IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Teacher Training and Teacher Labour Sustainability in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Rose-Arikpo Abam Arikpo, Anthonia Emmanuel Inaja, Ikpi Abam Arikpo
	:	10.9790/0837-19310107

Abstract: This paper discusses teacher education programme in Nigeria with emphasis on the fact that teachers are the life wires of any educational system, and as such they are indispensible factors in the development and advancement of any country. It has also been stressed that teachers have great influence in the life of the learning child and that a successful learning at all levels depends on the classroom teacher. It is against such background that it calls for assessing of the state of teacher education in Nigeria. That is what it has been, what it is now and where it will be tomorrow. To this end, this paper analyses the historical background, the necessity of teacher preparation, the content programme, the quality of teacher and trainers/educators, problems militating teacher education, infrastructural facilities and conclusion with some suggestions on how to improve on teacher education programme in line with the present technological advancement in Nigeria. Keyword: Teacher Labour Sustainability

[1] Adesina A.K. (1977), Planning and Education Development in Nigeria. Lagos: Academy Press.
[2] Banjo, J. A. (1974); Reshaping Technology in Nigeria. West Journal of Education Institution of Education University of Ibadan xvii (1).
[3] Carr, A. (1991). Behavioural Change: Some analogies and lesson from the experience of gay communities. New York: UNDP – viv and Development programme
[4] Callaway (1969), Financing of Education in Nigeria in Educational Development in Africa: 1-3 UNESCO ILEP: 25:230.
[5] Emeh (2011), Class Lecture Notes: Calabar. University of Calabar, June 20, 2011.
[6] Emmanuel, I. (1997) Tackling Cult Menace. This day News paper publication, October 2.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	British colonialism in East-Africa during nineteenth century
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Nazifa Rashid
	:	10.9790/0837-19310811

Abstract:Colonialism prevailed in Asia and Africa; in America there was colonialism. It was Great Britain which championed colonialism to an intense degree. Other European countries too had their colonies. After each colony attained independence, it so happened that colonialism was not rooted out, but a new type of colonialism persisted and manifested its primordial characteristics. My main objective is that British colonialism in East-Africa during 19th century's; which was very much important for the economical causes like slave trade, various spices trade, etc. There are only few studies on the colonial history of British-east Africa. This article contains-how and why British interested there and its effect. It has also described their administrative system at that time.

[1] African History-Philip curtain, Steven Feirman, Leonard Thompson and Jan Vansina
[2] The rule of German Africa (1884-1914) - L. H. Gann & Peter Duignan
[3] Common Sense about Africa-Antony Sampson
[4] Tanzania-An African Experiment- Rodger Yeager
[5] The Rulers of British Africa- L. H. Gann & Peter Duignan
[6] The Colonial Empires –A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century - D. K. Fieldhouse

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Influence of Personality Trait on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Cross River State, Nigeria.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Eyong, Emmanuel Ikpi, David, Bassey Enya, Umoh, Augustus Johnny
	:	10.9790/0837-19311219

Abstract: This study investigated the influence of personality traits on academy achievements of secondary school students in Cross River State. Two research questions and hypotheses were tested at .05 levels of significance to guide the conduct of the study. The research design used was casual-comparative or ex-post facto. The population of the study consisted of 13, 838 SSI students in all 239 public secondary schools throughout Cross Rivers State. A total of 7 LGAs were randomly drawn out of 23. Then 20 schools were randomly selected, from which a sample of 8530 SSI students was finally drawn. The instrument adapted for the study was the 44-item standardized questionnaire known as the big five personality model by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa (1999). This was validated by expert in the field of measurement and evaluation;

