iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: Every year, we find more and more road accidents due to increased traffic on the roads, and if you see the statistics, you will find that the causalities are more every year than that of 1970 Indo -Pak war. Experts say, increased motorist population, long working hours and stressful life are the major reasons for the rise in road accidents. The factors are beyond one's control, but if we could alert the driver on the highway, could save many precious lives. We haven't presented a very complex solution for this; neither claimed to be expert traffic controllers. Usually fixing some sort of transmitter system on the highways which can detect the speed of the vehicle and convey to the driver that he is not in the permitted speed limit in a particular area is quite common and expensive. As a simple solution, we have pre installed low cost transmitters on required locations to convey the speed limit information, even further, if the automatic breaking system could be actuated on over speed is a decent approach. We have designed and developed a prototype system of a transmitter and receiver modules. Receiver(s) is (are) kept in the vehicle(s) and transmitter(s) are set up on the road side. As it is a prototype, we have not used any speed sensing devices, instead four switches are used as alternative. The four switches represents or assumes various speed limits say limit 80 switch, limit40 switch, limit20 switch and no horn area. Whenever these switches are pressed, they will transmit the corresponding alert message to the driver so that the driver can handle the situation sensibly. Receiver section has a 2x16 LCD, which will display the alert message, and there exists microcontroller to receive the data and activate the relay circuitry to give a buzzer and to control the speed of the dc motor which acts as a prototype for automatic braking and vehicle speed reduction mechanism.
Key words: Road accidents, alerting the driver by message, transmitter and receiver system, microcontroller, speed limits, no horn area, buzzer.

[1]. Automated emergency Brake systems: Technical requirements, costs and benefits. C Grover, I Knight,I Simmons, G Couper, P Massie and B Smith, PPR 227, TRL Limited
[2]. Bishop, R. (2005) Intelligent Vehicles Technology and Trends, Artech House.
[3]. Sussman, J. M. (1993) Intelligent vehicle highway systems: Challenge for the future, IEEE Micro, 1(14-18), pp. 101-104.
[4]. Autonomos Intelligent Cruise Control. Petros A,Member, IEEE,and C.C. Chien, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol 42, No.4, Nov 1993.
[5]. R. E. Fenton, "A Headway safety policy for automated highway operations" IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VT-28, Feb. 1979.

Abstract: This paper presents a technique to design an Excess-3 Arithmetic circuit capable of doing addition and subtraction operation using 9's complement method. The explored method of the circuit of 9's complement method along with the conventional adder-subtractor composite unit achieves the design to get perfect result. By this circuit we can add or subtract any two numbers with any sign in an efficient way by using Excess-3 arithmetic process without employing the human brain.
Keywords: Control inverter, Control sign input, Composite unit, Sign magnitude bit output, Full adders.

[1]. D. Ghosh and S. R. Saha, "Design of 4bit binary arithmetic circuit using 2's complement method", IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE), 8(4), 2013, pp.39-42.
[2]. D. Ghosh, K. K. Mandal and S. R. Saha,"Design of digital arithmetic circuit using BCD code & 9's complement method", International Journal of Electronics & Communication Technology (IJECT),4(4),2013,pp.115-117.
[3]. D. Sangwan and M. K. Yadav, "Design and Implementation of Adder/Subtractor and Multiplication Units for Floating-Point Arithmetic", International journal of Electronics Engineering, 2(1), 2010, pp.197-203.
[4]. D. Ghosh,"Design of 4-Bit Adder Subtractor Composite Unit Using 2's Complement Method
[5]. Goggle search, Digital adder circuit, http://mindcraft.gamepedia.com/Tutorials/Advanced_redstone_circuit

Abstract: This paper is to develop a segmentation system in order to assist the surgeons for the treatment of certain illness such as lung cancer, and tumours.Lung cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancer and it has a very low survival .Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) helps reducing the burden of radiation and improving the accuracy of abnormality detection during CT image interpretation. The fissures of lung lobes are difficult to see by our naked eyes in low dose CT image because low resolution scanners are used.This is an automatic segmentation system. The lung lobes and nodules in CT image are segmented using adaptive fissure sweep and adaptive thresholding. Firstly noise removal of CT image using filter is done, then the fissure regions are located using adaptive fissure sweep technique.Nodules are present in the fissures region.Oblique fissures are refined by region growing method. Lung Nodules are segmented using thresholding.
Key Words: CT image, fissures, lung nodules, segmentation, watershed transform

