IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of the Volume of Air Cargo Traffic in Major International Airports in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Adenigbo, Joseph Adedotun , Ubogu, Andrew Egba
	:	10.9790/0837-19810109

Abstract: This paper analyzes the volume of air cargo handled at the major international airports in Nigeria. The study used both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary source of data collection made use of 369 copies of questionnaire administered by simple random method to agents who are physically located at the premises of the airports in order to determine cargo types and the cargo that dominates flows at the airports. Mainly, the secondary data for the study was the extraction of the volume of cargo flow from 2006 - 2011 at the airports from the records of Nigerian Aviation Handling Company (NAHCo), headquarters. The study employed Location Quotient (LQ) and Specialisation Index (SI) to determine the airports' share and specialisation in the handling and flow of cargo in Nigeria. The results show that electronics and computers dominate flows in Lagos, machine parts in Abuja and Port-Harcourt, and textiles in Kano airports. It also revealed that Lagos airport handled its proportionate share of cargo traffic for the years under consideration except in 2007 and 2010 with LQ = 0.9 respectively. Port-Harcourt airport handled less of its share of cargo traffic for 3 years consecutively with very low LQ of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.5 in 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively. Also, the study observed that all the airports are specialised in handling dominant cargo type. The study recommends that the air cargo industry need to be structured such that it will enhance increase flow of different cargoes at various airports in Nigeria to ensure maximum capacity utilisation of the airports.

Keywords: Air Cargo; Flow; Location Quotient; Specialisation Index; Airport Share; Cargo Type

[1]. Aderamo, J.A. (2010). Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, vol. 1 23 - 31.
[2]. Afolabi, C. (2005a). Bane of Air Cargo Development in Nigeria. Paper presented at the first yearly cargo conference organized by Aviation Review, Lagos, from http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/achive/guardian/2005/12/27. Accessed 8/7/2011
[3]. Afolabi, O. (2005b). Air Cargo: Tool for Economic Development. Keynote Address at the first yearly cargo conference organized by Aviation Review, Lagos, from http:news.biafranigeriaworld.com/achive/guardian/2005/12/27.Accessed 8/7/2011
[4]. Ayakpat S. (2010). The Effects of Liberalisation and Open Skies Agreement on Nigeria
[5]. Airlines Passenger Operations in Nnamdi Azikwe International Airport, Abuja. Unpublished PGD Research study at the Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (NITT), Zaria.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Poverty Alleviation and Millennium Development Goals Implementation in Bayelsa State
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Akekere Jonah, Yousuo P.O.J
	:	10.9790/0837-19811013

Abstract: The study investigates the impact of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) implementation on poverty reduction in Bayelsa state. We examined by comparison the level of achievements of the Millennium Development Goals in Bayelsa State before and within its implementation. We employed a single objective; to examine if there has been a reduction in poverty with the implementation of the MDGs. We used both Primary and Secondary data and a non parametric data analysis (Chi-square) in the analysis. And that the state is yet put achieve this goal (poverty reduction), that there is no significant different of the populace income level before and within the implementation period and we recommend that attention should be given to poverty reduction strategies, by injecting more resources to the programme considering the fact the programme is at its terminal stage.

Keywords: Millennium Development Goals, Poverty rate, Income, simple percentage, income security.

[1]. Agenor, P; Nihal, B.; Emmanuel, P.M. and Karin, E.A. (2005): "Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa", A Macroeconomic Monitoring Framework World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
[2]. Bello, M.A. and Abdulhakim R. (2009): "Future of Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria". Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
[3]. Easterly, W. (2009): "How the Millennium Development Goals are Unfair to Africa", World Development.
[4]. Goldman, Sachs (2007): Goldman Sachs Global Economics Research, the Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
[5]. IRIN (2010): "Ethopia – Ghana: MDGs Success Stories UN Office".
[6]. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) 2008

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The 'Rurban' Society in India: new facets of Urbanism and its Challenges
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sumana Chatterjee
	:	10.9790/0837-19811418

Abstract: The paper challenges the traditional concept of evolution of urban areas wherein, the process of urbanization witnesses economic transformation along with associated socio-cultural changes. India in the last decade has witnessed a huge increase in growth of such non-farm based economy driven urban areas where, the socio-cultural aspects are still rural. These urban areas, evolving from large villages, are defined as 'census towns' by the Census of India, and are widely referred to as 'rurban' areas in the domain of research. The new aspects of urbanism that these rurban areas portray, completely washes away the stereotyped perception about an urban society in India. The rurban society not only brings in new faces to urbanism, but upheld the challenges towards their acknowledgement and inclusion in the existing urban society. Through case illustration of few census towns, the paper attempts to apathetically understand the difference rurban society makes to themselves and to urban societies, when they grow only economically sans basic necessities and socio-cultural amenities. The paper concludes to stir a thought among the readers, and expand scope for further research on, nurturing and developing the rurban society in India with necessary policy attentions.