1] Agbakwuru, C. (2000). Teacher Personality traits and Characteristics and learning Effectiveness of Pupils. Psychological Perspective vol. 2 (22)-28
[2] Chowdhury, A. E. and Gosling, H. (2008). Peer rejection: Development process and intervention strategies. New York: The Guilford Press.
[3] Blickle , B. Costa, G and McCrae (1992). The biological basis of personality. New York: Springfield
[4] Wolfe, N. Johnson, T. Y. (1995). Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education. Personality and Individual Differences 29, 1057-1068.
[5] Cattell, R.B., Eber H. W., & Tatsuka, M.M (1967). The handbook of the sixteen-personality factor questionnaire. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
[6] Chamoro-Premuzic, I. O. Furnham, D. D. (2003). Personality traits and academic examination performance. Journal of Personality, 17, 237-250

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Exploring Acronym in Indonesian Language; Structure Formation and Internal Syllable
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Susy Deliani
	:	10.9790/0837-19312024

Abstract: This study analyzed the process of forming acronym in Indonesian Language based on morphology theory and internal syllable structure. The problems found in the processes of forming acronym in Indonesian Language are the absence of the acronym forming pattern, while the productivity of acronym in Indonesian Language grows fast and includes all disciplines. The result of this study showed that acronym processes can be classified into six groups as (1) coined syllable and syllable, (2) coined syllable and syllable  letters, (3) coined word and syllable  phonemes, (4) coined initial phonemes, (5) coined initial phonemes and syllable, and (6) coined initial phonemes and syllable, the processes has 83 type variant. Internal syllable structure respresent 7 types vocal consonant arrangement strucutre: V, CVC, VC, CCVC, CCVC, CV, VVC, and CCV.

Keywords: Acronym, Coined, Stucture, Internal, Syllable

[1] Agata (1992). Kamus Akronim, initial dan singkatan: PT. Pustaka Utama Grafiti. Sie Issue No: KITLV-Lipi 241/92
[2] Aronoff, Mark, at. al. , 2005. What is Morphology? Victoria: Blackwell
[3] Bauer, Laurie. , 1983. English Word Formation. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
[4] Booij, Geert. , 1997. Yearbook of Morphology 1997. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[5] Botha, P. Rudolf. , 1988. Form and Meaning in Word Formation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Alcohol Consumption Pattern and Risky Behaviour: A Study of University Of Port Harcourt
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Nkereuwem Stephen Ekpenyong, Nkpah Young Aakpege
	:	10.9790/0837-19312532

Abstract: Alcohol Consumption Pattern (ACP) which include alcohol expectancies, perception of risk, alcohol use and risk behaviour (RB) were examined. In line with existing research, alcohol expectancies were predicted to explain risky behaviour, and risk perceptions were hypothesized to predict alcohol use. Marlatt's expectancy theory which relies heavily on behavioural explanations of drinking, and social influences such as family, peers, and modeling of alcohol use are purported to heavily impact school – related beliefs. The survey method was used in this study. This design has a suggestive character of pointing out relationship between ACP and RB. Factors analysis was used to explain both objective and subjective attributes; identify latent dimensions or constants that direct analysis may not.

[1] Adekejab, M. (1993). Psychosocial correlates of alcohol, Tobacco and Cannabis use finding from a Nigerian University. Drug and Alcohol dependence, 33,247-256.
[2] Adewuya, A. O. (2005). Validation of the alcohol use disorders identification test (Audit) as a screening tool for alcohol-related problems among Nigerian University students. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 40 575-577.
[3] Akyeampong, E. (1996). What's in a drink? Class struggle, popular culture and the politics of akpeteshe (local gin) in Ghana, 1930 – 67. journal of African History – 215-236.
[4] Biscaro, M., Broer, K., & Taylor, N. (2004). Self-efficacy, alcohol expectancy and problem-solving appraisal as predictors of alcohol use in college students. College Student Journal, 38,541-551.
[5] Brisibe, S. (2009) intersection between alcohol abuse and intimate partner's violence in a rural Ijaw community in Bayelsa State. South-South Nigeria Journal of Interpersonal violence, 27, 513-522.
[6] Brown, S. A., Creamer, V. A., & Stetson, B. A. (1987). Adolescent alcohol expectancies in relation to personal and parental drinking patterns. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96. 117-121.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited Maiduguri, Borno State
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Peace Irefin, Mohammed Ali Mechanic
	:	10.9790/0837-19313341

