IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Psychological Problem Factors Faced by Staff Nurses Working in Hospitals
Country	:	India
Authors	:	K. Srinivasan, Dr. A. Umesh Samuel
	:	10.9790/0837-19320104

Abstract: The paper aims to describe perceived psychological problems faced by Staff Nurses working in hospitals. There by the paper illustrates Professional, Personality, Stress and Situational factors that are felt contributing in explaining the psychological problems of Staff nurses working in hospitals. Various coping strategies such as curative, proactive and preventive methodologies to overcome such psychological problems that are discussed are explained as a part of the study. The paper concludes with giving elaborate details of psychological problems of staff nurses both intrinsic and extrinsic and how significant is to address them as their service to humanity to a large extent would be affected if left without suitable treatment.

[1] Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. and Schaufeli, W. B. The crossover of burnout and work engagement among working couples. Human Relations. 2005, Vol. 58, No. 5, 661-689.
[2] Begat, I., Ellefsen, B. Severinsson, E. Nurses‟satisfaction with their work environment and the outcomes of a clinical nursing supervision on nurses‟ experiences of wellbeing -a Norwegian study. Journal of Nursing Management. 2005 May; 13 (3): 221-30.
[3] Chen-Chung Ma, Michael E. Samuels, W. Alexander (2003)." Factors That Influence Nurse‟s Job Satisfaction", Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 293 – 299
[4] Demir A, Ulusoy M, Ulusoy MF. Investigation of factors influencing burnout levels in the professional and private lives of nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2003 Nov; 40 (8):807-27.
[5] Edwards, D., Burnard, P., Coyle, D., Fothergill, A., Hannigan, B. Stress and Burnout in Community Mental Health Nursing: a review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. February 2000; 7 (1):7.
[6] Fletcher, C. E. (2001). "Hospital RN‟s job satisfactions and dissatisfactions". Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 324-31.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Building Up an Ecologically Sustainable Society by Inculcating Environmental Ethics and Values in Children
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Saba Siddiqui, Dr. Zeba Aqil
	:	10.9790/0837-19320509

Abstract: Ecological sustainable society is a relevant concern of the people of today and tomorrow. A Chinese Proverb says "If you are thinking a year ahead, plant a seed, if you are thinking decade ahead plant a tree and if you are thinking a century ahead educate people". The role of education in environment protection was recognized in the 1980. In 1988 UNESCO put toward the plan "education for sustainability‟. Early childhood education for sustainability, an emerging national and international field launched "the United Nations decade of education for sustainable development (2005-2014)‟ UNESCO, 2005. They are obtaining good results in creating consciousness.

[1] Chan, L.H. 2006. Re-orientating Teacher Education for Socially Sustainable Development. Paper Presented at the UNESCO Expert Meeting on Education for Sustainable Development, Bangkok, 1-3 May.
[2] Dakar Framework for Action: Education for All: Meeting our Collective Commitments.2000. Adopted by the World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26-28 April 2000. UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/en-conf/dakframeng.shtm
[3] Dalberg, P.; Petrie, P.2002. From Children‟s Services To Children‟s Spaces: Public Policy, Children and Childhood. New York: RoutledgeFalmer
[4] Davis, J (2008) What might education for sustainability look like in early childhood. A report to UNESCO
[5] Dunlap, R., Van Liere, K., Mertig, A., & Jones, R.E. (2000). Measuring endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 425-442.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Bond of love in the Novels of Khaled Hosseini
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Silima Nanda & Niloo Shokeen
	:	10.9790/0837-19321013

Abstract: Khaled Hosseini the Afghan-American writer beautifully delves into the subtleties of human relationships. In his novels, Hosseini has expressed his concern about the wretched conditions of the people in general and women in particular who have been doubly marginalized –one by the society and the other within the four walls of their homes. Against the backdrop of such a fractured milieu, the strong factor that gives strength to the characters is the bond of love and loyalty as reflected in "The Kite Runner‟, "A Thousand Splendid Suns‟ and "And the Mountains Echoed‟. Hosseini makes it clear that these love stories are very much unlike the platonic sagas of romantic love between a man and a woman. They are not traditional, they are stories of love where "characters seek and are saved by love and human connection".(2003 interview). Their love is tried and tested amid difficult conditions and the characters are left to discover their individual paths of reuniting with their loved ones at their own peril. It is ultimately this longing for love that draws characters out of their isolation, gives them strength to transcend their limitations, to struggle with their vulnerabilities and perform devastating acts of self-sacrifice.
Key words: Human relationships, milieu, love, strength, isolation.

[1] Brodsky,Anne.(2004) With all our Strength: The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan .New York; Taylor and Francis Books
[2] Morris,.P (1993). Literature and Feminism. Oxford: Blackwell publishers Ltd.
[3] Skaine,Robert J.C. Postcolonialism:A Very Short Introduction.2003.NewYork:OUP,2003
[4] Hoby,Hermoine.‖The Guardian‖.13 June 2013.
[5] HosseniKhaled(2003) The Kite Runner. Bloomsbury Publishing, Great Britain.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Impact of Economic Activities on Deforestation in Bauchi State. (A Theoretical perspective.)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Mohammed Uwaisu Hussaini
	:	10.9790/0837-19321418

Abstract: For thousand of years the action of man has been gradually diminishing the world's forest resources by clearing and felling of trees for fuel, bush burning or making way for agriculture, settlement and industry. This was a relatively slow process in many areas in the past, but it has now been speeded up by population explosion as well as economic activities especially in the provision of fuel wood. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines deforestation as a reduction of forest stand density to less than 20 percent of its original cover. Ayuba (2005) defined deforestation as the indiscriminate felling of trees with little or no effort at replacement. Economic activities if pursued without environmental considerations will in the long run limit the scope for growth and overall economic development, more so when the resources derivable from it are economic necessities (Oyeranti, 1998).
Key wood: Deforestation, economic activities

