iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: This paper examines a stack of triangular dielectric resonator antenna which is equilateral in shape. The impedance bandwidth is 16.43% (S11<-10 dB) with wideband monopole-like radiation pattern over the entire band has been examined with 4.987dBi peak gain. The efficient radiation pattern is achieved when the geometry of two equilateral triangular dielectric volume is placed over a ground plane, and using coaxial probe for the excitation. CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio Suite 10 is used for the simulation of the designed antenna.
Keywords: Triangular dielectric resonator antenna (TDRA), Dielectric resonator (DR), Impedance Bandwidth (IBW), S11 (S-Parameter), Fractional Bandwidth (FBW), Perfect conductor (PEC).

[1] J. K. Plourde and C. Ren, MEMBER, IEEE ―Application of Dielectric Resonators in Microwave Components,‖ IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-29, NO. 8, pp. 754–770, August 1981.
[2] R. K. Mongia and P. Bhartia, ―Dielectric resonator antennas—A review and general design relations for resonant frequency and bandwidth,‖ International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer Aided Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 230–247, July 1994.
[3] A. A. Kiosk, ―A Triangular dielectric resonator Antenna Excited by a coaxial probe,‖ Microwave and Optical Technology Letters / Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 340-341, September 5 2001.
[4] Amit Kumar, Utkarsh besaria and Rajeev gupta, ―Four Element triangular wideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna Excited by coaxial probe,‖vol. 6, pp. 01-06, june2013

Abstract: Pattern synthesis is one of the most important aspects in antenna design. Arrays are more flexible to produce desired radiation characteristics. Difference patterns are usually generated with conventional techniques and there is less control on sidelobes. In view of this, techniques like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing are applied to synthesize and produce such patterns optimally. The simulated patterns are produced for different array configurations and the patterns are presented in u domain.
Keywords: Difference pattern, Sidelobe reduction, Antenna Array, Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing

[1]. G.S.N.RAJU. "Antennas and Wave Propagation". Pearson Education, 2005.
[2]. M.T.Ma, "Theory and application of Antenna Arrays", John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1974.
[3]. D Mandal, S K Ghosal, S Das, S Bhattacharjee and A K Bhattacharjee, " Improvement of radiation pattern for linear antenna arrays
using genetic algorithm," 2010 international conference on recent trends in Information, Telecommunications & Computing.
[4]. E.T.Bayliss, "Design of monopulse antenna difference patterns with low sidelobes," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 47, pp. 623-650, May-
June 1968.
[5]. R.S.Elliott, "Design of line source antennas for difference patterns with sidelobes of individually arbitrary heights," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-24, no. 3, pp.310-316, 1976.
[6]. Yanchang, G.; Meng, M.; Xianrong, S.; Nenghang, F., "Design of aperture distributions for difference pattern from Taylor
distributions,"

Abstract: In this project a low voltage, low cost & high efficiency based solar maximum power point tracking system for green house applications is presented. The main controlling element is the micro controller programme in c language in order to extract maximum solar power point. In addition we use buck converter for MPPT. Further this maximum power is utilized to drive pumps and fans of green house.

[1]. I. H. Altas, A. M. Sharaf, "A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for MATLAB-SIMULINK GUI Environment," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, pp. 341-345, 2007.
[2]. E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, N. C. Voulgaris,"Development of a Microcontroller-Based Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Control System", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 16, No 1, pp. 46-54, January 2001.
[3]. G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, R. Teodorescu, M. Veerachary, M. Vitelli, "Reliability Issues in Photovoltaic Power Processing Systems," IEEE Transaction. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2569-2580, July 2008
[4]. Jaen C , Moyano C, Santacruz X, Pou J, Arias A, "Overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking Control techniques used in Photovoltaic Systems", 15th IEEE International Conference on Electronics,, Circuits and Systems, ICECS pp 1099 – 11025, 2008.".
[5]. Veerachary M, Senjyu T, Uezato K, "Voltage-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of PV System", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and ElectronicSystems", Vol.38,No.1,pp.262-270,6January2002.

Abstract: Glaucoma is a disease of the eye, characterized by increased Intraocular Pressure (IOP), excavation and atrophy of optic nerve. Without treatment, glaucoma can cause total permanent blindness. A technique for automated screening of glaucoma from retinal fundus images using wavelet features is presented in this paper. The discussed wavelet features such as mean and entropy values are obtained by using daubechies (db3) wavelet filter. Thus the features are validated by classifying the normal and glaucoma images using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The performance is analysed with evaluation metrics in terms of accuracy and specificity. Thus the observed accuracy and specificity is 79% and 100% respectively.
Keywords: Glaucoma, fundus, wavelet feature, daubechies (db3), Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

