IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Traffic Congestion and Parking Difficulties in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ogundare, Babatope Andrew, Ogunbodede, Emman F (Ph.D)
	:	10.9790/0837-19820107

Abstract: The city as an engine of economic development and centre of industry, commerce and administration, functions only with an efficient system of transportation. Traffic congestion is therefore one of the most predominant problems encountered in such environment of which Nigeria case is no exemption. The paper aims to describe intra-urban transport circulation in Akure metropolis with its attendant traffic congestion situation and problems. The study adopts empirical design to investigate vehicular congestion and parking difficulties in the study area. Using field observation, twelve congestion spots were identified and primary source of data was used to find out distance covered within the study area, periods when traffic hold-ups are experienced and time lost to traffic hold-up in a journey. The study established parking problems in the Central Business District of Akure as a major cause of traffic congestion. The paper therefore suggested that traffic flows along major roads in the city need to be monitored and controlled regularly. There is also need for parking provisions not only in the CBD but also in some identified land use zones.

[1]. Aribigbola, A. and Osunsanmi, G.O. (2010). Family Life Cycle Model and Urban Housing Choice in Developing Countries: Empirical Validation from Akure, Nigeria. The Social and Management Scientists 4(1) 17 – 27.
[2]. Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004a). The Road Network Characteristics on Traffic Flow in South western Nigeria: A Case Study of Warri Metropolis. Journal of The Social and Management Sciences Review, 1(1): 102 – 113.
[3]. Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004b). The Accessibility of Centres to the Road Networks: The Case of Lagos Island, Nigeria. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics, 2: 140 – 151.
[4]. Blumfield, Hans. (1961). Transportation in the Modern Metropolis. Queens Quarterly, Vol. LXVII, No. 4, Winter 1961.
[5]. Chandra, B., Kara, H., Hani, K., Qinglin, M., and Lisa, W. (2002). Development of an Urban Accessibility Index: Literature Review, Research Report, No. 2-49388-1. Centre for Transport Research: The University of Texas, Austin

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Social Ecology and Rural Development in Northeast India: Challenges & Opportunities in Manipur
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Cheithou Charles Yuhlung
	:	10.9790/0837-19820816

Abstract: This paper focuses on the critical depletion of social ecology in relation to developmental works carried out especially in Manipur. It points out that due to the increasing developmental demands and deforestation, the rural people, whose main source of income depends on natural resources like forests produce are threatening their very own survival. The then existing thick and dense forests with diverse flora and fauna has substantially declined due to overwhelming demand of supply like timber and firewood for various developmental purposes affecting the social ecology, food-chains and even leading to scarcity of drinking water. It also points out the deprivation of the rural tribal people, failure and weaknesses on the part of the government machineries in protecting and uplifting the rural people, its environment and the need for proper study to preserve the rural forests. It seeks the government's intervention in controlling the reserved and protected tribal forest areas of Northeast India. The paper also stresses on the preservation of indigenous plants and the use of selected plants for the afforestation programs in the region.

Keywords: Ecology, Depletion, Deforestation, Rural Development, Indigenous plants, Food-chain, Water Scarcity

[1]. Annual Administrative Report 2007-08. Forest Department Government of Manipur, Accessed on: 7/7/12. p:1-12.
[2]. E-Pao, a daily e-news of Manipur, dated: Today- Saturday, July 07 2012. "Manipur‟s forest covers depleting rapidly‟. (Source: Hueiyen New Service, Imphal, February 08-2012).
[3]. G.N. Sinha. 2006. Prospects of Community Forest Management and Role of Panchayats in Arunachal Pradesh. Published in SIRD-ARUN, Annual Journal of Rural Development, Volume 1, June, Itanagar.(Pp: 1-9). (Worked in State Forest Research Institute, Itanagar, Community forest- Arunachal Pradesh). www.sfri.orgimagesgeneralarticle_cfm.pdf, accessed on: 23/3/12.
[4]. Land Use and Jhum Cultivation in Manipur. Chapter -VI. Land use and jhum cultivation in Manipur: Problems, prospects and alternatives (Pp:77-90). wwwplanningmanipur.gov.in, accessed on: 23/3/12.
[5]. New Land Use Policy, Executive summary of new land use policy (NLUP) project. (Pp: i-xvii). (www.Mizoram govt. exesummary), accessed on 23/3/12.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Economics of Media Companies
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Prashant Kumar
	:	10.9790/0837-19821720

