IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-12 ~ December 2014

Abstract: Bioremediation is emerging as one of the most promising technology for the removal of xenobiotics. Bioremediation of xenobiotic compounds by microorganisms is a crucial phenomenon by which these compounds can be detoxified or removed from the environment, thus preventing pollution, where screening of the potential degrading organism is one of the key step. Methomyl belonging to N-methyl carbamate group of insecticide is the most commonly used pesticide on fruits and vegetables. It is classified as a toxic, hazardous and restricted use pesticide by the World Health Organization (WHO), European Commission (EC) and Environmental Protection Act (EPA). The present study is therefore aimed to isolate a soil bacterium, characterize the most potential degrader of methomyl and further determine the role of plasmid in bioremediation.

[1]. M. Kumar, and L.Philip, ―Bioremediation of endosulfan contaminated soil and water—Optimization of operating conditions in laboratory scale reactors,‖Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 136, 2006, pp. 354–364.
[2]. S.Chapalamadagu, and G.R. Chaudary, ―Microbiological and biotechnological aspects of metabolism of carbamates and organophosphates,‖ Crit Review Biotechnol, Vol. 12, 1992, pp. 357-89.
[3]. Ma.Laura-Ortiz-Hernández and Enrique Sánchez-Salinas, ―Biodegradation of the organophosphate pesticide tetrachlorvinphos by bacteria isolated from agricultural soils in Mexico,‖ Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2010, pp. 27-38.
[4]. Manisha Deb Mandal, Shyamapada Mandal., and Nishith Kumar Pal, ―Plasmid-mediated dimethoate degradation by bacillus licheniformis isolated from a fresh water fish Labeo rohita,‖ Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vol. 3, 2005, pp. 280–286.
[5]. C.D.S. Tomlin, ―The Pesticide Manual‖ BCPC Publications, 13th Ed. ISBN 978-1-90139613-3, 2003, pp. 1344.

Abstract: Water is the mainstay of survival. No life can exist without water, since water is essential not only for existence of human beings, but also for animals, plants and all other living beings. Groundwater is the most important natural resource required for drinking to many people around the world, especially in rural areas. The aim of the present study is to provide an overview of current status of groundwater quality and to analyse spatial distribution of groundwater quality in Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh. Lalitpur district is the southernmost part of Uttar Pradesh, lies between 24°11' to 25°14' north latitude and 78°10' to 79°0' east longitude. The study area faces water paucity as well as water quality problems. Geographic Information System (GIS) based assessment of spatiotemporal behaviour of groundwater quality has been carried out for all blocks of Lalitpur district. The ground water quality parameters were analysed for 400 samples collected from all the blocks of Lalitpur district and then surface maps were prepared for six water quality parameters ( pH, TDS, total hardness, chloride, fluoride and iron) in the ArcGIS 9.3 (spatial analyst module) to assess the quality in terms of spatial variation by interpolation between the available data, which helped to analyse the present ground water pollution scenario of the study area. The final ground water quality maps represent the ground water zones that are desirable and undesirable for drinking purpose and also identify the zones where high concentration of TDS, Hardness, chloride, iron etc are present in the study area.

Keywords: GIS, Ground water quality, Natural resource, Spatial distribution.

[1]. Todd, David. K, Groundwater Hydrology (New York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1959).
[2]. Ishaku1 J.M., Ahmed A.S. and Abubakar M.A. (2011), "Assessment of groundwater quality using chemical indices and GIS mapping in Jada area, Northeastern Nigeria". Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, 2011, 35-60. ISSN: 1792-9040(print), 1792-9660 (online) International Scientific Press, 2011.
[3]. Mahmood A, Kundu A (2005). India's demography in 2050: size, structure and habitat. Discussion Paper, IWMI-TATA partners meet - 2005, Anand, Gujarat.
[4]. Suresh T.S., Naganna C. and Srinivas G., (1991), Study of water quality for agricultural use in Hemavathyriver (Karnataka). Hydrol. J. Indian Assoc. Hydrol., 14(4): 247-254.
[5]. Vasanthavigar M., Srinivasamoorthy K., R. Rajiv Gantha, Vijayaraghavan K. and Sharma V.S., (2010), Characterization and quality assessment of groundwater with special emphasis on irrigation utility: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Arab .GeosciJ, DOI 10 1007/s12517-010-0190-6.