[1]. Anitha. and Sridhar."Segmentation of Lung Lobes and Nodules in Ct Images", Signal & Image Processing: An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.1, No.1, September 2010
[2]. Jan-Martin Kuhnigk*, Volker Dicken etal "Morphological Segmentation and Partial Volume Analysis for Volumetry of Solid Pulmonary Lesions in Thoracic CT Scans" IEEE Transactions On Medical Imaging, Vol. 25, No. 4, April 2006
[3]. Eva M. van Rikxoort "Automatic Segmentation of Pulmonary Lobes Robust Against Incomplete Fissures‟IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 29, no. 6, june 2010
[4]. E. M. van Rikxoort, B. de Hoop, S. van de Vorst, M etal "Automatic segmentation of pulmonary segments from volumetric chest CT scans," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 621–630, Apr. 2009.
[5]. K. Okada, D. Comaniciu, and A. Krishnan, "Robust anisotropic Gaussian fitting for volumetric characterization of pulmonary nodules in multislice CT," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 409–423, Mar.2005

Abstract: Legalization and protection of data are the primary nuts and bolts in present day communication systems. Data authentication in image processing is achieved by watermarking and encryption techniques. Nonetheless, whatever be the technique of watermarking, one of the vital factors to be considered is robustness. In this paper, we have proposed an algorithm for image security comprising watermarking in spatial domain along with encryption. At the resource, hidden image (secret image) is encoded within another image i.e. cover image by the pixel merging technique for watermarking. Secondly, the watermarked image is encrypted using blowfish encryption. The secret image is finally decoded at the receiving end. Robustness is also checked by extracting the secret image perfectly without any degradation in the quality of original image.
Keywords: Watermarking, spatial domain, encryption, robustness.

[1]. I. J. Cox et al, Digital watermarking and steganography (Second Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2008).
[2]. A survey of digital image watermarking techniques, 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN 2005) pp. 495-502.
[3]. S.Armeni, D. Christodoulakis, I. Kostopoulos, Y. Stamatiou, and M. Xenos, A Transparent Watermarking Method for Color Images, 1st IEEE Balkan Conference On Signal Processing, Communications Circuits and Systems, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000

[4]. Jindal N. and Singh K, Image Retrieval Algorithm based on Discrete Fractional Transforms, Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 250-255,2013.
[5]. Goldreich, Oded, Foundations of Cryptography(Volume 2, Basic Applications, Cambridge University press 2004).

[6]. Bellare, Mihir, Public-Key Encryption in a Multi-user Setting: Security Proofs and Improvements, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000.

Abstract: Hand Gesture Recognition to control any device is one of the new techniques identified for Human Computer Interaction. As context to that in this paper we have proposed a Real Time Hand Gesture Recognition Technique in which user can do various gestures by hand in front of camera connected to device , although there is variation in background captured video is converted into frames and by using suitable pattern recognition technique gesture is analyzed and identified and given as a command to operate the robot.
Index Terms: Gesture recognition, Human-computer interaction, Pattern recognition, Robotics

[1] Pavlovic, V., Sharma, R. & Huang.T.S.: Visual interpretation of hand gestures for human-computer interaction: A review. IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7), pp 677–695,1997.
[2] Wu, Y. & Huang, T.S.: Vision-based gesture recognition: A review. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Gesture Workshop,1999.
[3] Konstantinos G. Derpanis. : A Review of Vision-Based Hand Gestures. Internal Report, Department of Computer Science. York University,2004.
[4] Watson, Richard.: A Survey of Gesture Recognition Techniques. Technical Report TCD-CS-93-11, Department of Computer Science, Trinity College Dublin,1993.
[5] Sushmita Mitra and Tinku Acharya: Gesture Recognition: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - Part C: Applications and Reviews, Vol. 37, No. 3,2007.