Keywords: economy, development policies, rurban, society, urbanism

[1] Census Publications, Town Directory, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, New Delhi, India, 2011, 2001.
[2] A. Kundu, Method in Madness: Urban Data from 2011 Census, Economic and Political Weekly, XLVI(40), 2011, 13-16.
[3] K.C. Pradhan, Unacknowledged Urbanisation: The New Census Towns of India, Urban Working Paper 2, Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, 2012.
[4] N. Kleniewski, Cities And Society (Cornwall, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2005)
[5] S. Chatterjee, The Rurbanized India, Yet Not "Urban‟- How Do Definitions and Policies Matter?, Proc. Conf. on International Symposium on Society economics and Urban Studies, Bali, Indonesia, 2014, 286-293.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	News Coverage on the Kaaliyaattam and the Necessity of FolkloreJournalism
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Deepesh. V. K.
	:	10.9790/0837-19811925

Abstract: Kollam Sri. Pishaarikavu is a Saakteya Kavu (the kavu where the goddess personifying the creative power of the universe is worshipped) situated in the Quilandy Taluk of the calicut district in kerala. The festival of this temple (Kavu) is known as Kaaliyattam. On analyzing the media reports of this festival, it can be deduced that these do not represent the regional culture of the region. The practice of the media in interpreting folklore according to their tastes and interests has been widely criticized. On analyzing the media representation of the Kaaliyattam festival, it will be evident that the approach of the media towards folklore should undergo a seminal change. The age demands of us an attitude to convey culture on the basis of the traditional cultural psyche of the folk. The idea of folklore originates on the basis of such concept. This paper puts forwarded the necessity of formulating a new branch in journalism, viz., Folklore Journalism, by analysis the media reports of the Kaaliyattam festival and the lacunae in them.

Key words: Kaaliyattam, Festival, Folklore, Folklore Journalism

[1]. Allan Stuart, (2012) The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism, London and Newyork, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
[2]. Amos, Dan Ben, (1982): Folklore in Context –Essays, South AsianPublishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
[3]. Dorson, Richard M. (ed.) (1972) Folklore and folk life, Chicago: The University of Chicago.
[4]. Dundes Alan, (1965): The Study of Folklore , Prentice- Hall, Inc. Engle Wood Cliffs, N.J.
[5]. Dundes Alan, (1978): Essays in Folkloristics, Folklore Institute, Meerut.
[6]. McQuali, Denis, (1996): Mass Communication Theory, Sage Publishers, New Delhi.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Between Spaces of Silence and Violence Re-Critiquing Doris Lessing's Anna Wulf from the Golden Notebook
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M.Sarah Kamala Kumari, S.Prasannasree
	:	10.9790/0837-19812628

Abstract: Doris Lessing holds a place of singular distinction in the history of post war English fiction. Described as the 'most fearless woman novelist in the world,unabashed ex-communist and uncompromising feminist. Lessing holds a unique place among twentieth century women writers for the sheer number,variety and scope of her work. Lessing is a writer in whose works the personal invariably merges with the political and the individual is seldom inseparable from the collective. Deeply rooted in the socio-political milieu of her time, Lessingwas nevertheless well ahead of her generation in many respects. 'The Golden Note Book'thus contains two strains. Politically it is a stark portrayal of communism, racial and sexual exploitation. Equally important, as these political actions, are the innermost feelings of the characters and their actions.