Abstract: The aim of this study to investigate the effect of different levels of sewage sludge on concentration of heavy metals like Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu. In soil which grow with two cereal crops (Barley Hordem vulgare L & wheat
Triticum aestivum) the study was on the field of department of environment science school of Forestry& Environment SHIATS. To investigate the effect four dose of sewage sludge (0, 4,8 and 12 ton h-1 ) were applied in a sandy loam soil for to seasons the soil samples taken from the ( 0 – 15 cm ) soil depth. The concentrations of Cr, Zn,Ni and Cu were determined from the study area. Experimental results showed that the concentration of these heavy metals were increase when the dose increase the highest concentrations was in the 12 ton h-1 and the significant correlation between heavy metal concentration and sewage sludge increase dose. Key words: sewage sludge, soil, heavy metals, cereal crops.

[1]. Black, C. A. (1965) Methods of soil analysis part-2 chemical and microbiology properties –Amer .Soc. agron Madison, Wisconsin. U.S.A.
[2]. Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W. A. (1978) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, pp 421.
[3]. Hoffmann,G.,Daniel,S. and Barnd, B.(2010) comparing different methods of analyzing sludge, dewatered sludge and sludge ash. [4]Desalination, 250: 399-403
[4]. Kharche, V.K; Desai V.N and pharande, A.L(2012) Effect of sewage irrigation on soil properties, essential nutrients and pollutant element state of soil and plant in vegetable growing area around Ahmed Nager city in Maharashtra. Journal of the Indian society of soil Science, Vol.59
[5]. (2) PP-177-184
[6]. Korack, R.F. and D.S. Fannings. (1985). Availability of applied heavy metals as a function of type of soil material and metal source. Soil Sci., 140: 23-34.

Abstract: Due to increase in the demand and the scarcity in the availability of the fossil fuels, it is essential to search for the effective burning of fuel in the existing system. In diesel engines the fluid motion within the engine cylinder is one of the major factors that controls the fuel-air mixing, combustion processes and also has a significant effect on heat transfer. Both the bulk gas motion and the turbulence characteristics of the flow are important for the performance of C.I engine. The present work relates to the modification of the C.I engine design for inducing turbulence by squish and tumble flows to improve the combustibility of the combustible mixture. This modification includes the formation of multi-chambers on the piston crown. It consists of three small chambers at 120º apart. The C.I engine with multi-chamber piston at motoring condition has been analyzed through CFD using FLUENT software and the results obtained are compared with the base C.I engine. The tumble ratio is increased by 35% and squish velocity is increased by 31% with the modified engine in comparison with the base engine.

Key words: Flow patterns, C.I Engine Cycle, Governing equation in CFD, Modeling and Meshing, Geometric Model Creation, Geometry Decomposition-Mesh generation, Mesh motion scheme.

[1]. Code coupling to enhance cfd analysis of i.c. Engines by Gino Bella*, Rossella Rotondi*, Gabriel Defranco† y Norberto Nigro†, Mecánica Computational Vol. XXIIM. B. Rosales, V. H. Cortínez y D. V. Bambill (Editores)Bahía Blanca, Argentina, November 2003, p.no. 26-40.
[2]. Flow field development in a direct injection diesel engine with different manifolds by Benny Paul1*, V. Ganesan2, International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010, pp. 80-91
[3]. Computational Analysis Of Egr Mixing Inside The Intake System & Experimental Investigation On Diesel Engine For Lcv by S Karthikeyan R. Hariganesh, M.sathyanadan S. Krishnan, p. Vadivel, D vamsidhar, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST) Vol. 3 No. 3 Mar 2011 p.no.2350-2357.
[4]. Turbulence and Heat Transfer Analysis of Intake and Compression Stroke in Automotive 4-stroke Direct Injection Engine by Algerian Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics | Vol 1 | 2007 p.no.37-50.
[5]. Automatic Mesh Motion, Topological Changes and Innovative Mesh Setup for I.C.E. CFD Simulations by T. Lucchini, G. D'Errico