Abstract: By increasing the demand of enhancing the ability of processors to handle the more complex and challenging processors has resulted in the integration of a number of processor cores into one chip. Still the load of on the processor is not less in generic system. An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is the heart of all microprocessors. It is a combinational logic unit that performs its logical or arithmetic operations. ALU is getting smaller and more complex nowadays to enable the development of a more powerful but smaller computer In this proposed paper a 4 bit ALU chip has been design to the benefits of all the computations are done in parallel and available simultaneously, so no clock resources are wasted. The MUX is then simply used to select the required output.
Index Terms: ALU, CMOS, VLSI and TTL

[1] Saeid Moslehpour, Srikrishna Karatalapu" VLSI and SPICE modeling of ALU" Journal of Communication and Computer, ISSN 1548-7709, USA , Oct. 2009, Volume 6, No.10 (Serial No.59)
[2] H.T. Bui, Y. Wang and Y. Jiang, "Design and analysis of low-power 10-transistor full adders using novel XOR-XNOR gates", IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 49, pp. 25 –30, Jan. 2002.
[3] J.M. Wang, S.C. Fang and W.C. Fang, "New efficient designs for XOR and XNOR functions on transistor level", IEEE J. of Solid State Circuits, vol. 29, pp. 780-786, July 1994.
[4] A.M. Shams and M.A. Bayoumi, "A novel high-performance CMOS 1-bit full-adder cell", IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 47, pp. 478 –481, May 2000. 105
[5] D. Radhakrishnan, "Low-voltage low-power CMOS full adder", IEE Proceedings-Circuits, Devices and Systems, vol.148, pp. 19 -24, Feb. 2001.

Abstract: Security and integrity of data are two challenging areas for research.Nowadays more attention is paid to reversible data hiding in encrypted images as original cover image can be losslessly recovered after embedded data is extracted while protecting the image contents confidentiality.It is used widely in medical imagery,military imagery and law forensics.Data hiding helps in protecting the data against malicious attacks such as information stealing, copyright piracy.This paper discusses about the different reversible data hiding techniques.
Index terms: Reversible data hiding, histogram, image encryption

[1] Y. Hu, H.-K. Lee, and J. Li, "DE-based reversible data hiding with improved overflow location map," IEEE Transactions, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 250–260, Feb. 2009..
[2] M. U. Celik, G. Sharma, A. M. Tekalp, and E. Saber, "Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 253–266, Feb. 2005.
[3] J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, and R. Du, "Lossless data embedding for all image formats," in Proc. Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IV, Proc. SPIE, 2002, vol. 4675, pp. 572–583.
[4] J. Tian, "Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 890–896, Aug. 2003.

[5] A. M. Alattar, "Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol 13, no. 8, pp. 1147–1156, Aug. 2004.

Abstract: The content of this paper is intended to highlight the performance of the 32-bit LEON 3FT processor in terms of execution speed in comparison with the currently used 16-bit processor. Therefore, the work related to this paper is considered to be an upgrade over the previous implementation. The proposal for such an enhancement has been materialized successfully by means of a LEON 3FT processor based design on a protoboard, extensively supported by suitable simulator and debugger tools and environment. A set of selected benchmark programs have been executed on the superior processor mainly to track the execution times. The benchmark suite is selected in order to suit, support and verify the functionality of the possible list of real-time tasks in the spacecraft application. Taking advantage of this enhancement, the end user can time critical, real-time tasks efficiently. The results of this paper show a remarkable giant leap in system performance in terms of execution speed.

Index Terms: LEON 3FT, performance analysis, benchmark programs, computational capabilities, execution speed

[1] LEON3FT SPARC V8 Micro Processor, Functional manual, August 2010.

[2] Considerations on the LEON cache effects on the timing analysis of on-board applications - G. Bernat, A. Colin, J. Esteves, G. Garcia, Moreno, N. Holsti, T. Vardanega and M. Hernek

[3] "Fast and efficient cache behaviour prediction for real-time systems", by C. Ferdinand and R. Wilhelm. Real-Time Systems 17, 131–181, 1999.

[4] aiT Worst-Case Execution Time Analyzers. http://www.absint.com/ait/, AbsInt Angewandte Informatik GmbH.

[5] "WCET analysis of probabilistic hard real-time systems", by G. Bernat, A. Colin and S.M. Petters. In Proceedings of the 23rd Real- \Time Systems Symposium RTSS 2002, Austin, Texas, USA, 279–288.