[1] Adeokun et al (2002). Assessment of Exploitation of Non-Timber Forest Products in Omo Forest Reserve, Ogun State. A paper delivered at FAN 28th Annual Conference, held in Akure, Ondo State Nigeria from 4th-8th November 2002.
[2] Allen, J. and Barnes, D. F. (1985). "The causes of Deforestation in Developing Countries", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 75 (2) pp 163-184.
[3] Arrow, K. J. and Fisher, A. (1974). "Preservation, Uncertainty and Irreversibility", A Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 87, pp 312-319.
[4] Ayuba, H. K. (2005). Environmental Science: An Introductory Text. Apani Publishers, Kaduna-Nigeria.
[5] Bar bier, E. and Burgess, C. J. (1996). "Economic Analysis of Deforestation in Mexico", Environment and Development Economics (1) pp 203-239.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rahab in the Book of Joshua and other Texts of the Bible
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Obiorah Mary Jerome
	:	10.9790/0837-19321929

Abstract: Christian Sacred Scripture embodies some puzzling episodes which human minds can grasp only through similar faith that inspired its writers. The story of Rahah, presented as a prostitute in the Book of Joshua, provides such enigma. This woman rose from being a prostitute to a heroine for she was numbered among the Ancestresses of Jesus Christ. Her singular manifestation of faith in God and subsequent interpretations of this in the two parts of the Christian Bible are the focus of this paper. It is discovered that God's ways are not our ways, for the Creator can choose anyone and at any time to accomplish his design.
Keywords: Faith in God, Jericho, The Book of Joshua, Rahab, Spies.

[1] Pope Francis, Lumen Fidei: Encyclical Letter (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013).
[2] J. P. Healey, "Faith", The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 2 (London: Doubleday, 1992) 744-760.
[3] M. D. Coogan, "Joshua", The New Jerome Biblical Commentary (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1992) 110-112.
[4] P. Béré, Le second Serviteur de Yhwh. Un portrait exégétique de Josué dans le livre éponyme; Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis - OBO 253 (Fribourg: Academic Press, 2012).
[5] E.W. Bullinger, Figures of Speech used in the Bible Explained and Illustrated (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 2003).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Environmental Awareness Among Secondary School Students Of Golaghat District In The State Of Assam And Their Attitude Towards Environmental Education
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kumud Ghosh
	:	10.9790/0837-19323034

Abstract: The present study attempts to study the level of environmental awareness and attitudes towards environmental education among Secondary School students of Golaghat district in the state of Assam. The sample consisted of 200 students which includes 100 boys and 100 girls. The Descriptive Survey Method was employed for the present study. Environmental awareness, attitude and socio-economic scale was developed and standardized for the present study. The data was statistically analyzed by using 'z' test and Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation ('r'). Environmental awareness and attitude towards environmental education among the Secondary School male and female students was found not significant; but in case of rural and urban student the attitude towards environmental education was found significant. The relationship between environmental awareness and attitudes towards environmental education among the students was found strong and positive.
Key Words: Secondary School, Environmental awareness, Attitude, Socio-economic status.

[1] Trivedi, P.R. and Raj, G. (1992): Concepts in Education. Akashdeep Publishing House, New Delhi.
[2] The National Association of Conservation District (NACD): Environmental education at a glance. League City, Texas; 1998.
[3] UNESCO (1978): Tbilisi Declaration (Final report of the International conference of EE: Tbilisi (USSR), 11-26 October 1977). Paris: UNESCO.
[4] Bartosh, Oksana. (2003): Environmental Education: Improving Students Achievement. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies, The Evergreen State College, June 2003. P. 4.
[5] Sengupta, M., Das, J. and Maji, R. K. (2010): Environmental Awareness and Environmental Related Behaviour of Twelfth Grade Students in Kolkata: Effects of Stream and Gender. Anwesa, Vol.5, No. 1-8.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Alliance Politics in a Unipolar World
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Aashriti Gautam
	:	10.9790/0837-19323541

Abstract: Unipolarity is a novel condition in world politics and has had profound effects on the nature of contemporary international alliances. The end of the cold war did not return the world to multipolarity. Instead, a preponderance of power in the hands of a single state - in this case, The United States - has been unprecedented in the modern era. Not surprisingly, this extraordinary imbalance has triggered a global debate. This special issue is a systematic research into the logic and dynamics of alliance formation in Unipolarity. In a world with a single global super-power, a) How will other states choose allies and what strategies will they follow in order to maximize international support and minimize opposition? b) What strategies should we expect the unipole to pursue and with what effects? These various queries offer a fairly complete menu of the most common motivations - "Hard-balancing", "Soft-balancing", "Leash -slipping", "Neutrality", "Bandwagoning" and "Regional balancing" - for alliance formation in a Unipolar world. These responses are ideal types, of course, and reality will usually be considerably more complex.
Keywords: Alliance, Bandwagoning, Hard-balancing, Leash-slipping, Unipolarity, Soft-balancing, Neutrality, Regional balancing.

