IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Role of Women in the Development of India – A Case Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	K. Tejaswani, M. Lalitha Sridevi
	:	10.9790/0837-19350103

Abstract: The contribution of women in the development of a nation has oft been neglected. Especially in developing countries, seldom do we see women entrepreneurs who make an impact on the country's economy and who contribute to the building of the nation. The present study is carried out with an intention to bring out the significant contribution of women entrepreneurs in India. The aim of the study is to emphasize the extensive outcomes of collective efforts of women force in India.

[1]. http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/tag/icici-bank/, 16th Oct., 2013.
[2]. http://www.resonance.ac.in/reso/studentzone/anunnad/anunaad-16.pdf, 10th October, 2013.
[3]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICICI_Bank, 16th Oct., 2013.
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICICI_Bank, 16th Oct., 2013.
[5]. http://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/chanda-kochhar-ceo-and-md-icici-bank/, 16th Oct., 2013..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Quest for Political Liberation in Post-Colonial Africa: A Philosophical Analysis of the Role of the 'Indigenous' In the Re-Making Of Africa
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Henry Ovwigho Ukavwe Ph.D.
	:	10.9790/0837-19350411

Abstract:This work captures the lethargic inertness of post-colonial Africa by implicating the disillusionment of the post-colonial African dream for the African crisis. It argues that the quest for political liberation in Africa which translated into nationalist movements incited in the people the hope for a new era of basic rights and freedom that will come only with political liberation in a post-colonial Africa. On the contrary, the realisation of political freedom in Africa did not yield the expected results.

[1]. E.C. Eze, "Modern Western Philosophy and African Colonialism," in E.C. Eze (ed), African Philosophy: An Anthology, (USA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1998), 213.
[2]. A. Mazrui, The African: A Triple Heritage, (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1986), 14.
[3]. J. Woddis, Introduction to Neo-Colonialism, (New York: International Publishers, 1967), 14.
[4]. Ibid., p.15.
[5]. A. Ahmad, "The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality," Race and Class, Vol.36, no.3, 1995, 7.
[6]. A. Irele, "The Crisis of Legitimacy in Africa," Dissent, (summer), 1992, 299.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Television Viewing Habits and Moral Formation of Children in Rural India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Dhyan Singh,
	:	10.9790/0837-19351216

Abstract: Television has a direct and straight relation with children lives. At early stage of their life, they become familiar to cartoon programmes on television. The early exposure to the television intermingle their lives with the characters they watch on television and affects their later life. It has been researched that television plays a significant role in the development of children's moral formation. But the social and economic dimension of Indian villages is different from cities.

[1]. Belaku Trust, 2004. ―Concerns of school-going youth in rural South Karnataka- Insights on reproductive and general health issues‖ Belaku Trust, Bangalore.
[2]. Brown, J.D. and S. Newcomer. 1991. ―Television viewing and adolescents' sexual behavior,‖ Journal of Homosexuality 21:77–9
[3]. Dr. Harold Gladwell (2013) Television Impact On Children's Knowledge And Behavior, http://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/Television_impact_on_children_s_knowledge_and_behavior_a680.html.
[4]. Dr. Kadambini Katke (2007) The Impact of television advertising on child health and family spending - A Case Study, International Marketing Conference on Marketing & Society, 8-10 April, 2007, IIMK.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Notions of Impurity and their operations in the society of early India: Some Reflections based on the Laws of Manu
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Aparajita Bhattacharya
	:	10.9790/0837-19351721

Abstract: The notions of impurity can be conceptualized in relation to the concept of purity .It is quite difficult to arrive at an unanimous notion of purity because of the multidimensionality of its application and differential context and culture specific meaning of the term. Sociologists and anthropologists conducted their studies in this field on the basis of the existential and experiential manifestations of the operation of the concept in a particular society or community. The job a historian is much more complex.