Abstract: Increases in greenhouse sizes have forced the growers to increase measurement points for tracking changes in the environment, thus enabling energy saving and more accurate adjustments. However, increases in measurement points mean increases in installation and maintenance cost. The purpose of this project "AUTO-MATED WIRELESS GREENHOUSE CLIMATE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM" which is capable of intelligently monitoring and controlling the greenhouse climate conditions in a pre programmed manner. The proposed system consists of three stations: Sensor Station, Coordinator Station, and Central Station. To allow for better monitoring of the climate condition in the greenhouse, the sensor station is equipped with several sensor elements such as CO2, Temperature, humidity, light, soil moisture and soil temperature. The communication between the sensor station and the coordinator station is achieved via ZigBee wireless modules and the communication between coordinator station and the central station is achieved via Zigbee wireless modules. The overall system architecture shows advantages in cost, size, power, flexibility and distributed intelli-gent. It is believed that the outcomes of the project will provide the opportunity for further research and devel-opment of a low cost automated wireless greenhouse management system for commercial use.
Keywords: Green house, Zigbee, ARM7LPC 2148, Sensors

[1] Jian Song, "Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System Based on Zigbee Wireless Senor Network" ICECE '10 Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, pp.2785-2788 USA ©2010.
[2] He,Guomi Wang, Xiaochan; Sun, Guoxiang, " Design of a Greenhouse Humiture Monitoring System Based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks"Fifth International Conference on Frontier of ComputerScience and Technology (FCST), 2010 . [3]Anuj Kumar, Abhishek Singh, I.P.Singh,S.K.Sud, "Prototype Greenhouse Environment Monitoring System" vol .II Mar 17-19 IMECS 2010.
[4] BeomJin Kang Dae, Heon Park, KyungRyung Cho, ChangSun Shin, SungEonCho , JangWoo Park "A Study on the Greenhouse Auto Control System Based on Wireless Sensor Network", IEEE, 22 December 2008.
[5] Huichun Xing, Jing Li, Richard Liu, Ed Oshinski, Richaerd Rogers, "2.4 GHZ On-Board Parallel Plate Soil Moisture Sensor sys-tem", Sensors for Industry Conference Houston, Texas, USA, 8-10 February 2005.

Abstract: The conventional technique of measuring the quality of water is to gather the samples manually and send it laboratory for analysis, but this technique is time overwhelming and not economical. Since it's not feasible to take the water sample to the laboratory after every hour for measuring it's quality. The water quality measuring system can measure the essential qualities of water in real time. The system consists of multiple sensors to measure the standard of water, microcontroller and GSM to send the information to the watching centre. It's a true time system which is able to endlessly measure the standard of water and can send the measured values to the watching centre when each predefined time. The system relies on microcontroller 8051 and GSM.
Keywords: GSM Module, Microcontroller, Multiple sensors, SMS, Water Quality Measuring

[1] Mo Deqing, Zhao Ying, Chen Shangsong, "Automatic Measurement and Reporting System of Water Quality Based on GSM," 2012 International Conference on Intelligent System Design and Engineering Application.
[2] Dr. Seema Verma, "Wireless Sensor Network application for water quality monitoring in India," 2012 National Conference on Computing and Communication Systems (NCCCS).
[3] Dong He,Li-Xin Zhang," The Water Quality Monitoring System Based on WSN," 1Institute of Mechanical and electronic information, China University of Geosciences (WuHan), WuHan,China, 978-1-4577-1415-3/12/$26.00 ©2012 IEEE
[4] Nazleeni Samiha Haron, Mohd Khuzaimi B Mahamad, Izzatdin Abdul Aziz, Mazlina Mehat," A System Architecture for Water Quality Monitoring System Using Wired Sensors," Computer and Information Science Department, 978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
[5] Xiwu He," Design of Automatic Control system for Waterworks based on PLC," 978-1-4577-0536-6/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited; the increased demand of wireless application has put a lot of constraints on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard wireless regional area network (WRAN)) is developed, which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. In this work we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer by using QPSK modulation over Rayleigh fading channel and obtaining the bit error rate (BER) curves. Further we are reducing the BER for a lesser value of signal to noise ratio (SNR) so that the BER performance of the system is improved.
Keywords: WRAN, cognitive radio, Rayleigh channel. Convolution coding