Abstract: Media firms must be organized and operated as economic units in order to carry out production and distribution activities. A large number of decisions taken by media organizations involve resource and financial issues. In this context the paper discusses the requirements of media, the underlying economic and financial factors that affect the entire media, the challenges managers of media must contend with in a fast changing media environment where technological changes have progressively led to what is known as a buyer's market, the characteristics of media in general and the specific demand and supply side characteristics of media products.

Keywords: commercial, demand, media, products, supply

[1] J. Owers, R. Carveth, A. Alexander, An Introduction to Media Economics-Theory and Practice, in A. Alexander et al (Ed.), Media Economics-Theory and Practice, (Mahwa, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004) 43.

[2] G. Doyle, Understanding Media Economics (London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2002) 1.

[3] Robert G. Picard, The Economics and Financing of Media Companies (New York: Fordham University Press, 2011) 2.

[4] Robert G. Picard, The Economics and Financing of Media Companies (New York: Fordham University Press, 2011) 4.

[5] Robert G. Picard, The Economics and Financing of Media Companies (New York: Fordham University Press, 2011) 5.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Fuelwood Scarcity, Poverty and Women: Some perspectives
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Varinder Singh Waris, Dr. Prakash C. Antahal
	:	10.9790/0837-19822133

Abstract: Wood has been used since prehistorical times for cooking and heating and remains the primary energy source for billions of people throughout the world. It is an alarming fact that today in the 21st century there are still billions of people who totally depend on wood for cooking food. Currently about 2.7 billion people in developing countries who rely for cooking primarily on wood and out of 2.7 billion people 82% live in rural areas. No doubt, other alternatives to the fuelwood are also available in some parts of the developing countries but people mostly prefer fuelwood as their major cooking fuel due to perhaps rising liquid fuel cost ( LPGs and Kerosene ), poverty, unemployment, and population pressure etc. with that, the demand for fuelwood is increasing continuously, while with the passage of time supply of fuelwood is declining, with the expansion of cultivated area, land under forests shrunk as a result of diversion of forests land to agriculture. This continuously widening gap between demand for and supply of fuelwood resulted in fuelwood scarcity problem. This paper shows the impact of fuelwood scarcity on women as it exists today, in order to plan for future. Fuelwood scarcity has vitally affected lives of millions of women economically, socially and physically especially in developing nations, who shoulder a major part of responsibility for the survival of the household. With the scarcity of fuelwood, women who are traditionally responsible to search, collect, load and carry fuelwood from the forests have to spend more hours for searching and collecting fuelwood and for such purpose they have to cover large distance which results into the wastage of precious time, hindering other important activities of women, limiting their opportunities to earning and obtain education etc. This process again put them into the grip of poverty, poverty again responsible for fuelwood scarcity which again led to the deterioration of women economically, socially and physically. Besides, this paper also shows the correlation between poverty and deficit availability of fuelwood, link between poverty, women and fuelwood scarcity and suggested some important solutions to cope with the problem of fuelwood scarcity. In addition to this, paper shows reducing poverty as a pre-condition to cope with the problem of fuelwood scarcity which is associated with the problem of women.