[1]. Banerjee, N.V. Studies in the Dharmasastra of Manu, MunshiramManoharlal, Delhi, 1980.
[2]. Bhattacharya, Parnasabari. Conceptualization of the Manusmrti, Manohar, New Delhi, 1996.
[3]. Bougle, Celestine. Essays on the Caste System, Cambridge university press, Cambridge1971.
[4]. Buhler, G. (translated) The Laws of Manu, The Sacred Books of the East Series,Vol. 25, General editor F. MaxMuller ,MotilalBanarasidas , Delhi,1988

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Is Plato a Perfect Idealist?
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Shanjendu Nath
	:	10.9790/0837-19352225

Abstract: Idealism is a philosophy that emphasizes on mind. According to this theory, mind is primary and objective world is nothing but an idea of our mind. Thus this theory believes that the primary thing that exists is spiritual and material world is secondary. This theory effectively begins with the thought of Greek philosopher Plato. But it is Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) who used the term 'idealism' when he referred Plato in his philosophy. Plato in his book 'The Republic' very clearly stated many aspects of thought and all these he discussed from the idealistic point of view. According to Plato, objective world is not a real world. It is the world of Ideas which is real.

[1]. Annas, Julia: An Introduction to Plato's Republic, Oxford University Press, 1981.
[2]. Idealism – Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
[3]. Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science.
[4]. Jeremy Dunham, Lain Hamilton Grant and Sean Watson: Idealism: The History of a Philosophy, Acumen,2011.
[5]. R. F. Alfred Hoernle: Idealism as a Philosophy, George H Doran, New York, 1927.
[6]. Russell.B: History of Western Philosophy, Routledge , London and New York, 2006.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	'Writing is also a bomb'
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Syeda Afshana
	:	10.9790/0837-19352627

Abstract: Writings have always invited people's minds to think and, at times, act. The words have an impact as their meaning can bring out change, both positive and negative. The writers can shape the result of their writings by molding the whole process of their communication in a way they want to yield the outcome. Words can be a powerful tool for bringing out an impact by forwarding the message with various connotations. Writers have a social responsibility while framing their message and same holds more important as far as women writers are concerned who write with different sensibility and style.

Keywords: Words, Writers, Distortion, Creativity, Women writing

[1] The New York Times. 28 May, 2008.
[2] Al Qaeda Warrior Uses Internet to Rally Women . [Online] New York Times, May 28, 2008.
www.nytimes.com/2008/05/28/world/europe/28terror.html?...print.
[3] Carole Cadwalladr. The Observer. [Online] March 26, 2006. http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2006/mar/26/society.politics.
[4] CNN. [Online] November 15, 2005.
http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/books/11/15/dowd.men.necessary/index.html?iref=newssearch.
[5] BBC News. Controversial writer up for prize. [Online] 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/entertainment/7302362.stm.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Tagore: (泰戈尔) A Case study of his visit to China in 1924
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sourabh Chatterjee
	:	10.9790/0837-19352835

Abstract: In 1923, Beijing Lecture Association, Jiangxueshe (讲学社) invited Rabindranath Tagore to deliver a series of lecturers. Established in September 1920, Jiangxueshe was one of the many globally acclaimed institutions that mushroomed in China in the wake of the May Fourth Movement. The main objective of this institution was to invite foreign scholars and celebrities to arrange lectures by them for Chinese intellectuals. They thought it will help the Chinese intellects to be prospers in many aspects, which will enrich their country.

[1] Stephan Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, Tagore and his critics in Japan, China and India- Harvard University Press 1970, page- 206, 207, 209 and 210.
[2] Qian Liqun, Wen Rumin and Wu Fuhui, Thirty years in Modern Chinese Literature (Beijing University Press, 1998), page- 34,35 and 36.
[3] Lu Xun, "The Complete words of Lu Xun", vol- 4 (Peking: People‟s Literature Publishing Housing, 1981), page- 12, 13.
[4] Wang Yan, "Tagore‟s visit to China in 1924: A Positive Reevaluation of some Misunderstanding", South Asian Studies, vol- 1, 2011, page- 132,133,134.
[5] Liu Jian, "Enjoying Institute Ananda or Delight through the Finite", Social Science Weekly, August- 5, 2010.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Hypocrisy of Corruption Eradication in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ezonbi, Boumo
	:	10.9790/0837-19353642