[1]. K. Cordeiro, D. Challapali, D.Birru, and S.Shankar, "IEEE 802.22 : The First Worldwide Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios," Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN 05), Nov. 2005, pp. 328-337, doi: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2005.1542649.
[2]. K. Cordeiro, D. Challapali, D.Birru, and S.Shankar, "IEEE 802.22 : The First Worldwide Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios," Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN 05), Nov. 2005, pp. 328-337
[3]. S.H. Hwang, J.S> Um, M.S. Song, C.J. Kim, H.R. Park, and Y.H. Kim, "Design and Verification of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical Layer (Invited Paper)," Proc. International Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications (CrownCom 08), IEEE Press, May. 2008, pp. 1-6
[4]. W. C. Jakes, Editor (February 1, 1975). Microwave Mobile Communications. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
[5]. U.dalal "Wireless Communication System", Oxford University press

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network node for monitoring coal seam combustion has been designed and implemented for surface coalmine. A wide range temperature WSN node has been implemented by integrating JN5139 microcontroller; MAX31855 temperature sensor and K-type thermocouple as the main components of the node. Data is remotely sensed from source nodes and transmitted to the sink node using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard with Zigbee protocol for the communication between nodes. Sensing temperature, data processing and transmission of data are software-controlled by the JN5139 microcontroller, which is interfaced with the MAX31855 through SPI. Data is transmitted over the internet through GPRS for remote access. The node is stable and robust enough to withstand harsh environmental condition on the coalfield. The node is able to provide readings of temperature range from -40 oC to 1300oC.
Keywords: High temperature; monitoring; wireless sensor network; Coalmine; Remote access

[1]. M. I. Neace. A. M. Neacă, "High Temperatures Measurement in Industrial " Internet Computing, IEEE, vol. 978-1-4673-1810, 5/12/ 2012 2012.
[2]. K. Arshak and E. Jafer, "A wireless sensor network system for pressure and temperature signals monitoring," in Industrial Electronics, 2007. ISIE 2007. IEEE International Symposium on, 2007, pp. 1496-1501.
[3]. R. Jedermann, R. Schouten, A. Sklorz, W. Lang, and O. Van Kooten, "Linking keeping quality models and sensor systems to an autonomous transport supervision system," in Cold Chain Management–2nd international Workshop, Bonn, 2006.
[4]. R. P. a. A. M. Kavi K. Khedo, "A Wireless Sensor Network Air Pollution Monitoring System," International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networks (IJWMN), vol. Vol.2, May 2010.
[5]. X. Xiang, "Design of fuzzy drip irrigation control system based on ZigBee wireless sensor network," in Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV, ed: Springer, 2011, pp. 495-501.

Abstract: There are many methods to reduce the multipath effects in wireless communication. Multicarrier modulation for data transmission is one of the methods to overcome the effect of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), also known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The analysis of Bit Error Rate (BER) performance suggests, OFDM is better than Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) which is mostly incorporated in existing 3G systems.[1]In this article the influence of cyclic prefix and pilot insertion technique on an OFDM system is analyzed on an AWGN channel. The OFDM system is simulated with MATLAB programming as well as simulink model , and the BER curves with and without CP/PI are compared. The variance of power loss and information rate loss with length of the cyclic prefix is explained.
Keywords: BER, CP , FFT,OFDM,PI, Simulink.

[1]. Jigisha N. Patel ,Prof.(Mrs.) Upena D.Dalal, A Comparative Performance Analysis of OFDM using MATLAB Simulation with M-PSK and M-QAM Mapping, International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications 2007.
[2]. Xiurong Bao , Matlab Simulation and Performance Analysis of OFDM System , International Conference on Computer Science and Information Processing (CSIP),2012.
[3]. Sinem Coleri, Mustafa Ergen, Anuj Puri, and Ahmad Bahai , Channel Estimation Techniques Based on Pilot Arrangement in OFDM Systems ,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 48, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2002.
[4]. Mrs.S.S.GHORPADE, Prof.Dr.Mrs.S.V.SANKPAL , Behavior of OFDM System Using MATLABSimulation , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH Volume No. 1, Issue No. 3, April - May 2013, 249 – 252.
[5]. Miroslav Makarov , MATLab simulation for Comparison of Different QAM Constellations and Mapping for a Chanel with AWGN , Conference of Informatics and Management Sciences ,March, 25-29 2013.