Abstract: This paper examines the Effect of Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance with special interest in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited. Much of the interest in analysing employee commitment stems from concern for the behavioural consequences that are hypothesised to result from it. This paper focuses on the influence of employee commitment on Organisational Performance and Employees' turnover. Both descriptive and explanatory research methodologies were adopted in this study. A five point numerically scaled Likert-Type questionnaire was constructed and administered among selected Staff of Coca Cola Nigeria Limited.

[1] Ajila, C. and Awonusi, A. (2004). Influence of Rewards on Workers Performance in an Organization. Journal of Social Science. 8(1): Pp.7-12.
[2] Akintayo D.I. (2010). Work-Family Role Conflict and Organizational Commitment Among Industrial Workers in Nigeria. Journal of Psychology and Counselling. 2(1), Pp.1-8.
[3] Allen N.J. and Meyer J.P. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Organizational Commitment: Re-examination of the Affective and Continuance Commitment Scales. Journal of Applied Psychology. 72, PP.638-642.
[4] Ali I., Rehman K., Ali S.I., Yousaf J. and Zia M. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility Influences, Employee Commitment and Organizational Performance. African Journal of Business Management. 4(12), Pp.2796-2801.
[5] Avolio B.J., Zhu W., Koh W. amd Bhatia P. (2004). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Structural Distance. Journal of Organizational Behaviour. 25, 951-968.
[6] Becker H.S. (1960). Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology. 66, Pp.32-40.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Predicament of Dalit in "Untouchable Spring‟
Country	:	India
Authors	:	T. Joseph R.Jayakar
	:	10.9790/0837-19314244

Abstract: In an age of advancement in science, technology and culture, no significant transformation has been found in the lives of Dalits(untouchables) in India. Social, economic and cultural life of a Dalit has not changed since immemorial. Dalit literary movement, which had started in the early part of the twentieth century,has been an offshoot of the exploitation of Dalits by the upper castes. Through literary works, they have been trying to preserve their self-respect, identity and heritage of their community. "Untouchable Spring‟, a novel and historical document, illustrates the plight of Dalits in a post independence era. The writer G. KalyanRao, a Dalit, who believes in the revolutionary ideology, portrays the lives of Dalit Christians and their humiliation in the hands of caste Hindus. It also highlights how they "discover their humanity through defiance"

[1]. G.KalyanaRao, Untouchable Spring Orient Black Swan,2011.
[2]. S.M.Michael, Dalits in Modern India-Vision and Values Sage publications, 2007.
[3]. D.R. Naggaraj, the Flaming feet and other essays, in the Dalit Movement in India Permanent Black, 2010.
[4]. S.K. Paul, Dalit Literature and Dalit Poetry: A Brief Survey Arup and Sons, 2007.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Children's playgrounds & Recreation Areas
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Nanis Aboulhamid Elsayad
	:	10.9790/0837-19314553

Abstract: Recreation is one of the basic needs for all of stages in man's life, especially childhood. Children's need for recreation is higher as it helps with development of their growth and self-expression and abilities. The physical environment is known for its effect on the behavior and interaction of both children and adults. Sufficient physical space is, thus, essential to ensure a safer environment which gives children the opportunity to explore their world, whilst moving freely and energetically. The amount, arrangement and use of space, both indoors and outdoors, should facilitate children's physical, intellectual, social and emotional development.