[1] Brooks. Stephen G., Wohlforth. William Curti, "Hard Times For Soft Balancing", International Security, Volume 30, Number 1, , pp.72-108 (Article )Summer 2005; MIT Publications.
[2] Pape. Robert Anthony, "Soft Balancing against the United States", International Security, Volume 30, Number 1, , pp.7-45 (Article) Summer 2005; MIT Publications.
[3] Walt. Stephen M., "Alliances in a Unipolar world ", World Politics, Volume 61, Number1, pp.86-120 ( Article), January 2009; Cambridge University Press.
[4] Ikenberry. John, Mastanduno. Michael and Wohlforth. William, " Introduction: Unipolarity, State Behavior and Systemic Consequences", World Politics, Volume 61, Number1, pp.1-27 ( Article), January 2009; Cambridge University Press.
[5] Schweller. Randall L., "Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In, International Security, Volume 19, Number 1, pp.72-107(Article) , Summer 1994; Cambridge University Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Attitude of Higher Secondary Students in Shillong towards Mathematics
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. Lamar
	:	10.9790/0837-19324245

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to find out the Attitude of Higher Secondary Students towards Mathematics. The researcher selected 308 Higher Secondary Students from 5 Higher Secondary Schools in Shillong. The researcher used the "Attitude Towards Mathematics Scale developed by Gakhar S.C. and Rajni to collect the data from the students. Appropriate statistical techniques like percentage, Mean and S.D. were worked out to find the nature of score distribution of the data collected. The't' test was applied to find out the significance of difference between different male and female students.

[1] Farooq M.S and Shah S.Z.U (2008). "Students‟ attitude towards Mathematics". Pakistan Economic And Social Review, 75-83.
[2] Guimaraest, H. M. (2005) "Teachers and students views and attitude towards new mathematics curriculum". Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics 26, 347-365.
[3] Kothari, D. S. (1966) (Chairman) Report of the Education Commission 1964-66. Government of India, New Delhi.
[4] Mishra S.K, Jain Sangeeta (2013). "Impact of Achievement Motivation, Gender and Locale on Achievement in Mathematics among Secondary School Students".Edutracks Vol.12 No.11
[5] Saha, S. (2007) "A study of Gender Attitude to Mathematics, Cognitive style and Achievement in mathematics". Experiments in Education 35, 6.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	ASEAN Harmonisation; Compliance of Cosmetics Regulatory Scheme in Thailand within 5 Years
Country	:	Thailand
Authors	:	Neeranard Jinachai, Puree Anantachoti
	:	10.9790/0837-19324654

Abstract: The ASEAN Harmonisation was aimed to stabilise politics, and improve economic, social, and cultural aspects of the region. In the healthcare sector, cosmetics was the first to be harmonised and committed to implement the ASEAN Harmonised Cosmetics Regulatory Scheme (AHCRS) in January 2008, with full implementation expected in January 2011. This study was conducted to determine whether Thailand has complied with ASEAN Cosmetic Directive (ACD) after 5 years of implementation in 2012. Thai cosmetics Act B.E. 2535 and ACD were compared in 2008, and in 2012. Content analysis and in-depth interview was performed. The study revealed that Thailand has highly complies with ACD in all regulated areas; (i) definition and scope of cosmetics products (ii) ingredients' listing (iii) labelling (iv) product claims and (v) good manufacturing practice. To officially implement ACD, the Thai regulator has to transpose the directive into local law. During the legal process, one might notice discrepancy between these two laws. Although the country regulator intended to fully harmonize, some minor issues such as the ingredients' listing and labelling, these cannot be implemented all at once. In summary, it can be concluded that the main objectives of AHCRS have been achieved. Harmonization in Thailand happened in an ASEAN way.
Keywords: ASEAN, Harmonisation, Compliance, Cosmetics, Directive.

[1] Information on ASEAN Cosmetic Directive. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/health_products_regulation/cosmetic_products/asean_regulatory.html
[2] Consolidated Version of Cosmetic Regulation. (2012). Thailand Food and Drug Administration.
[3] Overcoming Trade Barriers From Standards and Technical Regulations. (2008).
[4] Lor, P. (2011). International and Comparative Librarianship, Chapter 4 Methodology in Comparative Studies.
[5] McDougall, A. (2011). Cosmetics Serve as Model for Other industry in ASEAN Market.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Role of Libraries in Knowledge Management
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Doris U. Aghoghovwia
	:	10.9790/0837-19325557

Abstract: The development of knowledge management in recent years has become a great concern for librarians and libraries. This paper willreview the development of knowledge management.It will also examine the role of librarians/libraries in knowledge management and recommends that librarians/libraries in the digital age should be in change of knowledge management in their respective organizations in order to leverage the intellectual assets and to facilitate knowledge creation.

[1] Chem., H. (2001): knowledge Management system: A text mining perspectives. Tucson, Arisona, University of Arizona P. 18
[2] Cohen, S. et al (2004): "Personalized Electronic services in the Cornell University Libraries" D-Lib magazine 6,No. 4:1-2. Arailable Online from http://www.dlib.org/dib/apriloo/mistlebauer/04mistle bauer.html
[3] Krogh, G. et al (2000): enabling Knowledge creation: how to unlock the Mystery of tacit knowledge and Release the power of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
[4] Lee, H. (2005): Knowledge management and the role of libraries. Available on line from Lee@ic.gov.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Role of Library and Public Policy Making In Making in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Doris U. Aghoghovwia
	:	10.9790/0837-19325862

Abstract: This paper examined the definition of public policy and the roles libraries are expected to play in its formulation. The obstacles to policy formulation and implementation were identified and solutions were proffered.