Keywords: Breakdown, Consciousness,Fragmentation, Free women, Notebooks,

[2]. Bergonzi, Bernard. The Situation of the Novel (London: MacMillan,1970)
[3]. Kumar, Alka. Doris Lessing: Journey in Evolution. Book Plus, New Delhi 2001.
[4]. Howe, Florence. Doris Lessing‟s Free Women,Nation, Jan.11,1965
[5]. Burgess, Anthony The Novel Now (London: Faber and Faber, 1967)..
[6]. Ghosh, Tapan Kumar. Doris Lessing‟s The Golden Notebook – A Critical Study, Prestige Books, New Delhi, 2006.
[7]. Rubenstein Roberta. The Novelistic Vision of Doris Lessing Breaking the Forms of Consciousness (1979; London: University of Illinois Press).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Reducing Academic Stress of Secondary Schools Students of Kerala
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Praseeda P. Nair, Dr. K.P. Meera
	:	10.9790/0837-19812932

Abstract: Students are in such a competitive busy world that they have to struggle with lot of stressors in their daily life. This may affect their achievement in schools and future life and also lead to psychosomatic illness. So the present study focused on the importance and effectiveness of giving progressive muscle relaxation for students to reduce their academic stress. The result of the study revealed that Progressive Muscle Relaxation is significantly effective for reducing academic stress of students.

Key words: Academic stress, Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR).

[1] Pagnini, F., Gian, M.M., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2009). Efficacy of relaxation training in treating anxiety. International Journal of Behavioural Consultation and Therapy, 5(3-4), 264-269.

[2] Lohaus, A., & Klein-hebling, J. (2009). Coping in childhood: A comparative evaluation of different relaxation technique. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An international Journal, 13(2), 187-211.

[3] Dave, V. (2009). Meeting the needs, disaffected students: Engaging students with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties. London, New York: Continuum Education.

[4] Lapota, C., Nida, R.E., & Marable, M.A. (2006). Progressive muscle relaxation: Preventing aggression in students with EBD. Teaching Exceptional Children, 38(4), 20-25.

[5] Larson, B., & Carlson, J. (1995). A school-based, nurse-administered relaxation training for children with chronic tension- Type headache. Journal of Paedatric Psychology, 21(5), 603-614.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Migrant Remittances on Health and Education Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Uzochukwu Amakom, Chukwunonso Gerald Iheoma
	:	10.9790/0837-19813344

Abstract: This study investigated the impact of international migrant remittances on health and education outcomes of sub-Saharan African countries using 18 sub-Saharan African countries. To account for endogeneity between remittances and health and education outcomes, the paper constructed two simultaneous equation models estimated using the two-stage-least square (2SLS) technique. Findings reveal that remittances impact positively and significantly on health and education outcomes of selected countries. For every 10 per cent increase in remittances, primary education outcome increases on the average by 4.2 per cent, secondary education outcomes by 8.8 per cent, and health outcome by 1.2 per cent. After accounting for individual country heterogeneity, results confirm that remittances still remain a significant factor in accelerating improvements in health and education outcomes in recipient developing (Sub-Saharan African) countries. Other factors such as per capita income, education expenditure, and health expenditure were found to be significant. Policy implications are that policy makers must develop appropriate incentive for migrants to remit, especially policies influencing the costs and channels of remittances. Keywords: Migrant, Migration, Remittances, Education, Health

[1]. Acosta, P. Fajnzylber P. and J. Humberto Lopez (2007) ―The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human Capital: Evidence from Latin American Household Surveys‖ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4247, Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
[2]. Adams, R.H. (1993). ―Economic and Demographic Determinants of International Migration in Rural Egypt‖. Journal of Development Studies 30, No. 1. Washington D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
[3]. — 2005. Remittances, Household Expenditure and Investment in Guatemala. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3532. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
[4]. — 2006. Remittances and Poverty in Ghana. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3838. Washington D.C.: World Bank.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Do Psychological Well-Being characteristics vary with Birth Order?
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Geeta Sharma and Srimathi N L
	:	10.9790/0837-19814554

Abstract: The effect of Birth Order on Personality has remained a debated research topic with studies favouring and not favouring the possible impacts. While there has been substantial research separately on Birth Order and Psychological Well-Being (PWB) scarcely can we find studies relating Birth Orders with various sub-scales of PWB.The present study was thus conducted amongst students of Mysore (n=273) to investigate the whether the Birth Order characteristics vary with the sub-scales of Ryff's PWB scale. Significant differences were found among all Birth Orders. Research implications and significance of the study conclude the article.

Key words: Birth Order, Psychological Well-Being, Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Positive Relations, Personal Growth, Purpose in Life, Self-Acceptance.