Abstract: This article reports the potential of removal of heavy metal ions of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) and bivalent Cobalt Co (II) by different immobilization matrices containing dead cyanobacterial biomass of Nostoclinckia. Nostoclinckia was pre-treated by successive washes in distilled water, dried and then crushed to increase the surface area of biomass which was then immobilized in different immobilization matrices like Calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol alginate and polyvinyl alcohol alginate glutaraldehyde that was stable and easy to handle. The immobilized beads of Nostoclinckia was used to study the adsorption of metals (Cr VI & Co II) from simulated wastewaters under varying range of contact time (5-180 minutes), pH (1-6) and initial metal ion concentration (10-50mg/l) in a batch adsorption system.

[1]. K.K. Kumar, M.K. Prasad, G.V.S. Sarma, and Ch. V.R.Murthy, Removal of Cd (II) from Aqueous Solution using Immobilized RhizomucorTauricus, Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology, 1(1), 2009, 15-21.
[2]. M. J. Rani, B. Hemambika, J. Hemapriya and V. R. Kannan, Comparative assessment of heavy metal removal by immobilized and dead bacterial cells: A biosorption approach, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(2), 2010, 77-83.
[3]. M. M. Alves, C. G. G.Ceca, R.G.Carvalho, J. M. De Castanheira, M. C. S. Periera and L.A.T.vasconcelos, Chromium removal in tannery wastewaters polishing by pinussylvestris bark, Wat. Res.,27, 1993,1333-1338,
[4]. Z. Aksu, and G.Do¨nmez, Binary biosorption of cadmium(II) and nickel(II) onto dried Chlorellavulgaris: co-ion effect on mono-component isotherm parameters, Proc. Biochem., 41, 2006, 860–868.
[5]. B.J. Alloway, Heavy metal in soils, second edition. (Chapman and Hall, London 1995).
[6]. L, Diels, N. Van der Lelie, and L. Bastiaens, New development in treatment of heavy metalcontaminated soils. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 1, 2002, 75-82.

Abstract: With the advancing civilization, the complexity of human mind is also rising. It brings psychological disturbances and upsets off and on. The proper upbringing of a child plays vital role in psychiatric development of an individual in later life. Here, the gender identity takes pivotal role, in disturbance of which there come numerous psychiatric disorders and adverse situations. Many a times the person affected becomes unable to combat the stress created by the gender identity disorder. Gender identity disorder is said to be one of the most suppressed psychiatric entity. Studies show that there is a very close relationship with depression, which often leads to suicidal tendency. This is a rare case report where a person, after going through "sex-change intervention" by removal of the penis, scrotum and testes at an early age, suffering from depression resulting from gender identity disorder, died of suicidal hanging. This incidence proves the necessity of dealing these situations with utmost importance and care.

Key words: Psychiatric development, Gender identity disorder, Depression, Sex-change intervention, Suicidal hanging

[1]. Arya A, Tripathi A, Singh H, Kumar P. Gender Identity Disorder With Co-morbid Depression –A Case Report.Delhi Psychiatry Journal. 2010 Apr; 13(1):153-156 [2]. Kumar K, Gupta M. Social dichotomy versus gender dichotomy: a case report of gender identity disorder. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012 Apr;34(2):190-192 [3]. Syed MA, Abdul GK. Gender Identity Disorder is Not Simply Two in One. The International Medical Journal Malaysia.2013 Dec; 12(2): 83-85
[4]. Cegile DD.Gender identity disorder in young people. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2000; 6: 458-466

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the rate of soil respiration from a recovering forest of the tropics and its relationship with changes in environmental factorsafter years of deforestation. Soil respiration measurement was conducted using the continuous open flow chamber technique connected to a multi gas-handling unit and infrared gas analyser, while the forest biomass and soil properties were quantified using the Kjeldahl method and Walkley-black wet oxidation technique. The average means soil respiration rate were 341.23, 383.07, 340.30, 308.12, 286.07, 256.05 mg m-2 h-1 between June and December. Soil respiration in the month of July was significantly (p<0.01) higher compare to other months, with lower emission rate in December. Soil respiration exhibited a variation pattern that was similar to soil temperature pattern, the pattern varied monthly.