[1] Aina, L. O. (2004)"Coping with the challenges of Library and Information Services Delivery: the need for Institutionalized Professional Development". Paper delivered at the Nigerian Library Association 42nd National Conference and AGM at Akure, Nigeria between June 20th – 25th, 2004, pp.5
[2] Akintunde, Stephen A. (2004) "Libraries as tools for ICT Development". Paper delivered at the Nigerian Library Association 42nd National Conference and AGM held at Akuru, Nigeria from June 20th-25th, 2004, pp. 10.
[3] Badawi, GhajiAbubakar (2004) "Libraries as Tools for Promoting Education in the Society: An Analysis of Library Utilization by women in Kano State:. Paper delivered at the Nigerian Library Association 42nd National conference and AGM held at Akure, Nigeria from June 20th-25th, 2004, pp.19
[4] Bolt, Nancy. (1991) "Libraries, public policy, and economic development" literacy administration and Management. Vol, 5, no. 2, pp. 81-85
[5] Ekaete, U.J (2001) "Concepts of Public Policy". In" David Sills, ed. International Encyclopedia of the Social Science vol. 13 and 14, pp. 204. New York: the Macmillian Company and Freee Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Trace Metal Concentration in the Tissue (Muscle) of Moon Fish (Citharinus citharus) from Taylor Creek in Bayelsa State , Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ogaga Augustine Aghoghovwia, Dagwokapu Peter Ikogha
	:	10.9790/0837-19326366

Abstract: Levels of three trace metals Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in moon fish (Citharinus citharus) from Taylor Creek, Bayelsa State were studied to estimate the pollution potential of the creek and risk posed to humans. Fish samples were collected from 3 stations and processed according to (APHA). Trace metals were determined using spectrophotometry 200A. A total of 3 fish samples from each station were collected and sorted into three size group. Values of trace metal concentration differed significantly (P<0.05) between the different sizes of fish at the different stations. The variations of trace metals obtained in various sizes of fish were large [Cu(1.98 ± 0.11 μg/g); Pb(1.8.1 ± 0.60 μg/g); Cd (1.72 ± 0.98 μg/g)], while for the smallest sizes Cu[(1.39± 0.13 μg/gPb(0.09 ± 0.10 71 g/g); Cd (0.91±0.21 μg/g)]. In conclusion, it was observed that the moon fish Citharinus citharus obtained from Taylor Creek were burdened with all metals analyzed in the study. The level of metals detected was all higher than the maximum allowable limit in food fish stipulated by statutory bodies. The Taylor Creek is continuously polluted hence the creek should be monitored periodically to avoid excessive intake of trace metals by the aquatic life and humans that depend on it for fish protein.
Keyword: Trace metal, Pollution potential, Taylor creek, Citharinuscitharus, Fish sizes.

[1] Adams T., Afchison G.T. Utter, R.J (1980). The Impact of an industrialcontaminated lake on heavy metals levels in its Effluent stream. Hydrobiogia 69(1-2): 1870193.
[2] Allen-Grill, S.M and Martynov, V.G (1995).Heavy Metals Burden in nine species of fresh water and Anatropous fish from the Pechora river, Northern Russia science total environment. 160-161:653-659.
[3] Boia, M.N., F.A. Carvalho-Costa; F.C Soder; G.M.T and Amendoeira M.R.R. (2011).Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondi infection on rat. 50:17-20 Cross Ref, Pubmed.
[4] Burton, J.G.A and Scot, K.J. (1992). Sediment Toxicity Evaluation, their Niche in
[5] Ecological Assessment. Environ. 34,279-288.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Tissues of Synodontis Membranaceous along Lower Taylor Creek, Bayelsa State Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ogaga Augustine Aghoghovwia, Tari Timothy Edike
	:	10.9790/0837-19326770

Abstract: Heavy metal concentrations were determined in fish tissues of Synodontis membranaceous from Taylor creek in Bayelsa state using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result indicated that the level of Zn (0.991μg/g) in the tissues had the highest concentration value of all the detected heavy metals and the least was Cd (0.01μg/g). The trend of heavy metals concentration are in the order Zn> Mn> Pb>Cd in the fish (Synodonlis membraneceous) tissues with a significant difference at P<0.05. The metals varied significantly (P<0.05) across the stations and metal values were generally in the order station 2>station 3> station 1. Heavy metal levels in the tissues (Mn 0.274 μg/g, Pb 0.46 μg/g and Cd 0.020μg/g) were all greater than the maximum acceptable limits in food fish meant for human except for Zn. This thus indicated contamination to levels that could pose potential hazard when consumed. It is therefore inferred that the fisheries of the creek are unfit for human consumption. Based on the above findings, close monitoring involving human health risk assessment in relation to environment pollution of Taylor Creek is strongly recommended.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Aquatic organisms, Taylor creek, Environmental pollution, Fish tissues.

[1] Agbozu, I.E., Ekweozor, I.K.E. and Opuene, K. (2000).Survey of Heavy Metals in Synodontis clams in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Sic Tech 4(1): 93-97.
[2] Agbozu, I.E and Ekweozor I.K.E (2001). Heavy Metals in a non-tidal Fresh water swamp in the Niger Delta Areas of Nigeria J. Sci., 2 175-182.
[3] Agbozu, I.E. and Ekweozor I.K.E. (2004). Heavy metals in Sediments from Lower Taylor Creek in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria African J. Sic 5(1) 1043-1049.
[4] Aghoghovwia. O.A (2008). Assessment of Industrial and Domestic Effluent/Effects on Fish Species Diversity of Wary River, Delta State Nigeria. PhD thesis university of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria.
[5] Brock, T.D. (1985). A Euphoric Lake Mendota Wisconsin Springer, Verlog N.Y. Pp. 308.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	HIV/AIDS Awareness Level in Secondary Schools of India after Twenty Seven Years
Country	:	Botswana
Authors	:	Dr. Shikha Trivedi
	:	10.9790/0837-19327175