[1]. Adams, B. N. (1972). Birth order : a critical review. Sociometry: A Journal Of Research in Social Psychology,Vol 35(3), 411-431.
[2]. Ansbacher, & Ansbacher. (1956). The Individual Psychology of Alfed Adler: a systematic presentation in selections from his writings. Oxford England: Basic Books.
[3]. Black, S. E., & Deverux, P. J. (2004) The More the Merrier? The Effect of Family Size and Birth Order on Children's Education. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 120 (2), 669-700
[4]. Bu, F. (2014 ). Sibling Configurations, Educational Aspiration and Attainment . Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research.
[5]. Daniel Eckstein, K. J. (2010). A Review of 200 Birth-Order Studies: Lifestyle Characteristics. Individual Psychology, Vol 66 (4), 408-430

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Psychosocial challenges faced by retired police of officers: A case of Retired Administration Police Officers in Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	David Muthondeki, Merecia Anne Sirera , Margaret Mwenje
	:	10.9790/0837-19815563

Abstract: Police work demands and engagements and effects on the psychosocial wellbeing of the officers has been studied extensively. However, few studies have examined the psychosocial challenges experienced by retired officers. The present study examined the psychosocial challenges experienced by the retired administration police officers in Kenya and how this impacted on their psychosocial well being after their active service in the force. A descriptive survey using questionnaire and face to face interviews was used to collect data from police retirees who had left service between 1998 and 2008. The results of the study show that due to the nature of the police work and the police subculture, the officers hardly plan for their retirement hence find it difficult to adjust to life in the civilian world. The study also found that there is no psychological support system in Kenya administration police force that helps the officers' deal with psychological challenges while on duty. As such, officers carry into retirement work related stressors that impact negatively on their psychosocial well being when outside the service. The findings suggest the need for psychological support system for the police officers during active service and in the life after active service

Key words: Retirement, psychosocial challenges, work stressors, adjustment

[1]. Atchley, R.C. (1983). Aging: Continuity and Change. Belmont. CA: Wadsworth.
[2]. Violanti, J. M. (1992). Police Retirement; The Impact of Change. New York: Thomas Publisher.www.amazon.Com/Police-Retirement-John.M.Violanti/dp/0.
[3]. Mutuku, Nzomo (2004). The role and objective of the Retirements Benefits Authority (2nd Preretirement Preparation Seminar, The Stanley, Nairobi, 27 and 28 May, 2004.
[4]. Kim E. J & Moen P. ( 2001) Is Retirement Good or Bad for subjective Well being? American Psychological Society
[5]. Cox, H. (1984).Later Life in The Realities of Aging. New Jersey: Prentice Hill Inc.
[6]. Wells, Y., & Kendig, H. (1999). Psychological resources and successful retirement. Australian Psychologist, 34, 111-115.
[7]. Kalker, P. (2005). Teacher stress and burnout. Causes and coping strategies. Contemporary Education, 56.4.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Problem, Progress and Prospect of Green Building as a means of Sustainable Urbanization with special reference to Guwahati City of Assam
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gunajit Sarma
	:	10.9790/0837-19816467

Abstract: With increasing the modernization, the rate of urbanization has been also increase throughout the world. As a result of urbanization the size of population is parallely enhanced in cities, which leads to construction of great number of multistoried buildings. All of these facts and circumstances creates not only environmental pollution, but also increases the cost, energy consumption and use of natural resources. Hence, the present eco –friendly concept of building called green building becomes immensely important in order to achieve sustainable urbanization. So , this paper mainly attempt to identify various problems emerged during the course of construction of a huge number of building in Guwahati city of Assam , such as economically inefficiency in the use of resource such as air , water and soil , fail to maintain natural resources , fail to ensure social equity in the distribution of developmental benefits and costs . So, to solve this problem Green Building is the only way to maintain better urbanization in Guwahati city of Assam. Further the paper focuses the present level of progress of Green Building concept amongst the builders of the city under study. Considering its needs, the study highlights some future prospects of green building in the Guwahati city as how the systematic implementation of green building concept can be able to achieve sustainable urbanization in the city.

