[2]. Nazmul Islam Raju, Md. Shahinur Islam, Tausif Ali,Syed Ashraful Karim "Study of SPWM Technique & Simulation of Designed
Analog Circuit (Op-Amp) Controlled Three Phase PWM Inverter with Harmonic Reduction".
[3]. Zhang Housheng, Zhao Yanlei and Li Haidong "Design of Three-phase Intermediate Frequency Aviation Power Based on Single
Chip Microcomputer".
[4]. Lin Chengwu,Liu Yan and Sun Bingbin "Study On The Technology Of Inverter Based On DSP And SPWM".
[5]. Yaow-Ming Chen, Member, IEEE, Chih-Hung Hsieh, and Yuan-Ming Cheng
[6]. " Modified SPWM Control Schemes for Three-phase Inverters".

Abstract: Handover (HO) mechanism in mobile Wimax is one of the critical operations. It takes place when a mobile station (MS) moves from a serving base station (SBS) to another base station (BS). However, the handover schemes are adopted in mobile Wimax and hard handover is defined as mandatory. Since the data transmission should pause during handover process, it causes delay in mobile communication. The handover delay makes service degradation in system performance when implemented in real-time application such as Voice over IP (VoIP) and Internet protocol Television (IPTV). This paper propose an improvement in handover scheme for mobile WiMAX. which addresses the heterogeneous network . We evaluated the performance metrics such as handover latency and data loss performance for different WiMAX cell handover. In addition, we as also modified our simulation model of Mobile service for the analyzing the performance of WiMAX zone handover in Qualnet
Keywords: WiMAX,, Voip, qualnet 6.1heterogeneous network

[1]. Vertical Handoff in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks , Avinash K S Innovation Lab, Kolkata Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Kolkata, India+91-33-66367137 avinash.seetharama@tcs.com
[2]. Caiyong HAO, Hongli LIU, Jie ZHAN, "A Velocity Adaptive Handover Scheme for Mobile Wimax," Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, Vol. 2, pp. 874-878, Dec. 2009.
[3]. D.H. Lee and K. Kyamakya, "Fast handover algorithm for IEEE Wireless Pervasive Computing Conference, pp. 16-18. January 2006.
[4]. H. Fattah, H. Alnuweiri, "A New Handover Mechanism for IEEE8802. 16e wireless Network," Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, August 2008.
[5]. IEEE 802, 16e/D12, "Air interface for fixed and mobile broadband wireless access systems: amendment for physical and medium access control layers for combined fixed and mobile operation in licensed band," 2005

Abstract: In case of decentralized coordinator the design of medium access control (MAC) protocols is considered crucial for throughput enhancement in the wireless ad hoc networks. Ad hoc network means it does not have a pre-existing infrastructure. The receiver blocking problem, which has not been studied in most of the MAC protocol design, can lead to severe degradation on the throughput performance. In this paper, the multiple receiver transmission (MRT) and the fast NAV truncation (FNT) mechanisms are proposed to alleviate the receiver blocking problem without the adoption of additional control channels. The adaptive receiver transmission(ART) scheme is proposed to further enhance the throughput performance with dynamic adjustment of the selected receivers. Analytical model is also derived to validate the effectiveness of the proposed ART protocol. Simulations are performed to evaluate and compare the proposed three protocols with existing MAC schemes can be observed that the proposed ART protocol outperforms the other Schemes by both alleviating the receiver blocking problem and enhancing the throughput performance for the wireless multihop ad hoc networks.

[1]. Alizadeh-Shabdiz.F and S.Subramaniam.S (2004), ―Analytical Models for Single-Hop and Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks,‖ Proc. IEEE First Int'l Conf. Broadband Networks (BroadNets), pp. 449-458
[2]. Alizadeh-Shabdiz.F and Subramaniam.S (2004), ―MAC Layer Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks,‖ Proc. IEEE GlobeCom, pp. 2781-2785
[3]. Chayabejara.A, S.M.S. Zabir, and N.Shiratori (2003), ―An Enhancement of the IEEE 802.11 MAC for Multihop Ad Hoc Networks,‖ Proc. IEEE 58thVehicular Technology Conf. (VTC-Fall), pp. 3020-3024
[4]. Chen.J, S.T.Sheu, and C.A.Yang (2003), ―A New Multichannel Access Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Wireless LANs,‖ Proc. IEEE 14th Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Comm. (PIMRC), pp. 2291- 2296
[5]. Ghaboosi.K, M. Latva-aho, Y.Xiao, and Q.Zhang (2009), ―eMAC— A Medium Access Control Protocol for the Next Generation Ad Hoc Networks,‖ IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no.8, pp. 4476- 4490