Abstract: The Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is in its third decade and has become a pandemic disease that threatens the world population. It affects the whole body systems as well as the mental health and social relationships of carriers and asymptomatic patients. Young people are, both, an important group and potential resource for the prevention of HIV/AIDS, as it is the younger generation that is most infected and affected. Many young people lack basic information about HIV and AIDS till today after twenty five years of prevalence, and are unaware of the ways in which HIV infection can be prevented. Thus, the study was undertaken. The School and Education system in all over the world play a major role in shaping the attitudes, opinions and the behavior of young people. This implies that school curriculum should be such that increases the awareness of HIV/AIDS that equip the students with proper skills to combat this pandemic. Questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. Data was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 17.0 and findings of the study revealed that students were still lacking in basic knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. There is a need to provide additional resources and conduct workshops to the students. Parents' involvement on HIV/AIDS issues can really backup the understanding of HIV/AIDS among children.
Key words: HIV/AIDS, school and education system, combat, awareness and knowledge.

[1]. UNAIDS, 2.5 million People in India living with HIV, 2007,http://www.unaids.org, retrieved on 02/02/11.
[2]. UNAIDS Fact Sheet 2013, UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic, http://www.unaids.org, retrieved on 28/ 12/13.
[3]. UNAIDS and WHO (2004). Life with HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa. http://www.unaids.org retrieved on 02/02/11.
[4]. Kakar, D.N. &Kakar, S.N., Combating AIDS in the 21st century issues and challenges, Sterling Publishers Private Limited: India, 2001.
[5]. Ghosh, T.K., AIDS A serious challenge to public health, Journal of Indian Medical Association, Jan; 84, 1998, 29-30.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Reportage of Rurality by the Nigerian Press: Perspectives on Domestic Communication for Development
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Muyiwa Popoola
	:	10.9790/0837-19327698

Abstract: Rural development is a basis for economic development and information is an important ingredient in development process. For rural development to be achieved, the press has a role to play. The use of print media in development is supposedly to provide information and sensitize rural people. But, there have been speculations that media professionals as sources of information and mobilization for positive change among the rural populace are not favourably disposed to coverage of rural development news including , given the media environment they operate. But, how these speculations have been empirically tested is lacking in mass media and development literature. Thus, this study was carried out to ascertain the extent of selected newspapers' reportage of rural development, realizing the implications which rural development have for national development.

[1]. Barton, F. (1979). The Press of Africa. London and Basingstoke, The Macmillian Press Ltd.
[2]. Bello, R. & Ajayi, O.O.S. (2000). Research Methods & Statistical Analyses. Ilorin, Haytee Press and Publishing Limited.
[3]. Bullock, R. H. (2006). The Norton Field Guide to Writing. New York, W. W. Norton and Company.
[4]. Diso, L.I (2005). Information, production, transfer, and delivery: Mass information work and television journalism dilemma in Nigeria. The International Information and Library Review
[5]. Edeani, D. O. (1993). Role of Development Journalism in Nigeria‟s Development. Gazette 52.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Realism in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's Arranged Marriage
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Jasmine Fernandez
	:	0.9790/0837-193299101

Abstract: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is an award winning author, born in Calcutta, who spent the first nineteen years of her life in India. Divakaruni has won a readership for her poetry and fiction of immigrant life in the US which takes us into the female psyche and interruption through real forms of violence. Her spatial and geographical boundary is always the immigrants to the US. Divakaruni's works captures the female caught in the closed up Indian society who once crossing the Lakshman Rekha of marriage is deemed to be a passive victim suffering in silence both at home land and abroad. Her woman character becomes the centre for stories of dislocation- geographical and emotional, recollected narratives of mother and daughter and narratives of women who accept change.

[1] Mehta, Julie. "Arranging One‟s Life". (1996) web. <http:www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/san10.03.96/books-9640.html>
[2] Holf, Patricia "Women feel tug of two cultures".SanFrancisco Chronicle (1August1995) E5.
[3] Divakaruni, Chitra Bannerjee. Arranged Marriage. Black Swan, Great Britain.1997.Print
[4] Bishop,P.(2009).AnalyticaPsycholgy &German ClassicalAesthetic;Goethe,Schiller,and YoungVolume2.The Constellation of the Self.London:Routledge,pg171.Print.
[5] Abrams,M.,H., A Glossary of Literary terms. USA: Michael Rosenberg. Print.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Work Life Balance Policies on Employee Job Satisfaction In Kenya's Banking Sector; A Case of Commercial Banks in Nairobi Central Business District
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Jane Nyambura Mukururi, Dr. James Mark Ngari
	:	10.9790/0837-1932102112

Abstract: The aim of this research was to analyze the relationship between work life balance policies and employee job satisfaction. Work life balance entails attaining equilibrium between professional work and other activities, so that it reduces friction between official and domestic life. Job satisfaction refers to the attitude people have towards their job and the organisations they work for. The quality of work life policies is increasingly becoming part of the business strategy and the focus is on the potential of these policies to influence employee's quality of working life and more importantly to help them maintain work-life balance with equal attention on performance, commitment at work and job satisfaction. This study proves to be a milestone for the researchers, policy makers and students to properly understand the concepts of employee job satisfaction, work life balance and their relationship. The study employed descriptive research design. The target population was Two hundred and Forty Respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings of this study emphasized that each of the work life balance policies on its own is a predictor of job satisfaction. The goodness of fit, R= 0.618 showed a good strength of the relationships between independent variables and the dependent variable. The result of this study makes the recommendation that managers in banks should improve the work life balance policies offered to employees in order to increase their job satisfaction, to improve staff commitment and productivity.
Key words: Work Life Balance policies, Employee Job Satisfaction, Banking Sector, Commercial Banks.