[1]. P.K. Dhar – Urbanisation : Its challenges & Environmental Degradation –EBH Publishers ,Guwahati ,2013
[2]. R.Ramchandra –Urbanization and Urban System in India –Oxford Press
[3]. Charles D. Kolstad –Environmental Economics –Oxford Press
[4]. P.K. Dhar –Indian Economy –Kalyani Publishers ,New-Delhi ,2009

[5]. Statistical Handbook of Assam ,2012 –Published by Department of Economics and Statistics , Assam
[6]. K chawwick , Green Building Construction, Blue Ridge Virtual Governor's school ,www.important/greeb building.com
[7]. www.ci.chi/environment/green Tech/sub.com
[8]. www.igbc.in.com

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	TheEpistemic Communities as a Key to International Cooperation
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Kristina Bekenova
	:	10.9790/0837-19816875

Abstract: This research tests hypothesis – The epistemic communities play an important (key) role for international cooperation. The main question driving this study is to what extent was essential influence exerted by the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs on building interstate cooperation – between the USA and the USSR – in nuclear non-proliferation during the Сold War.The argument presented here is notwithstanding bipolar confrontation the USA-USSR cooperation in nuclear arms control issue thanks to the impact of the epistemic communities on politics of both countries was available. This research uses case study method to examine several significant steps in nuclear cooperation between states: 1. How did become possible to sign the 1972 ABM Treaty by the Soviet Union and the United States? 2. What contribution did the epistemic community make to development of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime? Putting together, conclusions of each of understudied cases let us to demonstrate the huge role played by communities in development international relations.The research concludes that in spite of the Cold War ideological frames deterred the USA-USSR cooperation, just with assistance of Pugwash scientific movement interstate collaboration in nuclear non-proliferation became available.

Keywords: epistemic communities, the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, nuclear non-proliferation regime, the 1972 ABM Treaty

[1] B. Russell.The Russell-Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955.The text of the Manifesto is from http://www.pugwash.org/about/manifesto.htm
[2] The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Nobel Peace Prize Announcement, 1995. The text of the Announcement is from http://www.pugwash.ru/history/documents1/394.html

[3] P. M. Haas. ―Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination‖. International Organization 46, no. 1 (1992), 1-35.

[4] M. J. Brenner. ―The Theorist as Actor, the Actor as Theorist: Strategy in the Nixon Administration‖.Stanford Journal of International Studies 7 (Spring, 1972), 109-131.

[5] R.D. Putnam. ―Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.‖ International Organization 42, no. 3 (1988), 427-460.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mixité, EPS & Organisation de la classe
Country	:	Lybie
Authors	:	Abdelkerim Boubaker, Ardhaoui Ahmed
	:	10.9790/0837-19817692

Abstract: La mixité à l'école un concept nouvellement pris en compte dans nos établissements date des années soixante dix, l'enseignement traditionnel était caractérisé par une séparation des filles et des garçons, chacun poursuivait ses apprentissages dans des classes unisexe, l'idée d'une éducation commune pour les filles et les garçons était révolutionnaire et révélatrice d'un long parcours de combat pour une égalité des sexes et militant contre une discrimination sexuelle à l'école. En EPS, la mixité a rencontré des difficultés plus que d'autres matières enseignés dans nos établissements, d'un coté ce sont les capacités physiques qu'on juge et qu'on évalue en éducation physique et sportive, d'un autre coté, les différences morphologiques, aptitudes,… conditionnent la performance des deux sexes, une problématique à la quelle c'est heurté la mixité. Même les contenus enseignés, à connotation masculine, ne sont pas adaptés aux filles, avec la mixité on imposait aux filles des activités réservées auparavant aux garçons. La mixité apportant égalité sexuelle et égalité des savoirs en situation de coéducation, s'est trouvée face à une amplification des rapports ségrégationnistes entre élève-élève, et élève-enseignant. Et la réalité du terrain et loin d'être le milieu d'application des idéologies sociales. La mise en place de la mixité serait un dilemme pour les enseignants d'éducation physique, militant pour égalité et une co-éducation des sexes et perplexes à la superposition de ses valeurs à la réalité su terrain, quelque soit leur sexe, les enseignants, éprouvent une certaine gène face à cette situation nouvelle. De ce fait, comment l'enseignant d'éducation physique homme ou femme perçoit la mixité à l'intérieur du groupe et s'organise dans une séance d'EPS mixte ?