[1]. Chen, J., Luo, W. Li, D., Yu, J., She, Y. (2014). Comparison of soil respiration among three different subalpine ecosystems on eastern Tibetan Plateau, China," Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., vol. 60, no. 2: 231–241.
[2]. IPCC (2007). Climate change : the physical sciences basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
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[4]. Dixon, R. K. (1994). Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263:185–190.

Abstract:Objective: Vitamin C is a vital antioxidant that may antagonize deleterious effects of smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of administration of nicotine alone for three weeks or combined with vitamin C on the antioxidant defense status, functional, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemical demonstration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in rat liver and kidney tissues. Methods: Animals were divided into four groups; (C) saline-treated, (VC) vitamin C-treated, (NIC) nicotine-treated, all were for 3 weeks, and (NIC+VC) is given vitamin C for 3 days prior, with nicotine injection and 2 days thereafter.

[1] G Zhang , K.A. Kernan, A. Thomas, S. Collins, Y. Song, L. Li, W. Zhu, R.C. Leboeuf, and A.A. Eddy, A novel signaling pathway: fibroblast nicotinic receptor alpha1 binds urokinase and promotes renal fibrosis. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 2009, 29050–29064.

[2] NL Benowitz, H. Porchet, L. Sheiner, and P. Jacob, Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: Comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 4, 1988, 23-28.

[3] H. Schievelbein and D.J.K. Balfour, Nicotine and the Tobacco Smoking Habit. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984, 1–15.

[4] SL Wang, X.Y. He, and J.Y. Hong, Human cytochrome p450 2s1: lack of activity in the metabolic activation of several cigarette smoke carcinogens and in the metabolism of nicotine, Drug Metab. Dispos., 33, 2005, 336- 340.

[5] C Kalpana and V.P. Menon, Protective effect of curcumin on circulatory lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine- induced toxicity. ToxicolMech Methods. 14, 2004, 339-343. [6] SK Mahapatra, S. P. Chakraborty, S. Das, and S. Roy, Methanol extract of Ocimum gratissimum protects murine peritoneal macrophages from nicotine toxicity by decreasing free radical generation, lipid and protein damage and enhances antioxidant protection, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2:4, 2009, 222-230.

Abstract: Ecotourism is an approach that should be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. For this reason, monitoring and evaluating the ecotourism destination is very important. A good practice is using an indicator system for planning and applying ecotourism models that emphasis on the sustainability approach. Ranking and prioritising of sustainabilitycriteria and indicators facilitates evaluating the situation of the destination by managers. The purpose of this study was to prioritizing and ranking the sustainability criteria and indicators for monitoring and assessment of ecotourism management in Penang National Park, Malaysia. A Fuzzy Analytic hierarchical process (FAHP) was used for prioritizing 9 criteria and 21 indicators from four dimensions of 'ecological', 'social', 'economic' and 'institutional' which obtained from a modified Delphi survey.

[2]. E. Torquebiau and R. D. Taylor, "Natural resource management by rural citizens in developing countries: innovations still required," Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 18, pp. 2537-2550, 2009.
[3]. IES, "Fact Sheet: Global Ecotourism. The International Ecotourism Society, Size of Global Ecotourism," 2008.
[4]. J. S. Brooks, M. A. Franzen, C. M. Holmes, M. N. Grote, and M. B. Mulder, "Testing hypotheses for the success of different conservation strategies," Conservation biology, vol. 20, pp. 1528-1538, 2006.
[5]. J. Coria and E. Calfucura, "Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly," Ecological Economics, vol. 73, pp. 47-55, 2012.
[6]. B. Sander, "The importance of education in ecotourism ventures: lessons from Rara Avis ecolodge, Costa Rica," International Journal of Sustainable Society, vol. 4, pp. 389-404, 2012.