Abstract: Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is a very important measure to know the Heart actual conditions. It becomes necessary to make ECG signals free from noise for proper analysis and detection of the diseases. In this paper a new approach based on the window filtering using Empirical Mode Decomposition technique is presented. EMD is a relatively new, data driven adaptive technique used to decompose ECG signal into a series of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). Different ECG signals are used to verify the proposed method using MATLAB software. Method presented in this paper is based on rectangular and Kaiser Window filtering method to ECG signal and calculate mean square value using Hard and soft Thresholding. For analyses purpose, extensive simulations are carried out using the MIT-BIH database and the performances are evaluated in terms of standard metrics namely, Features of signal, SNR improvement in dB, Mean Square Error (MSE) and Percent Root Mean Square Difference (PRD).

Keywords: ECG, Window filtering, Rectangular, Kaiser, EMD, CSE and MIT-BIH database

[1] Kabir, M.A.,Shahnaz- An ECG signal denoising method based on enhancement algorithms in EMD and Wavelet domains .IEEE conference TENCON 2011
[2] Lakhwani, R. ; Ayub, S. ; Saini, J.P.Design and Comparison of Digital Filters for Removal of Baseline Wandering from ECG Signal .IEEE Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), 2013
[3] Bhogeshwar, SandeSeema ; Soni, M.K. ; Bansal, Dipali,Design of Simulink Model to denoise ECG signal using various IIR & FIR filters Optimization, Reliabilty, and Information Technology IEEE(ICROIT), 2014.
[4] Patil, H.T. ; Holambe, R.S.New approach of threshold estimation for denoising ECG signal using wavelet transform,IEEE (INDICON), 2013.
[5] Isa, S.M. ; Noviyanto, A. ; Arymurthy, A.M.Optimal selection of wavelet thresholding algorithm for ECG signal denoising Advanced Computer Science and Information System IEEE(ICACSIS), 2011

Abstract: This paper analyzed the performance of monopole plasma antenna based on RF charging using different number of turns of coupling sleeve and different gases. The plasma antennas were designed with 3 different gases which are argon, nitrogen and fluorescent with pressure 10 Torr. For argon plasma antenna, different pressure was designed to analyze the performance of plasma antenna with pressure 0.5 Torr, 1 Torr, 5 Torr and 10 Torr. The dimension of discharge tube for argon and nitrogen is 130 mm length and 10 mm diameter, while for fluorescent 145 mm length and 12 mm diameter. The dimension of commercialize fluorescent were used as benchmark for other plasma antenna. The commercially fluorescent tubes contain mixture of vapour mercury and argon. The plasma antennas were driven by radio frequency (RF) to sufficiently ionize the gas inside the tube to convert them into plasma state. Each antenna with different configuration of type of gas and pressure was tested while varying the number of coils turns. The antenna's capability to operate as transceiver was verified through simulation by using CST Microwave Studio.
Keywords: Plasma antenna, RF signal source, argon, nitrogen, fluorescent, pressure; copper coil; number of turns

[1] A. Zhu, Z. Chen, J. Lv, "Reconfigurable Characteristics of the Monopole Plasma Antenna and Its Array Driven by Surface Wave", WSEAS Transactions on Communication, Issue 4, Volume 12, April 2013.
[2] J. P. Rayner, A. P. Whichello, A. D. Cheerham, "Physical characteristics of plasma antennas", IEEE Transaction on Plasma Science, vol. 32, no. 1, Feb 2004.
[3] A Bogaerts, E Neyts, R Gijbels, J. V. D Muller, Gas discharge plasmas and their applications, Tata Mc-Hill, New Delhi, 2002, pp. 1-25.
[4] N N Greenwood, A Earnshaw, Che mistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.
[5] M. Chung, W.S. Chen, Y. H. Yu, Z.Y. Liou, "Properties of DC biased Plasma Antenna", International Conference on Microwave and Milimeter Wave Technology, Nanjing, June 2008.