Abstract: The paper will open with a rhetorical question that we need to answer or refuse to answer. "Are we serious with corruption eradication in Nigeria?" what I mean is that we are all hypocritical about our concern over corruption. The paper observes that the ruling elites lack the kind of philosophical and ideological vision and orientation that is committed to developing "a dream society" they have no dream beyond the satisfaction of their desire, often those who are ostensibly in pursuit of transparency or those fighting corruption are invariably caught in the very act of corruption. Most time people are incensed that someone else is doing the stealing and not them. The paper concludes that corruption is a symptom of numerous difficulties within contemporary societies, the nearer he gets to the opportunity, the less his noise. It involves more than one party, our mind sets are corrupt, and once our eyes are open for us to differentiate black from white. Corruption can be systematic in nature and affect the whole life of an organization or society.

Key Words: Corruption, Economy, Eradication, Hypocrisy

[1]. M.M Yusif "Causes and Effects of Corruption on Society Development a Paper Presented at a Seminar Organised by the Code of Conduct Bureau Dutse, Jigawa State 2000. P. 2
[2]. M, Ruzindanu, Quoted in O.A Oyinlola "Corruption Eradication in Nigeria: An Appraisal in the Newswatch june 20th 2012 P. 1
[3]. U.N on Corruption Quoated in P. Eigen Global Corruption Report 2001, Transparency International edited by Hodess,R, Banifield, J and Wolfie, T. 2001 P. 5
[4]. Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission: Anti-Corruption Tools for Persecution and Investigation Manual 2000. P.6
[5]. A.F Ndubisi "Counter Productive Effects of Corruption on Social and Economic Development" in Odekunle Femi (ed) Corruption in Development. Ibadan, Ibadan University Press 1986. P. 60
[6]. The World Bank Quoted in Y.A Aluko "Corruption in Nigeria: Concept and Dimension" in D.U Emweremadu and E.F Okafor (eds) Anti-Corruption Reforms in Nigeria Since 1999: Issues, Challenges and the Way Forward. IFRA Special Research Issue Vol. 3 2009. Pp. 1-18

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Factors Motivating Code Switching Within the Social Contact of Hausa Bilinguals
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Yusuf Nuhu Inuwa, Anne Althea Christopher, Haryati Bt. Bakrin
	:	10.9790/0837-19354349

Abstract: The study reported in this paper centers on the factors motivating code switching within the social contact of Hausa bilingual speakers studying at University Utara Malaysia. Information for the survey was collected using questionnaire sets distributed to 80 bilinguals, who completed them. The data were examined within the sketch of Holmes (2013) social factors and social dimensions of language use. The result of the investigation established that alternating between two languages is a discourse strategy use by bilinguals to communicate effectively, which is mostly influenced by certain social variables and morphosyntactic structures of the languages.

[1]. Abubakar, A. (2001). An introductory Hausa morphology. Maiduguri: Faculty of Arts, University of Maiduguri.
[2]. Ahmed, U. & Daura, B. (1970). An introduction to classical Hausa and the major dialects. Zaria: Northern Nigeria Publishing Company, Limited.
[3]. Amuda, A. A. (1996). Yoruba/English conversational code-switching as a conversational strategy. African Languages and Cultures, 7(2), 121-131.
[4]. Ariffin, K., & Rafik-Galea, S. (2009). Code-switching as a communication device in conversation. Language & Society, 5.
[5]. Auer, P. (2010). Code-switching/mixing. The SAGE handbook of sociolinguistics, 460.
[6]. Awonusi, V. O. (1990). Coming of age: English in Nigeria. English Today, 22, 31-35
[7]. Ayeomoni, M. O. (2006). Code-switching and code-mixing: Style of language use in childhood in Yoruba speech community. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 15(1), 90-99.
[8]. Cantone, K. F. (2007). Code-switching in bilingual children. Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 37. The Netherlands: Springer.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Influence of Principal Leadership, Organization Culture, Teacher Competency and Job Satisfaction to Job Performance of Teacher at Vocational Public School of Medan
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Riswan
	:	10.9790/0837-19355053