Keywords: Fuelwood scarcity, land diversion, poverty, women deterioration

[1]. Amacher, G.S., Hyde, W.F., & Joshee, B.R. (1996). Household fuelwood demand and supply in Nepal‟s Tarai and Mid-Hills: choice between cash outlays and labor opportunity, World Development report, 24, 1725–1736.
[2]. Arnold, M., K¨ohlin, G., Persson, R., & Shepherd, G. (2003). Fuelwood revisited: what has changed in the last decade? Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia, Occasional Paper No. 39, 35.
[3]. Barnes, D., & Sen, M. (2003). The impact of energy on women's lives in rural India, UNDP/ESMAP.
[4]. Batliwala, S. (1995). Bearing the brunt of labor, The Hindu Survey of the Environment Kasturi & Sons Ltd. Madras.
[5]. Charles, P., & MacGregor, J. (2009). Fuelwood scarcity, energy substitution, and rural livelihoods in Namibia, Cambridge University Press, 1-23.
[6]. Chen, L., Heerink, N., & Berg, M. van den. (2006). Energy consumption in rural China: a household model for three villages in Jiangxi Province, Ecological Economics, 58,407–420.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A New addition to Paleobiodiversity from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Singhpur, M.P., India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sayeda parveen qureshi, , S.d. narkhede
	:	10.9790/0837-19823438

Abstract: Intertrapppean flora is rich in fossil angiosperm. There is record of large number of angiospermic fruits. The present fossil differs from all reported fruits in having its own unique hydrophytic character. The anatomical details were studied by etching the chert with hydrofluoric acid and peel sections were prepared without grinding the material. The fruit is bilocular, sessile oval to elliptical in shape, pericarp undifferentiated parenchymatous cells present, poor vascularature due to its hydrophytic nature. One fertile locule with single seed and other sterile with arenchymatous chamber. Fruit measures 1 mm in length and 375 μ m in breadth. The fruit wall measures 75 μ m in thickness. The fruit is compared with the reported fruits from the intertrappendeds, butTits differs from all of them, comparision is also drawn with modern living hydrophytic families such as Nymphaecea, Trapaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Typhacea, Allismataceae, Potomogetonaceae, PortulacaceaeElatinaceae, Onagraceae, scrophulariceae, Pontedariaceae.Howeverit could not be comparable to any genus of these families. Hence new generic name is proposed to accommodate this fruit as Hydrocarponsinghpuriigen et Sp. Nov. The generic nameis after its peculiar character and specific name after the locality from where it was collected. The discovery of these new genus will add to the diversity of Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India.

Key Words: Hydrophytic fruits, biloculararenchymatouschamber, floating devices, Singhpur, Deccan Intertrappean beds.Hence has been taken up for present investigation

[1]. Benson, L (1957) : Plant Classification.
[2]. Cooke C.I.E. (1958) : The flora of the presidency of Bomday, Botanical Survy of india, Calcutta (Reprint 1967)
[3]. Juneja, C.D (1993) Study of the uppermost cretaceous IntertrappeanFloraof central India. Ph. D. Thesis, Nagpur University, Nagpur.
[4]. Kumar, A.S. 1984 :Research on Deccan intertappean flora of India. Ph.D. Thesis, Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Cold War Resurgence: The Case of Syrian Uprising
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr Adigbuo Ebere Richard
	:	10.9790/0837-19823947

Abstract: Despite the appeals for a united and concerted action to resolve the armed conflict in Syria, the Security Council has failed to initiate actions that can ensure peace to the troubled country. This is principally due to the negative votes of some of the permanent members. The Syrian conflict and the behavior of the permanent members are reminiscent of the Cold War that featured a bipolar political rivalry between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Two decades after the purportedly end of the Cold War, an unprecedented region-wide uprising began in the Arab world. Russia as the continuation of the former Soviet Union (although in different political and territorial terms), today defines its action in Syria in terms of its own national interests. The pursuit of such interests by these great powers has made Syria a theatre for high power diplomatic horse-trading reminiscent of the Cold War. This paper examines the manner the Syrian crisis is a semblance of the superpower rivalry of the Cold War years. The paper is suggestive of an imminent resurgence of another Cold War, should the major powers fail to sink their differences in Syria.