Abstract: The aim of this project is the development and construction of an interface between a CMOS camera and computer. C3088 smart camera with CMOS image sensor O6620 is chosen as the main component of this product. Main advantage of this camera module is that it has digital output and digital video port that supplies a continuous 8-16 bit range of data stream. This interface allows a user to get images from the camera, to change some of the properties of the camera as brightness, luminance, etc. Digicam passes the data to controller through I2C protocol. The interface was implemented using the Atmel AVR ATmega16 microcontroller. Servo motor is also added to the system to get panoramic images.
Keywords: AVR microcontroller, C3088 camera, computer, Image, Interface

[1]. Datasheet of the C3088 Camera http://www.roboter-teile.de/datasheets/C3088.pdf
[2]. Datasheet of the SCCB bus http://www.ovt.com/pdfs/ds_note.pdf
[3]. Digital Camera Interface http://www.robozes.com/inaki/dproject
[4]. Web site of the I2C bus http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/buses/i2c/
[5]. Web site if Microsoft with information about HyperTerminal program http://www.microsoft.com
[6]. Web site of the Real Term terminal http://realterm.sourceforge.net

Abstract: In a previous work [1], we presented a development with the objective of defining an algorithm able to minimize the extra amount of power utilized in the transmission of information from mobile devices in the uplink direction, relatively to the use of the technique called ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request). Although the above algorithm had been designed for use in HSPA networks, it finds application in other systems employing the ARQ technology. Here we will be analyzing an application of the algorithm, with the consequent analysis of the results obtained.
Keywords: ARQ, UMTS, BER, HSPA, LTE.

[1] Vale, E. R. and Dal Bello, J. C. R., ARQ Optimization for UMTS Networks, IOSR Journals, may 2014.
[2] 3GPP Document, Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification, TS 25.322, v6.0.0, December 2012.
[3] Hammer F., Reichl P., Nordstrom T., Kubin G., Corrupted Speech Data Considered Useful, Acta Acustica, Vol.90, No. 6, pp 1052-1060, Nov/Dec 2004.
[4] Aftelak S. and Bhatoolaul, Rate Matching Attribute Settings and Error Rate Performance Sensitivity for Selected UMTS FDD Services, IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference Final Program, October 6-9, 2003.
[5] Vale E. R., Brandão J.C., Grivet M., UMTS Rate Matching Optimization, International Association of Science and Technology for Development - IASTED, CSA 2005, Banff, Canada, July 2005.

Abstract: Face Recognition System has been an important and active research field because it offers many applications, especially in video surveillance, biometrics, or video coding. The goal of this project is to detect a human's face. The face detection algorithm involved color-based skin segmentation and image filtering. The face location is determined by calculating the centroid of the detected region. However, it is difficult to develop a complete robust face detector due to various light conditions, face sizes, face orientations, background and skin colors. This detects skin regions over the entire image, and then generates face candidates based on a connected component analysis then the face candidates are divided into human face and non-face images.
Keywords: Face Recognition, Segmentation, Centroid.

[1]. A. J. Goldstein, L. D. Harmon, and A. BLesk,―Identification of Human Faces,‖ Proc.IEEE, May 1971, Vol. 59, No. 5, 748-760.
[2]. J. Nagi, ―Design of an Efficient High-speed Face Recognition System‖, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, March 2007.
[3]. R. Brunelli and T. Poggio, "Face Recognition: Features versus Templates", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, 1993, (15)10:1042-1052.
[4]. E. Hjelmås, and B. K. Low, ―Face detection: A survey‖, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Vol. 83, No. 3, Sept. 2001, pp. 236-274.
[5]. L. Sirovich and M. Kirby, "A Low-Dimensional Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces," J. Optical Soc. Am. A, 1987, Vol. 4, No.3, 519-524.
[6]. M. A. Turk and A. P. Pentland, "Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces," Proc. IEEE, 1991, 586-591.
[7]. D. Bolme, R. Beveridge, M. Teixeira, and B. Draper, ―The CSU Face Identification Evaluation System: Its Purpose, Features and Structure,‖ International Conference on Vision Systems, Graz, Austria, April 1-3, 2003. (Springer-Verlag) 304-311.