Abstract: This research based on the lower of job performance of teachers of Vocational Schools (SMK) in Medan. This was indicated by the ranking of teacher of SMK in Medan on the result of Competency Test in the early of 2012, the ranking of students of SMK Medan in Student Skill Competency (LKS) in national level and the number of unemployed graduate of vocational school. This data indicates the general learning process at SMK has not yet optimum and is an integral part of the performance of teacher. This research was conducted using the quantitative method in descriptive and associative studies. The population of this research is all of teachers of SMK Negeri Medan (Public Vocational School of Medan). The number of sample is 90 persons (Proportional Random Sampling)

[1] Colcuit, Jason A., and Jeffery LePine., Michael J. Wesson. 2009. Organizational Behavior; Improving Performance and Commitment in the Workplace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[2] Greenlee, Bobbie J. 2007. "Building Teacher Leadership Capacity through Educational Leadership Programs". Journal of Research for Educational Leaders. JREL Vol. 4, Number 1. Pp 44-74.
[3] Hackman, J. and Wageman, R. 2007. "Asking the Right Questions about Leadership". Journal: American Psychologist, 62 (1), 43–47.
[4] Kreitner, Robert dan Angelo Kinicki, 2003.Organization Theory, and The New Public Administration. Boston: Allyn and Bacon inc.
[5] Lefrancois, G. R. 1993. The Life Span (4 th ed.). Calfornia : Wadsworth, Inc. Marks, Helen M. and Printy, Susan M. 2003. "Principal Leadership and School Performance:An Integration of Transformational andInstructional Leadership". Journal: Educational Administration Quarterly. Vol. 39, No. 3 (August 2003) 370-397.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Human Rights in relation to Water in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Archana Pandey
	:	10.9790/0837-19355456

Abstract: Constitution of India deals with certain fundamental rights of human. There is one such right which is the basic need of human beings, but still it is not given due importance in our constitution, that is 'Water'. A dispute in relation to water has existed in India since ancient time and this problem still persist and is not on the verge to be resolved even today in India.

[1] Narain, Vrinda2009, Water as a fundamental right: A perspective from India, Vermont Law Review, Volume 34.
[2] Hardberger, Amy, 2005, Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of water: Evaluating water as a human right and the duties and obligation it creates, Northwestern journal of International Human Rights, Volume 4, issue 2.
[3] Cullet, Philippe, 2007, Water Law in India, overview of existing framework and proposed reforms, International environmental law research centre
[4] UNDP's Human Development Report Recommendation
[5] Article 21, Indian Constitution
[6] Joseph L Sax 1971, Defending the Environment: A strategy for citizen action, 70 -71

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Stress and Its Brunt on Employee's Work-Life Balance (Wlb): A Conceptual Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ritu Atheya, Dr. Renu Arora
	:	10.9790/0837-19355762

Abstract: In a society filled with conflicting responsibilities and commitments, work-life balance has become a predominant issue at the workplace. Changes in the social, political and economic fabric of societies have influenced and continue to influence both the nature of employment and its relationship to life outside work. The concept of Work-life balance is becoming more and more relevant in an ever dynamic working environment. The effect of increased working hours is having a serious implication on the lifestyle of huge number of people, which ultimately affects their social and psychological well being. Stressful job conditions and long working hours are the major predictors of work-life conflict.

[1] Bardeol, E., P. Tharenou & S. Moss. (1998). Organizational predictors of Work-Family practices. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 36(3), 31-49.
[2] Buddeberg-Fischer, B., Stamm, M., & Klaghofer, R. (2008). The new generation of family physicians- career motivation, life goals and work-life balance. Swiss Med Wkly.2008:138(21-22):305-312, URL: http://www.smw.ch., Accessed: 2/1/2014.
[3] Coleman, J.C. (1976). Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life (Indian Reprint). Bombay: Taraporewalla Press.
[4] Cooper, C. L. & Cartwright, S. (1994). Healthy Mind, Healthy Organization: A Proactive Approach to Occupational Stress. Human Relations, 47(4), 455-471.
[5] Deshpande R.C. (2012). A healthy way to handle work place stress through yoga, meditation and soothing humor. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2(4). Edworthy, A. (2000). Managing Stress. Buckingham: Open University Press.
[6] Ezzedeen, S.R., & Swiercz, P.M. (2002). Rethinking work-life balance: Development and validation of the cognitive intrusion of work scale (CIWS) - A dissertation research proposal. Proceedings of the 2002 Eastern Academy of Management Meeting.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effect of Socio-Economic Status and Gender on Adolescent Anger in Chittagong
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Abdur Rahman, Arunavo Bairagi, Biplob kumar Dey
	:	10.9790/0837-19356368