[1]. Holliday, Joseph. ―The Struggle for Syria‖ Institute for the Study of War. December, 2011, http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Struggle_For_Syria.pdf Retrieved 23 Jan. 2014
[2]. Razzouk, Nayla; Alexander, Caroline (1 June 2011). "Syrian Thugs Assad's Tool in Crackdown, Groups Say". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 Jan 2014.
[3]. Gareth Smyth. ―Lebanon drawn into Syria's Sectarian Conflict – Analysis‖ Tehran Bureau, Tuesday 21 January 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/jan/21/lebanon-drawn-into-syrias-sectarian-conflict-analysis Retrieved 23 Jan 2014
[4]. Fisher, Max. 2013. ―8 questions about Syria you were too embarrassed to ask‖ Washington Post, Tuesday, September 3.
[5]. Abernethy, David B. 2000. The Dynamics of Global Dominance, New haven and London: Yale University Press, p.146

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Challenges Faced By Security Personnel in Fraud Detection in the County Government of Nairobi, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Fredrick Okoth Otieno, Dr. Esther Chelule, Dr. Erick K. Bor
	:	10.9790/0837-19824853

Abstract: The County Government of Nairobi security personnel has not been able to convincingly prevent fraud from taking place. Fraud as a vice has continued to thrive even with their heavy presence there. Funds that would have otherwise been used for growth and development are lost to fraudsters. This is because of the numerous challenges they face in fraud detection that hamper their operation. Thestudy therefore sought toestablish the challenges faced by security personnel in fraud detection in the County Government of Nairobi. Social Learning and Rational Choice theories were employed in explaining the behaviour of individuals who commit fraud. The study further assessed the various indicators used by security personnel in fraud detection as well as the various categories of fraud committed in the County Government of Nairobi.

Keywords: Challenges, County Government, Detection, Fraud, Security Personnel, Kenya.

[1] Pricewaterhouse Coppers Report on Corruption, Kenya (2011)

[2] City Inspectorate Regulations, (2003)

[3] Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd Edition, London, (2007)

[4] Albrecht, S. (1984). Deterring Fraud; The Internal Auditor's Perspective. Baltimore Springs: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.

[5] Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Report to the Nations, (2012)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Child Welfare: A critical analysis of some of the socio-legal legislations in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Prof. Shilpa Khatri Babbar
	:	10.9790/0837-19825460

Abstract: Children are a human resource, invaluable but vulnerable. It is very essential to enable their development in such a manner that they bloom with joy in an atmosphere of a caring society. Various social legislations in India, focusing on an environment for a full booming of this essential human resource have undergone a sea change: from a position where children were treated as non-entity and mere material objects to a position of human dignity where conscientious efforts have been made to not only make them free from exploitation and abuses but also enable them to develop their full potentiality with fair access to food, health, education and respect. This paper makes a critical analysis of the existent legislations on child labour, issues related to adoption and sexual abuse of children.

Keywords: Adoption, Child Labour, Devadasis, Juvenile Justice, POCSO

[1]. Gurupadaswamy Committee, Report of the Committee on Child Labour, Ministry of Labour, Government of India, New Delhi 1979, page 8
[2]. Gurupadaswamy Committee, Report of the Committee on Child Labour, Ministry of Labour, Government of India, New Delhi 1979, page 10
[3]. Article 24, 39(e), 39(f), 41, 47
[4]. Realized in People's Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India (1982) 3 SCC 235:1982 SCC (L&S) 275
[5]. A. Srirama Babu v. Chief Secy., Govt. of Karnataka, ILR (1997) Kar 2269

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Patterns of social media usage amongst the marginalized rural Zimbabwean peasants: The case of Bikita
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Innocent Fungai Chiyadzwa
	:	10.9790/0837-19826166