[1] Mugenda, O. and Mugenda, A. (2003), Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Acts Press, Nairobi. Vol.5. pg
21
[2] Mokaya, S. and Gitari, J. (2012), Effects of Workplace Recreation on Employee Performance: The Case of Kenya Utalii College,
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(3):176-183.
[3] Malik, M..(2011).Role Overload,job satisfaction and their effect on layoff survivor's Job Retention and
Productivity.Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary Research in Business,2(11):427-440.
[4] Varatharaj, V. and Vasantha, S. (2012), Work Life Balances a Source of Job Satisfaction - an Exploratory Study on the View of
Women Employees in the Service Sector, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(3): 450-458.
[5] Danish,R..,& Usman, A.(2010).Impact of Reward and Recognition on Job Satisfaction and Motivation: An Empirical Study
from Pakistan.International Journal of Business and Management, 5 (2):159-167.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Reflections on the implications of the empowered citizens at Alpha Media Holdings (AMH)
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Innocent Fungai Chiyadzwa, Golden Maunganidze
	:	10.9790/0837-1932113119

Abstract: The print media plays a fivefold role of informing, educating, entertaining, providing a public sphere and acting as a surveillance mechanism to the governors and other key stakeholders. While this is undisputed and indeed noble, these functions comes with obligations and responsibilities to the communities they serve. As such it is imperative for the media to observe the societal norms and values as well as the ethics that guide them on a day to day basis. While it is clear and undoubted that professionals in the traditional media were trained to acquire the highest standards of journalism, the emergence of new media brought challenges whereby every person could report without hindrance and censorship. Every person thus became a 'journalist' and could therefore 'scoop' or break the news before the formal traditional mediums.
Key words: Citizen journalist, Alpha Media Holdings, Public sphere, Alternative media and Survival strategy.

[1] Adam, S.G. (2001) "The Education of Journalists‟, Journalism, 2(3): 315–339
[2] Chuma W, (2013), The State of Media Ethics in Zimbabwe, VMCZ, Harare
[3] Frederikse, J. (1982). None But Ourselves: Masses vs Media in The Making of Zimbabwe, Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
[4] Golding, P. and Murdock, G. (1991) in Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M. Culture Communications and Political Economy: London,
Sage
[5] Habermas, J. 1989. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rural-Urban Migration among Youths in Nigeria: The Impacts on Agriculture and Rural Development
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Yohanna Danladi Pam
	:	10.9790/0837-1932120123

Abstract: This article examines the causes of rural-urban migration; its impact on agriculture and rural development and its benefits to rural dwellers. Agriculture is the major source of employment among the rural dwellers in Nigeria. But with the discovery of oil, the attention of the government and other key players shifted to oil, thus neglecting the agriculture sector. This negligence, coupled with lack of basic amenities such as water, electricity, good roads, schools etc.in the rural areas led to massive movement of youths from the rural areas to urban areas in search of white collar jobs. The movement took away able-bodied young men and women from the rural areas leaving behind the aged and children who do not have the capacity to till the land, thus affecting agriculture and rural development. The research was carried out using secondary resources. The research suggests that government and other stakeholders should invest more on infrastructural development in rural areas. This will reduce rural-urban migration. It is equally suggested that the defunct Agriculture Marketing Board should be revived. This will help farmers to get adequate reward for their farm products. Thus making agriculture attractive to young people and in turn checking the mass movement of youths from rural to urban areas.
Key Words: Migration, Agriculture, Rural, Urban, Development, and Youths.

[1] Adesiji, G.B., Omoniwa, V., Adebayo, S.A., Matanmi, B. M., and Akangbe, J. A. (2009). Factors associated with the youths rural-Urban Drift in Kwara, Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of cotemporary Research in Business, Vol 1, No 8. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 from http://www.unilorin.edu.ng
[2] IFAD (2007). Migration and rural employment. Proceeding of Round Table on migration and rural Employment, in Conjunction with the thirtieth section of IFAD‟s Governing Council, February 2007. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 from www.ifad.org
[3] Iruonagbe, T. C. (2009). Rural-urban Migration And Agriculture Development in Nigeria. Arts and Social science International Research Journal, Vol 1. Retrievedon November 30, 2013 from www.eprints.convenantuniversity.edu.ng
[4] Koko, I. S. and Abdullahi, D. (2012). Effects of migration of farmers on sustainable Livelihood in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Volume 3, issue 3. Retrieved on November 30, 2013 from www.iosrjournal.org
[5] Chikaire, J., Nnadi, F.N., Atoma, C., Egwuonwu, H.A., Echetama, J.A. (2012). Rural Youth Empowerment: A panacea to Rural-Urban Drift. A case study of Ethiope-East area of Delta State. Science Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol 2012, Article 10. Retrieved December 1, 2013 from http://www.sjpub.org.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Factors enhancing innovation in IT outsourcing Firms: A case from Karachi – Pakistan
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Muhammad Nadeem Jahangir, Qazi Muhammad Moinuddin Abro, Muhammad Nawaz Tunio, Imdad Ali Bughio
	:	10.9790/0837-1932124136

Abstract: Recent studies have revealed that the present uplift in information technology (IT) business in Pakistan is due to rising trend of Business Process Outsourcing and IT outsourcing services to domestic as well as global firms. Pakistan's IT industry is constantly growing and outsourcing business is putting positive impact on its growth. This study seeks to investigate the most influential factors that may have contributions toward enhancing/facilitating performance and innovation in ITO firms working in the city of Karachi which is considered as the business hub of Pakistan.
Keywords: Information Technology, Information Technology Enabled Services, Foreign Direct Investment, Research and Development, Business Process Outsourcing.