Abstract: To transmit data and Radio frequency Identification System (RFID) information from one location to another without physically connecting them together, as in wireless mobility, it is important to choose a suitable modulation scheme. This work presents the design and simulation of RFID using different modulating schemes. Some modulating schemes have been considered which are M-Ary PSK and M-Ary QAM. The study involves using Simulink in MATLAB to design the RFID using the stated modulating schemes as modulating technique. The modulated signals were then passed through additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh multipath fading channels to model the transmission of the signals through wireless medium. Each design is optimized to obtain the best design. The various simulations are compared using three figures of merit: Bit Error Rate(BER), Power Efficiency, and Bandwidth efficiency, to determine the best modulating scheme in the design of Radio frequency identification (RFID) system. The result established that QAM has a better performance metrics.
Keywords: RFID, PSK, QAM, BER, Power Efficiency, Bandwidth Efficiency, AWGN, Rayleigh Fading Channel

[1]. A. Kleist, Chapman, T., Sakai, D., & Jarvis, B. (2004). RFID Labeling – Smart Labeling & Applications for the Consumer Packaged Goods Supply Chain. Irvine, Ca: Printronix.
[2]. M. Bhuptani, & Moradpour, S. (2005). RFID Field Guide Deploying Radio Frequency Identification. New York: Prentice Hall.
[3]. S. Garfinkel, & Rosenberg, B. (2006). RFID Applications, Security and Privacy. New York, New York: Addison Wesley.
[4]. L. Hanzo, R. Steele, and P. Fortune (1990) "A subband coding, BCH coding, and 16-QAM system for mobile radio speech communications," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 39, pp. 327-339.
[5]. J. K. Cavers (1991) "An analysis of pilot symbol assisted modulation for Rayleigh fading channels," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-40, pp. 686-693, November,.
[6]. S. Sampei and T. Sunaga (1993) "Rayleigh fading compensation for QAM in land mobile radio communications," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-42, pp. 137-147.

Abstract: This paper give the brief description of digital communication system.Digital communication is more reliable, secure and efficient than that of analog communication.In Digital communication,BPSK is most important and efficient technique in terms of signal power. In this paper BPSK modulator and demodulator are purely design by using hardware description language (VHDL) and implementing it on Spartan 3E FPGA kit

[1]. S.O. Popescu, A.S.Gontean and G.Budura , "BPSK System on Spartan 3E FPGA" SAMI 2012 • 10th IEEE Jubilee International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics • January 26-28, 2012 • Herl‟any, Slovakia.
[2]. F.Ahamed, A.Scorpino, "An educational digital communications project using FPGAs to implement a BPSK Detector", IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol.48, No.1, 2005, pp.191-197.
[3]. Thotamsetty M Prasad1 , Syed Jahangir" Hardware/Software Co-Simulation of BPSK Modulator Using Xilinx System Generator" IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) e-ISSN: 2250-3021, p-ISSN: 2278-8719, www.iosrjen.org Volume 2, Issue 10 (October 2012), PP 54-58
[4]. O.Azarmanesh, S.Bilen, "Developing a rapid prototyping method using a Matlab/ Simulink/ FPGA development to enable importing legacy code", Proceedings of the SDR ‟08 Technical Conference and product Exposition, USA, 2008.
[5]. Y.H.Chye, M.F.Ain, N.M.Zawawi, "Design of BPSK Transmitter Using FPGA with DAC", in Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 9th Malaysia Conference on Communications, Malaysia, 2009, pp.451-456

Abstract: In this paper we will estimate the vehicular traffic density by using acoustic or sound signals. Here we will estimate three probable conditions of traffic that is heavy flow traffic (0-10km/h), medium flow(20-40km/h), and free flow(above 40km/h) traffic. Cumulative sound signals consist of various noises coming from various part of vehicles which includes rotational parts, vibrations in the engine, friction between the tires and the road, exhausted parts of vehicles, gears, etc. Noise signals are tire noise, engine noise, engine-idling noise, occasional honks, and air turbulence noise of multiple vehicles. These noise signals contains spectral content which are different from each other, therefore we can determine the different traffic density states and mechanical condition of vehicle. For example, under a free-flowing traffic condition, the vehicles typically move with medium to high speeds and thereby produces mainly tire noise and air turbulence noise. Here we uses SVM and ANN classifiers.
Index terms: Artifitial Neural-Network, Support Vector Machine, Signal processing, Noise signal recognition