Abstract: The present study attempted an empirical investigation to explore the effect of socio- economic status and gender on adolescent anger at Chittagong in Bangladesh. A total 120 respondents constituted the sample of the study. Among them 60 (50%) adolescents were male and 60 (50%) were female. The respondents came from different socio–economic status. 40 (33.3%) adolescents were from higher class, 40 (33.3%) from middle class and the rest of 40 (33.3%) were from lower class. An adapted Bangla version of "Adolescent Anger Rating Scale" (AARS) was used for measuring adolescents' anger. Data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings of the present study show that gender and socio-economic status have significant effect on adolescents' anger. Male respondents express more anger than female respondents. With low SES expressed more anger than the middle and high SES. Also respondents with middle SES expressed more anger than the high SES. Result also shows that there is no significant interaction between gender and socio-economic status.

Keywords: Adolescent Anger, socio-economic status, gender

[1]. Asarnow, J. R. and Cullen, J. W. (1985). Boys with peer adjustment problems: Social cognitive processes. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 53, 80-87.
[2]. Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist, 38, 1145-1159.
[3]. Biaggio, M.K. (1987). Clinical dimensions of anger management. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 41(3), 417-427.
[4]. Boman, P. (2003). Gender Differences in School Anger. International Education Journal, 4(2), 71-77.
[5]. Burney, D. M. (2001). Initial development and score validation of the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 446 -460.
[6]. Christic, D. and Viner, R. (2005). Adolescent development. British Medical Journal, 330, 301-400.
[7]. Cole, Z.W.C., Richardson, P. M. and Friedman, R. J. (1994). Social problem solving in disruptive preschool children: Reactions to hypothetical situations of conflict and distress. Merrill-Palmer-Quarterly, 40, 98-119.
[8]. Cox, D.L., Stabb, S.D. and Hulgus, J.F. (2000). Anger and depression in girls and boys: A study of gender differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 110-112.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Personality and Personal Growth in the Working Midlifers
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nabamita Chakraborty, Sanjukta Das
	:	10.9790/0837-19356983

Abstract: The current study attempted to explore midlife personal growth (generativity) and how it relates to the personality structure and domains of the working midlifers. The Loyola Generativity Scale, by McAdams & de St. Aubin (1992) and The Neo Five Factor Inventory by Costa & McCrae, (1984) were used. The sample comprised of 548 working male and female midlifers. The data were statistically analyzed by computing the Analyses of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc analyses, Pearson's Product-moment Correlation and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analyses (SMRA).Findings revealed a significant age and sex effect on the generativity. Generativity was significantly correlated to and significantly predicted by several of the personality variables in the current sample. Implications of the findings are mentioned herein.

Key words: Generativity, Big Five Factors, Middle adulthood, Personality, Personal Growth.

[1]. Aldwin, C.M & Levenson,M.R.,(2001), " Stress, Coping & Health at Midlife: A Developmental Perspective. In M.E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of Midlife Development (pp.279-309), New York: Wiley.
[2]. Baltes, P.B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life–span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology,23,611-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.611
[3]. Baltes, P.B., Lindenberger, U., & Staudinger, U.M. (1997). Life – span theory in developmental psychology. In R.M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1029-1143). New York : Wiley.
[4]. Bengtson, V.L., Reedy, M.N., & Gordon,C. (1985). Aging and self-conceptions : Personality processes and social contexts. In J.E. Birren & K.W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 544-593). New York : Van Nostrand – Reinhold.
[5]. Bhattacharya,S.,Das, S., & Basu,S. (2008). Meaning in life, Hope, Coping, & Midlife well-being- A correlational study . Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Language Factor in Nigeria's National Development: a Development Communication Perspective
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Muyiwa Popoola
	:	10.9790/0837-19358491