[1] Jagadish Nayak, Rajendra Acharya U,P. Subbanna Bhat,Nakul Shetty,Teik-Cheng Lim, "Automated Diagnosis of Glaucoma Using Digital Fundus Images, "Journal of Medical Systems,Vol.33,no.5,October 2009.
[2] R. George, R. S. Ve, and L. Vijaya, "Glaucoma in India: Estimated burden of disease," J. Glaucoma, vol. 19, pp. 391–397, Aug. 2010.
[3] J. M. Miquel-Jimenez et al., "Glaucoma detection by wavelet-based analysis of the global flash multifocal electroretinogram," Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 32, pp. 617–622, 2010.
[4] Sumeet Dua, Senior Member, IEEE, U. Rajendra Acharya, Pradeep Chowriappa, Member, IEEE, and S. Vinitha Sree, "Wavelet-Based Energy Features for Glaucomatous Image Classification" IEEE transcations on information technology in biomedicine,Vol. 16, No. 1, January 2012.
[5] "Optic Disk and Cup Segmentation from Monocular Color Retinal Images for Glaucoma Assessment‟, Gopal Datt Joshi, Member, IEEE, Jayanthi Sivaswamy, Member, IEEE, and S. R. Krishnadas‟‟ IEEE transcation on medical imaging, December, 2010.

Abstract: OFDM is a special kind of Multi Carrier modulation technique which forms the basis for 4G Wireless system. OFDM is a key broadband technology that can supports data rates in excess of 100 Mbps that is essential for next generation 4G broadband communication.. Peak To Average Power ratio is one of the serious problems in OFDM technology that is problem of extreme excursions of transmitted signal, which reduces the efficiency of transmit high power amplifier. This paper explores the problem of PAPR and focus in reduction of PAPR using μ law technique.This proposed technique shows the better performance in the presence of non linear high power amplifier by significantly reducing PAPR more than 5.5 db, signal to noise ratio is also deceases by 6 db at BER=𝟏

Keywords: Ofdm;Papr; BER; Compander; μLaw

[1] R. V. Nee and R. Prasad,_ OFDM for wireless multimedia communications , Norwood, MA: Artech House Publishers, January 2000.

[2] Peng Liu "A New Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Schemes for OFDM System "M. Eng. thesis, Concordia university, Canada , Jan. 2004.
[3] OFDM challenge ,EE TIMES Jim Wight10/23/2001 03:05 PM EDT

[4] J. A. Davis and J. Jedwab, "Peak-to-mean power control in OFDM, Golay complementary sequences, and Reed-Muller codes," IEEETrans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, pp. 2397–2417, Nov. 1999.

[5] J .G .Proakis and M .Salehi ,Communication systems engineering , 1994 by prentice-Hall ,Inc.

[6] H. Sakran#1, M. Shokair #2, A. AbouElazm #3 "A New Peak-to-Average Power Reduction Technique in the OFDM System Using μ-Law Compander'' IEEE ISWCS 2008.

Abstract: Satellite images are composed of multiple bands of data covering a large spectrum of reflected light having some GB of data. For such huge amount of data, image compression is particularly important where the images must be compressed and sent over a limited bandwidth before analysis can take place. For various image processing applications, the wavelet transform is a more effective and powerful tool, but it has some limitations like shift invariance, poor directional selectivity and absence of phase information. Complex wavelet transform overcomes these limitations but perfect reconstruction using complex filter is very complicated. Hence approximate shift variant DT-CWT (Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform) is implemented in this paper with redundancy of 4:1. This transform provides approximate shift variance and directionally selective filters along with perfect reconstruction. In this paper very efficient DTCWT based (Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees algorithm) SPIHT algorithm optimized for progressive image transmission applied for satellite images is presented. It has been shown that proposed method for image compression gives better result in terms of PSNR and hence the image quality as compare to simple DWT.
Keywords: DT-CWT, SPIHT (Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees),Wavelet transform, Complex wavelet transform.

[1] J. Serra-Sagristà and F. Aulí-Llinàs, ―Remote sensing data compression,‖in Computational Intelligence for Remote Sensing. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, Jun. 2008, pp. 27–61.
[2] R.C.Gonzalez,R.E.Woods,S.L.Eddins ―Digital Image Processing Using Matlab‖ ISBN 81-7758-898-2
[3] Jarno Mielikainen, ―Clustered DPCM for the Lossless Compression of Hyperspectral Images,‖ IEEE Trans. On Geoscience And Remote Sensing, vol. 41, NO. 12, December 2009
[4] Y. Linde, A. Buzo, and R. Gray, ―An Algorithm for vector quantization design,‖ IEEE Trans. Common., vol. 28, pp. 84–95, Jan. 1980.
[5] B. Penna, T. Tillo, E. Magli, and G. Olmo, ―Transform coding techniques for lossy hyperspectral data compression,‖ IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1408–1421, May 2007.