[1]. Chen Xiao-feng, Shi Zhong-ke and Zhao Kai, ―Research on an Intelligent Traffic Signal Controller,‖ Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2003. Proceedings, Volume 1, Pg. 884-887, 2003 IEEE.
[2]. Chunxiao LI and Shigeru SHIMAMOTO, ―A Real Time Traffic Light Control Scheme for Reducing Vehicles CO2 Emissions,‖ The 8th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference - Emerging and Innovative Consumer Technologies and Applications.
[3]. R. Cucchiara, M. Piccardi, and P. Mello, ―Image analysis and rule based reasoning for a traffic monitoring system,‖ IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 119–130, Jun. 2000.
[4]. S. Kamijo, Y. Matsushita, and K. Ikeuchi, ―Traffic monitoring and accident detection at intersections,‖ IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp.Syst.,vol.1,no.2,pp.108–118, Jun. 2000.
[5]. B. Coifman, D. Beymer, P. McLauchlan, and J. Malik, ―A real-time computer vision system for vehicle tracking and traffic surveillance Transp. Res. C, Emerging Technol., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 271–288, Aug. 1998.

Abstract: As water supplies become insufficient and contaminated, there is an insistent require to irrigate extra efficiently in order to optimize water use. The sensor node gathers the information such as soil moisture to make the motor ON or OFF. The microcontroller receives the real-time data compares according to the defined value and processes those data which are transmitted from the sensor node . The system replaces the wired transmission with the wireless transmission, which reduces the costs in part and protection and improves the system's consistency and conservatory. It has improved purpose viewpoint.
Keywords: wireless sensor node,soil moisture sensor,water resources, AVR Atmega 16L

[1]. Joaquin Gutierrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, Alejandra Nieto-Garraway, and Miguel Ángel Porta- Gándara "Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module " IEEE 2013
[2]. Jia Uddin, S.M. Taslim Reza, Qader Newaz, Jamal Uddin, Touhidul Islam, and Jong-Myon Kim,"Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power" ©2012 IEEE
[3]. Thomas J. Jackson, Fellow, IEEE, Michael H. Cosh, Rajat Bindlish, Senior Member, IEEE, Patric J. Starks, David D. Bosch, Mark Seyfried, David C. Goodrich, Mary Susan Moran, Senior Member, IEEE, and Jinyang Du ,"Validation of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Soil Moisture Products", IEEE 2010
[4]. Andrew J. Skinner and Martin F. Lambert, "An Automatic Soil Pore-Water Salinity Sensor Based on a Wetting-Front Detector" 2010 IEEE
[5]. Samy Sadeky, Ayoub Al-Hamadiy, Bernd Michaelisy, Usama Sayedz," An Acoustic Method for Soil Moisture Measurement ", IEEE 2004.

Abstract: A system of coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (NLSEs) of two fundamental and dark solitons are numerically investigated by Split-Step Fourier Method (SSFM) simulation. The stability of the evolved 'bright' envelopes as the superimposed of two dark solitons has been compared with the interaction of bright fundamental solitons in the perturbed or lossy fiber. Dynamic nature of the solitons in the the presence of nonlinear-dispersive phenomena, their relative amplitude i r relative phase i  and their separation distance 0 q ( 0 r ) are evaluated in the simulation.
Keywords: Chirped-Gaussian Soliton , Dark and 'bright' Soliton ,Solitons from Perturbation , Split-Step Fourier Method.

[1]. {Agrawal, Govind P ,Fiber-Optic Communication Systems (John Wiley,2002, p404-415).
[2]. F.S.Ferreira, ,Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers (John Wiley, p155-192)
[3]. Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber ommunications, (McGraw-Hill, 2011, p482-488)
[4]. Taha, Salah Al-Deen Adnan and Shellal, Mehdi M and Kadhim, Ahmed Chyad, Simulation of Gaussian Pulses Propagation Through Single Mode Optical Fiber Using MATLAB, Iraqi Journal of Science, 2013, Vol.54, No.3, p.601-606
[5]. Govind P.Agrawl,Nonlinear Fiber Optics4th edition, (Elsevier,2007,26-112)
[6]. Fedor Mitscheke, Fiber Optics physics and Technology ( Springer 2009,p153-178)

Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of microcontroller based multilevel inverter using SVPWM technique. The output harmonic content is reduced by using multilevel inverter. The voltage and power increase with increase in the number of levels of inverter. The switching angle for the pulse is selected in such way to re-duce the harmonic distortion. The model of the multilevel inverter system is developed with space vector modulation (SVM) strategy to run the induction motor. Space vector modulation technique is used to reduce the harmonics. Space vector modulation is required due to vector selection in d-q stationary reference frame.SVPWM technique proposed here can also work in over modulation range. The simulation work for space vector modulation and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are done and the results are compared. The THD content is reduced in case of SVM technique. In hardware, microcontroller based multilevel inverter is implemented. The hardware is implemented for a two level inverter. The multilevel inverter output has reduced harmonic level. A microcontroller based gating circuit generates the pulses required by the inverter. The multilevel inverter hardware is successfully fabricated and tested.
Keywords: GUI,SVM,SPWM,SVPWM,VSI