Abstract: This paper discusses the need to adopt a national language in Nigeria as a factor for enhancing national development. It argues that the multiplicity of languages in Nigeria presents immense difficulties in using communication to help bring about positive change in all spheres of the country's national life. Since language is inextricably tied to a people's culture, for any language of communication to be used meaningfully for Nigeria's national development, it must be accepted and understood by a majority of the citizens. The paper bases its suggestions for the management of this volatile issue on the diffusion of innovation paradigm and the language experiments of some developed countries of the world. It concludes that the multiplicity of languages in Nigeria has been a disincentive for the country's development. The paper offers a number of options that can be considered in adopting a national language for the country. Consequently, the paper posits that the English language should continue to be the language for communication and business in Nigeria, for the fact that it has the greatest geographical spread around the globe than any language, and also because technological inventions in the area of mass communication are a great obstacle to adopting any of the nation's indigenous languages. There is no substitute to the use of English language as a medium of development communication in Nigeria.
Keyword: Language, Communication, Development.

[1] Berger, R. C. and Chafee, H. S. (1987). "Functions of Communication: An Introduction" in Handbook of Communication Science. Newsbury park: SAGE Publications.
[2] Berlo, D. K. (1960). The Process of Communication. San Fransisco: Rinehart Press.
[3] Chieka I. (1982). "The Place of Local Languages in Nigeria today‟ in Bashir Ikara (ed) Nigeria Languages and Cultural Development. Lagos: The National Languages Centre, Federal Ministry of Education
[4] Fromkin,V.,, Rodman, R and Hyams, N.(2007) An Introduction to Language U.S.A.: Thomson Wadsworth
[5] Greenberg, J. H. (1971). The Languages of Africa. The Hague: Mouton.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Corporate Social Responsibility and the Role of Oil Companies in Community Development Projects in Rivers State Nigeria: An Evaluation
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Igbara, Felix N., Etu, Ndubuisi Okpara, Alobari, Collins M., Naenwi, M-Epbari O.
	:	10.9790/0837-19359297

Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a strategy to initiate and bring about development for host communities through programmes and projects that is responsive to their needs. This paper evaluates CSR of oil companies and its role in community development projects in Rivers state, Nigeria. Data was collected using a four-point Likert type scale questionnaire administered on 230 respondents drawn from 10 oil producing communities selected through simple random sampling techniques. Simple percentage and mean scores were used to analyze data. The findings showed among others that for any developmental programmes and projects to be considered satisfactory in the study area, it has to take the prioritized needs of the host community into cognizance. The perceived needs of the host community differ significantly with that of the oil companies, and this could bring about dissatisfaction of CSR rendered by oil companies, hence lead to fail or abandoned project, more still, it could also generate restiveness which is a bane on community development in any locality. Therefore, identifying/meeting the perceived and prioritized needs of the host community by the oil companies, providing a feed-back mechanism that is capable of measuring the level of satisfaction of CSR by oil companies and engaging Rapid Rural Needs Assessment (RRNA) and Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in any CSR programmes were some of the recommendations that could enhance CSR in the study area.
Keywords: Community, Corporate Social Responsibility, Development, Oil companies, Projects.