[1]. Ahmed. M., Raza. K. and Shahid. R (2012), Causes of increasing demand of Employees Outsourcing and its Impact on Pakistan Business for International Journal of Learning & Development, ISSN 2164-4063, 2012.
[2]. BSA, Business Software Alliance (2007), Global Software Piracy Study [Online] Available at: http://www.bsa.org (Accessed on: 01 May 2010).
[3]. Golafshani, N. (2003), Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research, The Qualitative Report. Vol. 8, Number 4 December 2003 597-607. [Online] Available at: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR8-4/golafshani.pdf
[4]. Hoecht. A. and Trott. P. (2006), Innovation Risks of Strategic Outsourcing Technovation vol.26, (2006) 672-681. [Online] Available at: http://goo.gl/yzqFrb.
[5]. Li. Xiaolin, (2011), Study on Technological Innovation Outsourcing in Scientific and Technological Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Based on Motives, Asian Social Sciences: Vol. 7, No. 8.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Content and Hermeneutical Analysis of Selected Newspapers' Reportage of Environmental Issues in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Muyiwa Popoola
	:	10.9790/0837-1932137165

Abstract: There has been growing concern about the environment and the need to engage sustainable environmental behavior in Nigeria. It is irrefutable that since the mass media provide much of the relevant knowledge for public knowledge, they (the mass media) determine to a large extent the kind, and amount of, as well as frequency of environmental information that reaches the public which may in turn serve as basis for increased public action concerning environmental issues and matters. Apparently, media reportage of environmental issues is inadequate in extant literature. Thus; it is very important to ascertain how environmental issues which may have implications for climatic changes have been reported by the media, given the surveillance role that the media are expected to play in a democratic dispensation. It is on this backdrop that this study was carried out to investigate the reportage of environmental issues in Nigeria by selected newspapers.
Keywords: Newspaper, Reportage, Environment.

[1] Akpati B.N (1987) Reconnaissance of Volcanic Crater and Lakes in Nigeria. A Report Submitted to the National Technical Committee on Earthquakes Phenomenon in Lagos.
[2] Akpati B.N (1996) Media reporting of Environmental Protection in Nigeria. A Critique Paper Presented at a National Workshop on Environmental Issues, Otta.
[3] Alan, S. (2002). Media, Risk and Science Maidenhead; Open University Press.
[4] Aliagan I. (2005). Fundamentals of Newspaper Journalism.1st (Ed). Ibadan: Kraft Book Limited.
[5] Allan, S, Adams, B., & Carter, C. (Eds.) (2000) Environmental risks and the Media. London, Routledge.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Hindrances in Translating Specific Cultural Concepts from Arabic into English
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Amin Ali Almubark, Dr.AmerrudinAbd. Manan, Khairi Obaid Tayyeh Al-Zubaid
	:	10.9790/0837-1932166173

Abstract: This paper investigates problems faced by undergraduate students in Sudan majoring in English language when translating specific cultural concepts from Arabic language into English language. To attain this aim, the researcher randomlyselected 100 undergraduate students who were registered for the B.A program inthe Department of English at Al Imam AlMahdi University in Sudan during the 2012/2013 academic year. The researchers carried out a translation test that consisted of 18 sentences which the learners were then required to translate from Arabic into English. Each sentence comprised of specific cultural concepts based on Newmark's (1988) classification of cultural terms. The researchers also carried out interviews with lecturers who specialize in translation to get further data from their point of view concerning these difficulties, the reasons and their proposed solution. The findings show that the undergraduate learners faced various types of complications when translating specific cultural concepts. These difficulties are frequently associated with; 1) translating specific cultural concepts, 2) unsuccessful attempts to attain the sameness in English language, and 3) lack of knowledge of translation techniques and translation strategies. Based on this result, this research work proposes a solution to narrow the gap between specific cultural concepts such as figuring out programs that deals with specificcultural conceptsthat suit translators.
Keywords: problems, cultural, specific concepts Arabic/English.

[1] ABBADI, R. 2008. An empirical study of problems faced by English-Arabic translation professionals: a corpus based analysis|
Macquarie University ResearchOnline.
[2] AL-MASRI, H. 2009. Translation and Cultural Equivalence: A Study of Translation Losses in Arabic Literary Texts. Journal of
Language & Translation, 10, 7-44.
[3] AZIZ, Y. Y. & LATAIWISH, M. S. 2000. Principles of translation, Department of English, University of Garyounis.
[4] BADAVI, M. 2008. Investigating EFL Prospective Teacher's Ability to Translate Culture-Bound Expressions. Online Submission.
[5] BAHAMEED, A. 2008. Hindrances in Arabic-English Intercultural Translation. Translation Journal, 12, 3.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impediments to Implementation of Peace Education in Public Universities In Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Dr Mrs. Esther Chelule
	:	10.9790/0837-1932174185

Abstract: Peace education is an elusive term that has defied many scholars' definition. It has been defined variously because it carries different meanings to different people. Peace education dates back to 19th century after the horrors of the two World Wars and has evolved through many levels as club to finally as an education programme. The paper discusses the impediments to implementation of peace education in Kenyan public universities. The researcher used library research by surveying on the research findings in books, journal, and internet The literature covered information on background information of Peace Education, definition, historical background , United Nations recommendation for peace education and how peace can be achieved through education. Research design adopted the Integrative Theory of Peace (ITP) by Danesh, H,B., (2006). The study makes recommendations and further suggestions for further research.