[1] The children treasury of knowledge life , leisure and Hobbies", time-life books, Hong Kong,U.S.PIRG education fund consumer federation of America.
[2] Bell, S., " design for outdoor recreation" ,Spon press London,Brand New pb.,1997.
[3] Seeley, Ivor.H., " Outdoor Recreation and the Urban environment ", Nottingham , Macmillan, 1996
[4] Booth, n., "Basic Elements of landscape Architectural design" N.Y., Epsevier, 1990
[5] Marcus, C.& Francis, C., [People place, Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space], New York, P.h., 1990
[6] McCluskey, Jim, " Parking A hand Book of environmental design" ,London:E&F.N.Spon, 1987.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Assesment of Monetry Policy Transmission Mechanisms in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr. Bitrus Nakah Bature
	:	10.9790/0837-19315459

Abstract: Monetary policy as an integral part of economic growth and development require effective transmission channels to lubricate the flow of resources to different part of a country in order to achieve holistic development. Both monetary and fiscal policy are relevant in Nigeria. But, the transmission mechanism must be suitable for the type of economy that Nigeria operates. It is our flair in this work to demonstrate our erudition in an important area of modern economy such as the monetary issues that guides the behavior of both producers and consumers alike. Our chapter one is the general introduction of the concept of financial system, chapter two treats the transmission mechanism, chapter three examines monetary and fiscal policies and their relevance in the Nigerian economy, chapter four assesses the monetary policy transmission mechanism in a rapidly growing economy like Nigeria. While our conclusion forms the last part of this write-up.

[1] Angbazo, L. (1997). Commercial Bank Net Interest Margins, Default Risk, Interest-rate risk, and Off Balance Sheet Banking, Journal of Banking and Finance, 21, 55-87
[2] Bermanke, B. and Gertler, M. (1989). "Inside the Black Box: The Credit Channel of the Monetary Policy Transmission," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 27-48.
[3] Blanchflower, D. (2008), "Inflation, Expectations and Monetary Policy", A presentation at the David Hume Institute of Royal Society of Edinburgh, 29 April.
[4] Carvoisier, S. and R. Gropp (2002). Bank Concentration and Retail Interest Rates, Journal of Banking and Finance, 26(11)
[5] CBN (2010). "Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in Nigeria"
[6] Cotrelli, C and Kourelis, A. (1994). "Financial Structure, Bank Lending Rates and Transmission Mechanism Policy" IMF Working Paper, 94 (39)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Reticent Testimony of Survivors: Contemplating Holocaust through Memoirs
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rashmi Malik
	:	10.9790/0837-19316063

Abstract: The Holocaust, the heinous crime of the 20th century, happened only seventy years ago, so it can be considered recent. The survivors feel crestfallen as they had to rejoin the same society, which was an accomplice either by commission or omission to the 'insolent logic' of 'final solution'. Going through Holocaust writings, a sense of disbelief, incomprehensibility, obscurity and exclusivity is perceived. The memoirs give an incisive and interpretive account of the lives lost. There is no screaming, no anger, but an assertion for the dignity of those perished in this genocide.

Keywords: Anti-Semitism, concentration camps, Holocaust, memoir, Nazism, silence and testimony. Text

[1] Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 7th ed. Rpt. 2006. New Delhi: Thomson (Heinle),2006. Print.
[2] Aickman, David. Great Souls. Nasville: Word Publishing, 1998. Print.
[3] Bauman, Zygmunt. Modernity and the Holocaust. New York: Cornell U P, 2001. Print.

[4] Bloom, Harold, ed. Literature of the Holocaust. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2004. Print.

[5] "Final Solution." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 9 Jan. 2014.Web. 10 Jan. 2014.