[1]. Zhou, K., and Wang, D.: 'Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM: A comprehensive analysis', IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2002, 49, (1), pp. 186–196.
[2]. Holtz, J., Lotzkat, W., and Khambadkone, A.: 'On continuous control of PWM inverters in over-modulation range including six-step mode', IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1993, 8, (4), pp. 546–553
[3]. Lee, D., and Lee, G.: 'A novel over modulation technique for space vector PWM inverters', IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1998, 13, (6),pp. 1144–1151.
[4]. N.Celanovic and D.Boroyevich (2000). 'A comprehensive study of neutral-point voltage balancing problem in three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage source PWM inverters' - IEEE Trans. Power Electron. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 242–249.
[5]. D.Hadiouche, H. Razik, and A. Rezzoug, (2000). 'Modeling of a double star induction motor for space vector PWM control' - Conf. Rec. Int. Conf. Electrical Machines (ICEM) Espoo, Finland pp. 392–396.

Abstract: To monitor human activities, such as pedestrian motion and detection of intruders in a secure region we are widely using the Unattended ground sensors (UGS). The efficiency of UGSsystems is often limited by high false alarm rates, possibly dueto inadequacies of the underlying algorithms and limitationsof onboard computation. In this regard, this paper presents awavelet-based method for target detection and classification. Theproposed method has been validated on data sets of seismic andPassive Infrared sensors (PIR) for target detection and classification,as well as for payload and movement type identification ofthe targets. The proposed method has the advantages of fastexecution in less time and low memory requirements and is potentiallywell-suited for real-time implementation with onboard UGSsystems.
Keywords: Feature extraction, seismic sensor, passive infrared sensor, symbolic dynamic filtering, target detection.

[1]. G. P. Succi, D. Clapp, R. Gampert, and G. Prado, "Footstep detectionand tracking," Proc. SPIE, vol. 4393, pp. 22–29, Apr. 2001.
[2]. M. Kenneth and P. D. McGaffigan, "Spectrum analysis techniques forpersonnel detection using seismic sensors," Proc. SPIE, vol.
5090, pp.162–173, Sep. 2003.
[3]. Y. Shoji, T. Takasuka, and H. Yasukawa, "Personal identification usingfootstep detection," in Proc. Int. Symp. Intell. Signal
Process. Commun.Syst., 2004, pp. 43–47.
[4]. L. Peck and J. Lacombe, "Seismic-based personnel detection," in Proc.IEEE 41st Ann. Int. Carnahan Conf. Security Technol.,
Ottawa, ON,Canada, 2007, pp. 169–175.
[5]. Z. Zhang, X. Gao, J. Biswas, and K. K. Wu, "Moving targets detectionand localization in passive infrared sensor networks," in
Proc. 10th Int.Conf. Inform. Fusion, Jul. 2007, pp. 1–6.
[6]. A. Ray, "Symbolic dynamic analysis of complex systems for anomalydetection," Signal Process., vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 1115–1130,
2004.

Abstract: Images play a vital role in our day to day life therefore the quality and the information contained in an image is very important to be preserved for various process used in different applications such as military, medical science, astronomy etc. But while capturing an image, the degradation of an image such as blurring effect, noise, aliasing etc. takes place due to various environmental effects. This paper focuses on removing the degradation effects using the Unified Blind Method involving Multi Image Super Resolution and Multi/Single image blur de-convolution techniques. The approach makes use of alternating minimization (AM) procedure of a new cost function with respect to the unknown High Resolution (HR) image and Blur. The regularization term for the HR image is based upon the Huber Markov Random Field model (HMRF). The Blur estimation process makes use of the edge detection process, which improves the quality of blur estimate. For better estimation Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to get the image in frequency domain. The regularization term for the blur is Gaussian (L2 Norm). The processing time of reconstruction using SR method is reduced by separating the interpolation process from registration process. The Unified Blind Method is tested on images and the efficiency of the method is verified.
Keywords: blur de-convolution; super resolution; blind estimate; Huber Markov Random field

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