Abstract: In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm to reconstruct the 3D structure of a human face from one or more of its 2D images with different poses. In our algorithm, the nonlinear least-squares model is first employed to estimate the depth values of facial feature points and the pose of the 2D face image concerned by means of the similarity transform. Furthermore, different optimization schemes are presented with regard to the accuracy levels and the training time required. Our algorithm also embeds the symmetrical property of the human face into the optimization procedure, in order to alleviate the sensitivities arising from changes in pose. In addition, the regularization term, based on linear correlation, is added in the objective function to improve the estimation accuracy of the 3D structure. Further, a model-integration method is proposed to improve the depth-estimation accuracy when multiple non frontal view face images are available. Experimental results on the 2D and 3D databases demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed methods.
Index Terms: 3D face reconstruction, face recognition, nonlinear least-squares model.

[1] K. W. Bowyer, K. Chang, and P. Flynn, "A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D + 2D face recognition," Comput. Vis. Image Understand., vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Jan. 2006.
[2] H. S. Koo and K. M. Lam, "Recovering the 3D shape and poses of face images based on the similarity transform," Pattern Recognit. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 712–723, Apr. 2008.
[3] D. L. Jiang, Y. X. Hu, S. H. Yan, L. Zhang, H. J. Zhang, and W. Gao, "Efficient 3D reconstruction for face recognition," Pattern Recognit., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 787–798, Jun. 2005.
[4] C. Z. Zhang and F. S. Cohen, "3D face structure extraction and recognition from images using 3D morphing and distance mapping," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 1249–1259, Nov. 2002.
[5] R. Zhang, P. S. Tsai, J. E. Cryer, and M. Shah, "Shape-from-shading: A survey," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 690–706, Aug. 1999.

Abstract: Low Power dissipation and smaller area are one of the important factors while designing multipliers for digital circuits. As multipliers used in digital circuits dissipate large amount of heat whenever there is a transition of bits. Reversible Logic has emerged as a promising technology in reducing power dissipation. It has application in various fields such as low power VLSI, Quantum computing and Nano-technology. Hence, In this paper we try to design a reversible multiplier using Peres gate and Full adder. We show that, proposed multiplier is efficient in terms area, power and delay. Furthermore, it requires fewer garbage outputs and constant inputs. Proposed reversible multiplier is implemented using VHDL, simulated and synthesized on Xilinx 13.1 tool.
Keywords: Constant input, Digital circuits, Full adder, Garbage output, Multipliers, Reversible Logic, Peres gate. VHDL, Xilinx.

[1] R. Landauer, "Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computational Process", IBM Journal of Research and Development, 5, pp. 183-191, 1961.
[2] C.H. Bennett, "Logical Reversibility of Computation", IBM J. Research and Development, pp.525-532, November 1973.
[3] Kerntopf, P., M.A. Perkowski and M.H.A. Khan, 2004. On universality of general reversible multiple valued logic gates, IEEE Proceeding of the 34th international symposium on multiple valued logic (ISMVL‟04), pp: 68-73.
[4] Perkowski, M., A. Al-Rabadi, P. Kerntopf, A.Buller, M. Chrzanowska-Jeske, A. Mishchenko, M. Azad Khan, A. Coppola, S. Yanushkevich, V. Shmerko and L. Jozwiak, 2001. A general decomposition for reversible logic, Proc. RM‟2001, Starkville, pp: 119-138.
[5] Perkowski, M. and P. Kerntopf, 2001. Reversible Logic. Invited tutorial, Proc. EURO-MICRO, Sept 2001, Warsaw, Poland. G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, "On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955. (references)

Abstract: This paper presents the review of the Pseudo-QMF bank which is one of the most important subclass of the Multi-rate filter banks. It deals with the advantages of Pseudo-QMF bank over the other filter banks such as fewer complexes in designing and easy to implement. Various design techniques of pseudo-QMF have been discussed here, so that this paper would help other researchers to work in this very important field of digital signal processing.
Keywords: Cosine modulated filter bank, Kaiser window approach (KWA), Pseudo-QMF, Non-uniform sub-band filter bank, Spectral factorization approach

[2] R. Bregovic and T. Saramaki, ―A general-purpose optimization approach for designing two-channel fir filterbanks,‖ IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1783–1791, 2003
[3] P. P. Vaidyanathan, ―Multirate Systems and Filter Banks‖, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1993.
[4] R. Bregovic and T. Saramaki, ―Two-channel FIR filterbanks-a tutorial review and new results,‖ in Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Transforms Filter banks, vol. 4, pp. 507–558, Brandenburg, Germany, 1999.
[5] J org Kliewer, ‖On the Relationship between Pseudo-QMF Designs and Perfect-Reconstruction Solutions for Modulated Filter Banks‖, IEEE . 52 (9) (2004) 2661–2664
[6] J. H. Nussbaumer and M. Vetterli, ―Pseudo quadrature mirror filters,‖ in Proceeding Conference DSP Florence 81, pp. 8-12 (1981).
[7] T. A. Ramstad, ―Cosine modulated analysis-synthesis filter banks with critical sampling and perfect reconstruction,‖ in Proc. IEEE Int. Con$ Acoust., Speech Signal Processing, Toronto, Canada, May 1991, pp. 1789-1792.