[6] Frankl, Viktor E. Man‟s Search for meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. 1959. 4 th ed.Boston: Beacon, 1992. Print.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism interface in Corporate Sector – A study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Prof. V.P. Thirulogasundaram, Dr.P.C.Sahu
	:	10.9790/0837-19316468

Abstract: There are so many reasons for which employees are remaining absent on their duties. Most of the previous researchers had concluded that absence on duty is a complex variable and that it is influenced by multiple causes, of personal as well as organizational. But in our study we paid much importance to job satisfaction and motivation of employees, to make motivate to an employee, job satisfaction is essential. Job satisfaction is linked with motivation and it has been considered as one of the instrumental factor that influencing an employee to attend and perform systematically the assigned jobs. There are generally two factors i.e. intrinsic and extrinsic influencing job satisfactions. Extrinsic factors are influencing more. As extrinsic sources of job satisfaction includes Pay, work, promotion, supervision, co-workers, working conditions, leave, and fairness only. In this study we have obtained the results how that the extrinsic sources of job satisfaction have a direct impact on absenteeism. Thus, in this paper we have paid much importance that employers should pay required attention to extrinsic sources of job satisfaction to motivate and that will help to reduce absenteeism.

Key words: Absenteeism, Motivation, Job satisfaction, intrinsic, and extrinsic

[1]. Anderson, A.E. (2004). What's absent in absence management. Employee Benefits
[2]. George, J.M., & Jones, G.R. (2002). Organisational behaviour. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
[3]. Hardy, G.E., Woods, D & Wall, T.D. (2003). The impact of psychological distress on absence from work. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2) : 306-314. Journal 29 (1) : 25-30.
[4]. Johns, Gary (2007) "absenteeism" in George Ritzer (ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
[5]. Luthans, F. (1995). Organizational behaviour. (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Problem and Prospect of FDI inflows in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Gulshan Akhtar
	:	10.9790/0837-19316973

Abstract: The development of Indian talent and adoption of managerial techniques by domestic firms has made India a preferred destination of FDI. This is a positive spiral of the spillover effects of FDI. Due to earlier FDI infusions the human capital has been upgraded which in turn is attracting more FDI. Hence the spillover effects are evident in increasing the productivity of the IPI and have resulted in India gaining respect as a global player. The inflow of FDI in India has experienced considerable growth but compared to other developing nations, India has lagged behind; attracts only about 2% of FDI inflows. In order to reap the maximum benefits from FDI, there is a need to establish a transparent broad and effective enabling policy environment for investment and to put in place appropriate framework for their implementation. It has been noticed that there has been ample opportunity for the concentration of FDI in the sector particularly export and profitability of the sector

Keywords: FDI; Pharmaceuticals Industry; MNCs; DMFs; ANDAs; CAGR.

[1] Akhtar, Gulshan (2012). "Inflows of FDI in India since 1991: A case study on Pharmaceutical Industry", Department of Economics, AMU, Aligarh, (unpublished thesis).
[2] Bergman, Annika (2006). "FDI and Spillover Effects in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry" ,Research and Information System for the Non-Aligned and other Developing Countries, Discussion Paper # 113, New Delhi: 1-44 (August).
[3] Blomström, Magnus, Steven Globerman,Ari Kokko (1999). "The determinants of Host Country Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investments: Review and Synthesis of the Literature". The European Institute of Japanese Studies, Stockholm School of Economics, Working paper # 76.
[4] Budget (2007-08). Ministry of finance, Government of India, New Delhi www.india.budget.nic.in.
[5] Chaudhuri, S. (2005). "The WTO and India‟s Pharmaceutical Industry; patent protection, TRIPs and Development Counties", Oxford University Press, New Delhi: 133-134.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Political of Communication and Imaging (Analysis of Theoretical Imaging the Politics in Indonesia)
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Laode Muhamad Umran
	:	10.9790/0837-19317484

Abstract: This writing wants to focus on the construction of political imaging in Indonesia, especially on the three elections in reformation era. Political imaging as one of issues in political communication has been started on 1999 general election. It is more developed after direct election implemented on 2004 and 2009 general election. On 2009 general election, longer campaign time and the greatest number of votes system make communication and political imaging done by politician, either institutional or individual, more varied and interesting. This phenomenon is interesting and deserved to be examined deeper to find how political imaging process adopted and developed by politician in multiparty political system.