[1]. Abebe, T.T., Gbesso, A., & Nyawalo, P. A., 2006 ADDIS 18-20, 2006 Prepared by: Report Of The Working Committee Meeting On: "Peace Education In Africa" Ababa, Ethiopia December.
[2]. Bar-Tal, D., (2000) Elusive Nature of Peace Education, School of Education, Tel-Aviv University.
[3]. Brahm, E., (2006) Peace Education Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: July 2006 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/peace-education
Culture of Peace (www.unesco.org/cp)
[4]. Danesh, H.B., (2006) Towards an Integrative Theory of Peace Education Journal of Peace Education Vol.3 No 1
[5]. Dewey ,J.,(1943) – Education and Experience , AmazonOnline Reader 2002, Copyrighted.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Study of Muslim Women's Education in the Context of employment, access to media, marital status, family planning and political participation - Case Study of Azamgarh District
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Fauzia Islam, Azimur Rahman, Naseema Khatoon,Vinay Kumar Pathak, Mohammad Ali Imam
	:	10.9790/0837-1932186196

Abstract: This research is designed to explore the relationship between access to education of Muslim women and their access to media, marital status, family planning, and political participation status in Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods. The selection of the sample for the present study was made from the Muslim women of Azamgarh District of U.P., (India). The respondents were selected in random manner keeping in view the needs and objectives of the study. The representative sample is consists of 365 respondents. With respect to the former, in-depth interviews were used. This Study however shows that Education has had a positive impact on access to media and marital status of Muslim women in the district. However no influence of education was found on family planning and political participation of Muslim women in the district.
Keywords: Education, access to media, family planning, political participation.

[1]. Zoya Hasan and Ritu Menon- Unequal citizens, Oxford University Press. New Delhi, 2004, pp. 3.
[2]. Zoya Hasan and Ritu Menon- In a Minority, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2005.
[3]. Sachar Committee Report, Page- 87. Sacchar Committe Report Nov 2006)I " Social, economic and educational status of the Muslim community of India- a report", Prime minister's High level Committee, Government of India, November 2006. Page- 87
[4]. Sachar Committee Report, Page- 89-90
[5]. Zoya Hasan & Ritu Menon- Unequal Citizens.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Reconstruction of the Racist Ideology in Richard Wright's Native Son
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Jismulatif, Dadang Suganda, Davidescu Cristiana M.
	:	10.9790/0837-1932197202

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the relation between power and language in Richard Wright's Native Son. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) provided analytical tools that could be used to uncover bias in texts. This study used Norman Fairclough's three dimensional CDA framework to analyze a racist ideology in Richard Wright's Native Son. White domination is an effort done by the white people to maintain 'White-Superiority' and 'Black-Inferiority'. In this case many Blacks have problem or difficulties in the aspect of their life. The result shows that through the white's superiority the Blacks were the oppressed people. Being the oppressed people, they were unjustly treated by the white power such as racial prejudice, discrimination, and segregation. Consequently, they had some problems in the aspects of their social lives. they were regarded as inferior creatures, and they do not have equalities in education, employment, law protection or law enforcement, and in the other aspects of socio-cultural life.
Key words: language, power, critical discourse analysis, racist discourse.

[1] N. Fairclough, Language and Power (London: Longman, 1989).
[2] N. Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change ( Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992a).
[3] N. Fairclough, Discourse and text: Linguistics and intertextual analysis ( Cambridge : Polity Press, 1992b).
[4] N. Fairclough, Media discourse ( London: Edward Arnold, 1995a)
[5] N. Fairclough, Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language (Harlow-Essex:Longman Group Limited,1995b).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effect of Grammar Consciousness-Raising Tasks on EFL Learners' Reading Comprehension and Writing Ability
Country	:	Iran
Authors	:	Mania Nosratinia, Somayeh Roustayi
	:	10.9790/0837-1932203216

Abstract: The focus of this study is to investigate the effect of grammatical consciousness-raising tasks on EFL learners' reading comprehension and writing ability. The participants were 60 female intermediate EFL learners with age range of 20-35 who were divided into two groups of control and experimental after being homogenized by a piloted PET test and two piloted researchers-made reading comprehension and writing ability tests. After the treatment phase, the piloted researchers-made reading comprehension and writing ability post-tests were administered. To investigate the two research questions of the study, two independent t-tests were conducted. Also, the inter-rater reliability for the pretest and post-test of writing was calculated through Cornbach's Alpha. The obtained results revealed that the improvement occurred in the reading comprehension and writing ability of the participants of experimental group, in comparison to their previous stage, was due to the introduction of a specific variable which was the technique of grammar consciousness-raising tasks. Furthermore, the results revealed that grammar consciousness-raising tasks result in a better performance on writing than reading comprehension.
Key words: teaching grammar, consciousness-raising tasks, reading comprehension, writing ability.

[1] Abbasian Boroujeni, F. (2012). Investigating controversies in teaching grammar: A case for the Iranian high school students. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(8), 1570-1575.
[2] Amirian, M. & Sadeghi, F (2012). The effect of grammar consciousness-raising tasks on EFL learners performance. International Journal of Linguistics, 4 (3), 708-720.
[3] Behrouzi, P., & Kazemirad, F. (2012). The effect of consciousness-raising tasks on Iranian elementary EFL learners' syntax acquisition. International Journal of Linguistics 4(2), 334-347.
[4] Chin, B. A. (2000). The role of grammar in improving student's writing. Retrieved October 23, 2012 from: http://www.uwplatt.edu/~ciesield/graminwriting.htm
[5] Crivos, M. B., & Luchini, P. L. (2012). A pedagogical proposal for teaching grammar using consciousness-raising tasks. MJAL, 4(3), 141-153.