Mots Cles ׃ Sport-Eps-Mixite -Organisation De La Classe-Leçon D'eps

[1]. Babillot Michèle. Existe-t-il des inégalités entre filles et garçons à l'école ? Se former +, 1998, n° S 76.
[2]. BAURENS, M. (2003), D'une mixité unisexe vers une mixité équitable. Regard didactique sur l'orchestration des différences entre filles et garçons dans la classe de langue culture. Thèse de Doctorat, Paris 3.
[3]. Belotti, E.G. (1974). Du Côté des petites filles. Des Femmes.
[4]. Bouslimi Jaoued Adolescentes, adolescents en pratiques sportives . l'Harmattan Paris, 2002
[5]. Chevalier Michèle. Femmes et sport : la mixité et les pratiques corporelles à l'école. EPS. Education physique et sport, mars 2003, n° 300, p.61-63

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Working-Conditions, Stress and Their Outcomes: A Review Study among Loco-Pilots (Railway Drivers) in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rajesh Ranjan, Dr. T. Prasad
	:	10.9790/0837-198193101

Abstract: Stress is a normal part of human life in the modern world. The effect of stress is a deviation from the existing physical and psychological damage of human life. Stress is unavoidable and can occur in all facets of life. Stress that is prolonged and managed poorly can result in negative physical, mental, and cognitive outcomes for humans. Other negative outcomes include anxiety, depression, weakened immune system, heart disease, obesity, and poor memory. The aim of this paper is to identify the level of stress among Loco-Pilots (railway drivers) in India. The work of railway drivers is considered as extremely stressful and this paper deals with factors that lead to stress and fatigue and thus to high probability of accident. The aim of this paper is to bring an extensive review of knowledge on stress, fatigue and working conditions regarding to job out- comes of railway drivers.

Keywords: Railway driver, working-conditions, stress, fatigue, health risks and job outcomes.

[1]. Belzer, M.H. 2002. "Proposed changes in Motor Carrier Hours of Service Regulation: An Assessment." Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, U.S.
[2]. Bigert, C. 2003. "Myocardial infarction among professional drivers." Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm Centre for Public Health, Sweden. Epidemiology,
[3]. Braaten Den J. 2000. "Occupational Stress in Mental Health Counselor." The Graduate College, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin.
[4]. Chusmir, L. H. and Franks, V. 1988. "Stress and the Woman Manager." Training & Development Journal, Vol. 42(10): 66-70.
[5]. Comish, R. and Swindle, B. 1994. "Managing stress in the workplace." National Public Accountant, Vol. 39(9): 24-28.
[6]. Central bureau of statistics (Statistics Netherlands, 2013 Downloaded)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Problem of Foundationalism as a Theory of Epistemic Justification
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Emenike Maureen Ifeyinwa
	:	10.9790/0837-1981102105

Abstract: As the title indicates, this paper is intended to provide an account of the foundationalist's theory of justification of infallible basic beliefs. It is surely fair to suggest that for literally thousands of years, the foundationalist's thesis was taken to be almost trivially true. What this paper sets out to do is to identify what actually constitutes the core of the foundationalists' theory, the problem with the foundationalists claim and the attack on foudationalism. According to the foundationalist's claim, for all our beliefs to be justified they must consist of basic beliefs. These basic beliefs must be infallible, incorrigible and self justifying. Foudationalism over time have been quoted to be one of the most popular theories of justification of claims to knowledge. This paper is intended to critically evaluate this claim of the foundationalists and to be able to see how certain beliefs can be basic and self justifying and yet will not fall to subjectivity considering the fact that the basic belief is dependent on sense perception that can fall to subjectivism.

Keynote: Foudationalism, Epistemic justification, Infallible, Inferential, Basic beliefs, Incorrigible, Static

[1]. Jonathan Dancy. An Introduction to Cotemporary Epistemology. Oxford, Basic Blackwell, Inc, 1985, pp 55-61.
[2]. Kolawole A.Owolabi. Issues & Problems in Philosophy Nig. Grovacs (Network) 2000, pp 6-10.
[3]. Roderick Chisholm. Theory of Knowledge. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1977, pp.11.
[4]. Jonathan Dancy. Op. Cit. p.57.
[5]. Ibid.
[6]. Rene Descartes. The Philosophical Works of Descartes, vol 2, edited and translated by E.S Haldane and G.R.T Ross, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 1955,