Key words: Political Imaging, Reformation General Election, Political Communica

[1] Amal, Ichsanul. 1998. Teori-Teori Mutakhir Partai Politik. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
[2] Ali, Fachri, dkk. 2008. Kalla dan Perdamaian Aceh. Jakarta: LSPEU Indonesia.
[3] Arifin, Anwar.2008. Opini Publik. Jakarta: Pustaka Indonesia
[4] Firmanza. 2007. Marketing Politik. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia
[5] Harun, Rochajat dan Sumarno. 2006. Komunikasi Politik, Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Mandarmaju

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Television on the Sexual Behavior of Young Women in Mlolongo Township of Machakos County kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Rhoydah Nyambane, Ndeti Ndati
	:	10.9790/0837-19318592

Abstract: The research set out to analyze the influence of television messages on sexual behavior of young women aged between 15 and 24 in Mlolongo Township in Machakos County, Kenya. The objective was to investigate the relevance of the television messages in addressing the issues that make young women more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS than young men of the same age. The study site was chosen because the town is situated along the busy Nairobi-Mombasa highway, where the weighbridge is situated, making the town a sexual hub for truck drivers who spend days in the town as they wait for their tracks to be weighed; thus making it a rich spot for the spread of HIV/AIDS. The study employed the exploratory research design to collect data from the sample population.

[1] Afroline: The Voice of Africa:[online]< http//www.afroline.org:> Accessed on 13/05/2011
[2] A commonwealth Response to a Global Health Challenge. Commonwealth secretariat 2001.
[3] Barnett T. and Whiteside. (2006). Aids in the Twenty-First Century Disease and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan
[4] Barnett T. & Whiteside A. (2002, 2006). AIDS in the Twenty First Century-Disease Globalization. Macmillan, New York
[5] Bulletin of World Health Organization 2004

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Role of Governmental and Non-Governmental Institutions and Associations on Women's Empowerment in Najran ,KSA
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Suhail Mahmoud Al-Zoubi, Majdoleen Sultan Bani Abdel Rehman
	:	10.9790/0837-193193100

Abstract: This study aimed at revealing the role of governmental and non-governmental institutions and associations on empowerment programs (GNGIA) of divorced, widows and spinsters women. To achieve the objectives of the study a questionnaire was developed which distributed to (78) male and female who are working in (12) governmental and non-governmental institutions and associations in Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results indicated a weakness in the contribution of GNGIA in empowerment programs for divorced, widows and spinsters for Saudi's Women.

Keywords: empowerment; Saudi's Women; governmental and non-governmental institutions and associations

[1] Abdel Jawad, S. (2009). Use empowerment strategy to help breadwinner's women to face her problems. Journal of Studies in Social and Human Sciences, 4,(26),1753.
[2] Adesua-Lincoln, A. (2011) Assessing Nigerian female entrepreneur's access to finance for business start-up and growth. African Journal of Business Management, 5, (13), 5348-5355.
[3] Ahmed, A & Khalid, M. (2012). Construction of contemporary women in soap operas. Global Media Journal, 3, (1), 1-9.
[4] Al-Esseily, R. (2012). The Contribution of Open University Education in empowering young women. Palestinian Journal of Open Education, 3, (6), 75-114.
[5] Alissa, B. (2008). The political participation of Saudi women from the perspective of citizens, MA Thesis, Yarmouk University, Jordan.
[6] Al-Kharouf, A & Al-Hadidi, S. (2011). Izdihar women development project and its role in the empowerment of Jordanian women. Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences, 38, (1), 240-267.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	विधार्थियों की वैज्ञानिक अभीछमता के संदर्भ में सृजनात्मका का अध्ययन
Country	:	भारत
Authors	:	डॉ पदम श्री
	:	10.9790/0837-190301101104

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