Abstract: DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) is one of the main technique of spread spectrum system and is the most common version use for military communication. In this paper, I have designed and implemented RADAR (Radio Wave Detection and Ranging) transmitter and receiver using direct sequence spread spectrum for range estimation. Most challenging part in RADAR system is to be getting better accuracy and resolution. In this paper, we mainly concentrates on direct sequence spread spectrum because it has some inherent merits like accuracy of ranging, sensitivity of power estimation, interference suppression than other types of spread spectrum. MATLAB simulink tool is used for designing and simulating of RADAR transreceiver using DSSS to obtain parameter and to test the influence of the signals on the system.
Keywords: BPSK, DSSS, PN Sequence, RADAR Transmitter and Receiver

[1] Bernard Sklar, Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice-Hall International, 2nd Edition, 2007.
[2] Merrill Skolnik, Introduction to RADAR System, Tata Mcgraw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2012.
[3] Hanzo, L., L.-L. Yong, E.-L. Kuan, and K. Yen, Single and Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA Multy-User Detection, Space-Time Spreading Synchronisation and Standards, John Wiley & Sons, 1st Edition, 2003
[4] D. Kandar, C. K. Sarkar, and R. N. Bera, "Simulation of Spread Spectrum RADAR using RAKE at the Receiver end" Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 7, pp. 35-45, 2009.
[5] Jin Sam Kwak, Jae Hong Lee. "Infrared Transmission for Intervehicle Ranging and Vehicle-To-Roadside Communication Systems Using Spread-Spectrum Technique." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 5, pp. 12-19, 2004.

Abstract: This paper present a review on the concept of Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) which exploits the interleaving as only means of user separation. In this paper, different interleavers have been compared based on bit error rate. Finally it concludes few ideas on the future scope and challenging issues in this scheme.
Keywords: IDMA Receiver, Interleaving, Modulation Techniques, Spreading Codes, Tree Based Interleaver (TBI)

[1] Pingzhi Fan, "Multiple Access Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Communication",6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications Proceedings,2006
[2] Ramjee Prasad and Tero O Janepara, "A Survey on CDMA:A Evolution towards Wideband CDMA" in proc. Of IEEE,1998
[3] J. Ch. Fricke, M. Sandell, J. Mietzner, and P. A. Hoeher, "Impact of the Gaussian approximation on the performance of the probabilistic data association MIMO decoder," EURASIPJournal on Wireless Commun. and Networking, vol. 2005, no. 5, pp. 796-800, Dec. 2005.
[4] L. Liu, J. Tong, and Li Ping, "Analysis and optimization of CDMA systems with chip-levelinterleavers," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 141-150, Jan. 2006
[5] M.Shukla, V.K. Srivastava, S. Tiwari "Analysis and Design of Tree Based Interleaver for Multiuser Receivers in IDMA Scheme," 16th IEEE International Conference on Networks "ICON 2008", Delhi, India, pp. 1-4, Dec. 13-14, 2008

Abstract: The utilization of VoIP (Voice over IP) in UMTS networks requires the establishment of adequated rules in order to maximize the efficiency of transmission over the air interface. Here we will describe a technique, based on the reduction of voice packet overhead, with the objective of minimizing the power expended during a typical conversation.
Keywords: UMTS, IMS, LTE

[1] G. Camarillo, M. Garcia-Martin, The 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS): Merging the Internet and the Cellular Worlds, Wiley, Second Edition, February 2006.
[2] A. Couvreur, Le Ny L.M., Minaburo A., Rubino G., Sericola B. and Toutain L., Performance Analysis of a Header Compression Protocol: The ROHC Unidirectional Mode, Telecommunication Systems, Vol 31, No 1, pp 85,98, 2006.
[3] A. Giovanardi, G. Mazzini, M. Rossi and M. Zorzi, Improved header compression for TCP/IP over wireless links. IEEE Electronics Letters, pp 1958–1960, July 2012.
[4] 3GPP Document, RAB Configuration for VoIMS, TSG RAN2#45bis, Sophia Antilopis, France, R2-050039, January 2010.
[5] 3GPP Documentation, Common Test Environments for User Equipment (UE); Conformance Testing, TS 34.108, v5.1.0, June 2010.