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Strategies in Inculcating Environmental Responsible Behaviour in Abia State, Nigeria Using Community – Based Social Marketing
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Patrick A. Ogwo
	:	10.9790/0837-1981106109

Abstract: In order to check the menace of soil erosion and save the campus environment, a number of measures were put in place by the Abia State University Administration including planting of lawn grasses, construction of walkways and erection of barricades. In spite of these measures, majority of our people still engage in environmentally irresponsible behaviour. The objective of this paper was to device a strategy in inculcating environmental responsible behaviour among the University Community through the use of community based social marketing. Community – Based Social Marketing is a non-coercive approach to change in behaviour and has been shown to have promise in facilitating community adoption of conservation practices than the conventional information and economic self interest approach. The study used self-administered questionnaires to examine respondents' awareness of and engagement in environment behaviour. The survey was conducted in Abia State University in the 2007/2008 academic year. Results showed that:
1. Respondents adopted the use of walkway in order to save the environment and the major barrier to the use of walk way was forgetting followed by apathy.
2. The major benefit of using source separation resource bins was to reduce wastes that were disposed and the major barrier to use of source separate bins was forgetting, followed by inconvenience.
3. Respondents appeared to respond to picking of litters on campus when the National Universities Commission Accreditation Teams visited the campus. NUC scores for environmental cleanliness and safety in evaluating courses/programmes for full accreditation. Further research is required to identify barriers and benefits associated with environmental responsible behaviours in other campuses of the Nigerian Universities in order to ascertain whether engagement in one practice prompts engagement in similar behaviours.
Keywords: Environmental behaviour, community based social marketing, source separation of campus waste

[1]. Ebreo, A. and Vining, J. (2001). How similar are recycling and waste reduction? Future Orientation and reasons for reducing waste as predictors of self-reported behaviour. Environment and Behaviour, 33(3) 424 -448
[2]. Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitudes, intentions and Behaviour: An Introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA, Addison – Wesley.
[3]. Jennings, G. Tourism research Milton, Queensland, John Wiley and Sons.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Prevalence of Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem among Bankers in Select Southwest States in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Uzonwanne, Francis C. PhD, Uzonwanne, Godfrey C. PhD
	:	10.9790/0837-1981110119

Abstract: Purpose: This research seeks to study the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy amongst Nigerian bankers. Design/Methodology: This study adopted a survey research design to examine the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy, taking into cognizance other demographic variables, among bankers in Lagos, Ogun and Oyo states of southwest Nigeria. The independent variable measured is self-esteem, while the dependent variable measured is self-efficacy. The research was carried out to seek knowledge on the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy among bankers in southwest Nigeria. The demographic variables include age and educational qualification. Findings: A significant relationship exists between self-esteem and self-efficacy scores of bankers. A significant difference exists in the self-efficacy of bankers with undergraduate degree and below with those possessing graduate degrees and above. A significant difference was found for self-efficacy of younger and older banker. Self-esteem is not a predictor of self-efficacy. Implication of Findings: The findings of this study have strong implications in the selection process and definition of job roles of Nigerian bankers. Originality: This is an original piece of empirical work highlighting issues relevant to self-esteem, self-efficacy and performance in the Nigerian banking industry.

Keywords: Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, Performance Monitoring

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Some Properties of the Annihilator Graph of a Commutative Ring
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Rajpal Singh
	:	10.9790/0837-190801120129

Abstract: Let R be a commutative ring with unity. A. Badawi defined and studied annihilator graph AG(R) of R. In this chapter we introduce a new annihilator graph. of the commutative ring R by taking the new definition and labeling it newannihilator chart by ANNG(R). We examine the relationship between graphs ANNG(R), AG(R) and (R), where (R) is the zero divisor graph of R defined by D. F. Anderson and P.S. Livingston. We study some properties of the commutative ring R ANNG(R) related to connectivity, diameter and circumference. We will create a result set which describe certain situations where ANNG(R) is identical to AG(R) and (R). For reduced commutative ring R, we study some characteristics of the annihilator graph ANNG(R) associated with the minimal primes of R. For a reduced commutative ring R, we are establish some equivalent conditions that describe certain situations where ANNG(R) is a complete bipartite graph or a star graph. In addition, we examine some properties ANNG......

Keywords: properties of the annihilator graph , commutative ring , new annihilator graph ANNG etc

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