[1] N.C. Alagoa, Partnering for community development – stakeholder comment, (SPDC, People and Environment, Portharcourt, 2003).
[2] I.N. Odua, Comparative analysis of community development programs of Nigeria Agip Oil Company and Totalfina Elf Nig. Ltd in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni local government area of Rivers state, M.Sc. thesis, department of agricultural economics and extension, Rivers state university of science and technology. Portharcourt, 2007.
[3] I. Ezinwo, Kula Community Protest. Independent Monitor, December 13-14, 10 (98), 2004, 3.
[4] O. Ayo, Corporate social responsibility as a success in organizations, in readings of public relations 3,(Abeokuta, NIPR, 2002) 15-25.
[5] R.G. Nwobigwe, The socio-economic impact of oil exploration on Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni local government area of Rivers state, B.Sc. project, Rivers state university of science and technology. Portharcourt. 1998.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Nigeria's Fourth Republic-Democratic or Civil Rule: An Assessment of the Situation Since 1999
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Enyi John Egbe
	:	10.9790/0837-193598103

Abstract: This paper assesses practice of democratic governance in the present Republic. Concepts of democracy and civil rule were reviewed. the elite model was adopted for the analysis of the paper. The features of a democracy like freedom of information, popular and direct participation, credible electoral process, discipline, honesty, openness, transparency and accountability, periodic free and fair elections etc. situating the above in the Nigeria's Fourth Republic, The paper finds out that Nigeria has not improved beyond what existed in the military era. The Nigeria's Fourth Republic democracy is rule by the minority through alienation. Leadership in the Nigerian Fourth Republic is not people oriented as their ascension to power is through unethical means. The judiciary does not have true independence and this rubs them of their role as the last hope of a common man. The paper concludes that there is no democracy in Nigeria. Democracy anywhere it is practiced must be seen through its tenets and these are not on ground in Nigeria. Thus, Nigeria has only experience an uninterrupted civil rule in the Fourth Republic. The paper recommends that for an entrenchment of democracy in Nigeria, the citizens must sit up to see that democratic tenets are adhered to. Again, there must be freedom of the electorates which makes the difference between enslavement and liberation. This is only possible if the electorates are allowed to exercise their franchise in choosing who should lead them. All these can be done when there is the observance of the rule of law and the supremacy of the constitution.

[1]. Adeyemi, L. (2006) "Democracy and the Free Market" in Saliu, A. et al. (eds) Democracy and Development in Nigeria: Economic and Environmental Issues. Lagos Concept Publishers.
[2]. Ake, C. (1996) Is Africa Democratizing? Lagos: Malthouse Press.
[3]. Babawale, T. (2003). The State, Ethnic militia and the challenges of Democratic Government in Post Military Nigeria" in Babawale T. (Ed) Urban Violence, ethnic militias and the challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria, Lagos Malthous Press.
[4]. Bill, J.A. and Hardgrave Jr. (1973). Comparative Politics: The Quest for Theory, Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.
[5]. Dahl, R. (1976). Modern Political Analysis Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall Inc.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rural and Community Development in Nigeria: An Assessment
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Enyi John Egbe
	:	10.9790/0837-1935104112

Abstract: The paper examines rural or community development in Nigeria with emphasis on the institutions, agencies, policies and strategies employed to bring about the much needed rural development in the country. It goes further to assess the impacts of the various efforts made by both the domestic and foreign governments and international organizations, institutions, agencies and non-governmental organizations to bring about real development at the grassroots level. In the attempt to do this, clarification of concepts like development, rural areas, and rural development was carried out, which formed the theoretical basis of the analysis. It was found out that efforts made by the Nigerian government though several strategies like the nation's development plans from colonial era to date which were ex-rayed did not bring about meaningful development. Similarly international organizations and regional strategies have not lead to any significant improvement in the living conditions of the rural dwellers and rural development in general. It was also found out that a number of issues such as corruption and mismanagement, faulty planning from above rather than bottom-up approach; pursuance of the colonial and neo-colonial economic and social policies which were anti people among other factors led to failure of the rural development efforts. The paper therefore concludes among other things that for rapid and sustained rural development to take place, the lopsided and urban based development process must be reversed to rural-based and bottom-up approach, government to continue to create conducive environment for rural development to thrive, change of attitudes and orientation by all and sundry, particularly the leadership class in Nigeria in order to minimize corruption and mismanagement of resources. Therefore, for rural development to be realistic and enduring, these measures should be given priority attention, especially at the implementation stages.