Abstract: It is an undisputed fact that politicians, the media, experts and opinion leaders dominated political debate prior to social media, however it is not clear how social media has altered or fostered participation by all in the public sphere. It is also undisputed that news in most parts of Africa was urban-centric and the rural folks were mainly forgotten, marginalized and often ignored. In Zimbabwe the traditional barriers of poverty, lack of infrastructure, censorship, intimidation and fear to express opinions in public date back to colonialism and affected rural peasants the most. The coming of independence changed little as the rural areas were largely marginalized. However, mobile telephony service providers have since 2009 managed to widen the reach of internet services in the country as one only needs to be in possession of a requisite handset and sim card. As a result more rural people now have access to social network sites especially, Facebook. This paper thus sought to investigate whether the marginalized rural peasants have been empowered by social media or the marginalization has resurfaced in new dimensions. This was made possible by looking at patterns of Facebook use in rural Zimbabwe. Interviews and observation were used to ascertain the emerging communication dynamics associated with the use of social media by marginalized rural communities in the democratic process. The study found out that the majority of the middle-aged and elderly rural peasants unlike the young generation do not have access to the internet as they prefer less sophisticated internet incompatible mobile phones since they are internet illiterate.

Key words: Social media, rural peasants, public sphere, marginalisation, internet literacy, Zimbabwe

[1]. Chari, T.(2013) Rethinking the Democratisation role of online media: The Zimbabwean experience, IGI-Global Publications.
[2]. Frederikse, J. (1982) None But Ourselves: Masses vs Media in The Making of Zimbabwe. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House
[3]. Freedom house (2012) Freedom on the Net Report on Zimbabwe.
[4]. Habermas, J. (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity Press.
[5]. Mcquail, D. (2010) Mass Communication Theory, 6th edition, India: Sage Publications.
[6]. Melody, W.H. (1990) Communications policy in the global information economy: in M.F Ferguson (Ed), Public Communication: The new imperatives, pp 16-39. London: Sage Publications.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Information Seeking Behaviour and Use of Social Scientists in Selected Universities in Southwest Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Bello Mujidat Adeola
	:	10.9790/0837-19826774

Abstract: The evaluation of information seeking behavior and use pattern of social scientists is the most influential information decision that promotes and enhance decision making in the universities. The goal of this study is to investigate the information seeking behavior and use of social scientists in selected universities in southwest Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. The study population consisted of 1479 social scientists from eleven universities. However, 20% was sampled from each university making a total of 292 respondents that were sampled. Data were collected using questionnaire and analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical technique (frequency counts and percentages). The result revealed that the social scientists from the selected universities use internet to find information to satisfy their information needs (42.5%). Most social scientists consult newspapers and magazines most frequently (79.2%). The result also revealed that social scientists seek for information in the library (47.6%). The study thus concluded that provision of adequate information materials to enhance prompt information delivery is important in the academic library of the university. This can be attained through the provision of information materials that can be used to improve on teaching and research by the library

Keywords: Information Seeking Behavior, Information Use, Social Sciences, Library

[1]. Meho, L.I., & Tibbo, H.R. 2003. Modelling the information-seeking behaviour of social scientists: Ellis's study revisited.Journal of the American for Information Science and Technology, 54 (6): 570-587.
[2]. Lee, J.S,& Choo, H. 2011. Factors Affecting Information Seeking and Evaluation in a Distributed Learning Environment.Educational Technology& Society, 14(2),213-223
[3]. Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. 1994. Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Wilson, T.D. 2000. Human Information Behavior. Special Issue on Information Science Research (vol 3, no 2).
[5]. Backlund, J. 2003 How to claim knowledge: The use of information in the lifeworld of the educational context. HERDSA2003 Conference Proceedings. Available at http;// surveys, Canterbury, ac.nz/ herdssa03/pdfsref/ Y005.pdf.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Impact of Communication on Workers' Performance in Selected Organisations in Lagos State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	ASAMU Festus Femi (Ph.D.)
	:	10.9790/0837-19827582

Abstract: In today's world, communication is an important component of organisation activity. Because the global world has become widespread, most organisations need to meet their needs with a lower resource moral through communication. This study examines the significant relationship between communication and workers' performance in some selected organisations in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected through questionnaire with sample population of 120 respondents. The result of this study reveals that a relationship exists between effective communication and workers' performance, productivity and commitment. The study recommended that managers will need to communicate with employees regularly to improve workers commitment and performance.