[1]. Aziz, S. (1979) Rural Development: Learning from China, London, Macmillan Press.
[2]. Cannor, W. (1982) "National Building or Destroying" in World Politics, Volume 24, No.3.
[3]. Derrick, J. (1986) "Nigerian Marketing Boards: Decline and Fall", in West Africa, 12th May, 1986.
[4]. Diejomaoh, V.P. (1973) "Rural Development in Nigeria. Role of fiscal policy" in Rural Development in Nigeria: Proceedings of the 1972 Annual conference of the Nigerian Economic Society, Ibadan, Ibadan University Press.
[5]. Eny, J.E. (2010) "Local Government and Rural Development in Nigeria: A case study of Local Government in Benue State, 1999-2007" An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis Presented to the post-graduate school, BSU Makurdi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Political Science.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Native Authorities and Local Government Reforms in Nigeria Since 1914
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Enyi John Egbe
	:	10.9790/0837-1935113127

Abstract: The paper discusses Native Authorities and Local Government Reforms in Nigeria in historical perspectives i.e. from 1914 to the present day. The reform spans from the colonial period, especially from the 1950s to the Military eras, culminating in the present democratic system of Local Government Administration in Nigeria. The paper also discusses the major aims, objectives, achievements and challenges which confronted the six major reform measures between 1914 and 1999. The methodology adopted for the analysis of the work is the extensive review of relevant and extant literature on the subject matter, while the concept of "Reforms" is employed as an explanatory model. The major findings are that each reform measure was necessitated by the short-comings inherent in the preceding system; some of the reforms were far reaching and had positive impacts, while others were cosmetic in nature and mainly for political expediency. It was also found out that some of the Local government reforms, however structured and operated were more like decentralized units of the regional and later state governments.

[1]. United Nations (1959). Public Administration: Aspect of Community Development, New York.
[2]. Oyediran O. (1988). Essays on Local Government Administration in Nigeria: Lagos, Project Publishers.
[3]. Federal Republic of Nigeria (1976). Guidelines for Local Government Reform, Government Printer, Kaduna.
[4]. Akpan, P.C. (1984). Modern Local Government Administration in Nigeria: Kaduna, Baraka Press.
[5]. Adewumi, J.B. (1988). "The Role of Political Executive under the 1988 Civil Service Reforms", in Ngum (ed). Evolution of Nigerian Civil Service: The 1988 Reform, Zaria Gaskya Corporative Ltd.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mapping the Livelihood Status of Migrant-Sending Rural Households in Southeastern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero
	:	10.9790/0837-1935128136

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to map the estimated impacts of livelihood asset indices on the livelihood status of rural households in five States of Southeastern Nigeria. In each of the five States, 120 first-order migrant-sending households were used for this study totaling 600 households for the entire study area. Questionnaire survey was used to elicit data on the livelihood status of the sampled households. The study utilized the asset indices analytical techniques to estimate the livelihood status of the households. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis was used to categorize the States according to the impact of the asset indices on their livelihood status before depicting the categories in maps. The results show that the financial index has the greatest contribution to livelihood status in the study area. Also, Imo State has the highest aggregate livelihood status value of 34.33 while Abia State has the least livelihood status value of 23.99. Based on the findings, it is recommended that agricultural extension services be introduced, and improved upon in the study area. Furthermore, small and medium scale industries should be established in the study area to create jobs for the population.
Keywords: Asset indices; Livelihood; Mapping; Migrant-sending Households; Southeastern Nigeria.

[1] P.I.Bolorunduro, A.O.K. Adesehinwa, and O.M. Bolorunduro. Policy options in managing the crisis of environmental degradation and the prevalence of poverty in urban Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 3 (1): 2005, 216-219
[2] Department for International Development (DFID). Sustainable livelihood guidance sheets. Department for International Development, London, 1999.
[3] Department for International Development (DFID). Urban Poverty and Livelihood: Localizing the Habitat Agenda for Urban Poverty Reduction. DFID Research Project R7963, UK, 2002a.
[4] Department for International Development (DFID). Linking Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management - Policy Challenges and Opportunitie., DFID/EC/UNDP/WORLD BANK., 2002b
[5] Department for International Development (DFID). DFID's approach to the environment. Department for International Development. UK., 2006a.