Keywords: Effective Communication; Workers' Performance; Organisational Productivity; Workers' Commitment; Communication System

[1]. Ada, N., Alver, A. Fatma, (2008). "Örgütsel _letisimin Örgütsel Baglılık Üzerine Etkisi: Manisa Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde Yer Alan ve _malat Sektörü Çalısanları Üzerinde Yapılan Bir Arastırma", Ege Akademik Bakıs / Ege Academic Review 8(2), pp. 487-518.
[2]. Altinöz, M. (2008). An Overall Approach to the Communication of Organizations in Conventional and Virtual Offices. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol. 31, ISSN 1307-6884.
[3]. Anderson, C. M. and Martin, M. M. (1995) "Why Employees Speak to Co- workers and Bosses: Motives, Gender, and Organizational Satisfaction‟ Journal of Business Communication, 32, 249-65.
[4]. Arnold, E., Silva, N. (2011). Perceptions of Organizational Communication Processes in Quality Management. Revista de Psicolgia. Vol. 29 (1), ISSN 0254-9247.
[5]. Avolio, (1999); Lado, Boyd & Wright, (1992);

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	China in Afghanistan: Contemporary Engagements and Challenges Ahead
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Muhammad DaimFazil
	:	10.9790/0837-19828388

Abstract: Recent interpretation on China's attitude toward Afghanistan has discussed that it is either motivated by opportunistic free ride on US-NATO sweats or a fundamental caution driven by security apprehensions in its restless province of Xinjiang. This paper argues that China has three principalobjectivesembedded with Afghanistan: (1) to safeguard the security of Xinjiang; (2) to shelter the expansion of greater economic contacts, with investment in natural resources; and (3) to battle the impact of the United States, West and of India. The paper also illustrates the current Chinese engagement in Afghanistan and future challenges it might have in presence of U.S., the Western and regional competitors

[1]. Jonathan Z. Ludwig, Sixty years of Sino-Afghan Relations, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2013, p. 397.

[2]. Shen-Yu Dai, China and Afghanistan, The China Quarterly, No. 25 (Jan - Mar, 1966), p. 213.

[3]. Jonathan Z. Ludwig, Ibid. p. 402.

[4]. Ibid.p. 403.

[5]. Ibid.p. 405.

[6].Vishal Chandra, Making of the New Afghan National Army: Challenges and Prospects, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 33, No. 1, January 2009, p. 63.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of the Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services to Young People in Wagai and Karemo Divisions, Siaya County, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Obong'o, C. O. , Dr. Zani, A. P.
	:	10.9790/0837-19828999

Abstract: Barriers related to the availability, acceptability and accessibility of sexual and reproductive health services (SRH make it difficult for young people to access and utilize (SRH) hence exposing them to unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. The study evaluates the provision of SRH services to young people in Karemo and Wagai divisions, Siaya County. It uses a cross-sectional design and focus group discussions to collect qualitative and quantitative data from 168 adolescents aged 15-19 years, 41 service providers and 23 health facilities. Findings showed that none of the 23 selected health facilities provided all 21 essential SRH services and only 30% provided more than 80% of the essential SRH services. FGD participants reported that lack of services, personnel, facility environment, and marketing and provider attitude are barriers to SRH services. Eighty percent respondents said the facilities' environment, waiting area and location were welcoming, comfortable and convenient. Some 90% boys' and 98.3% girls' respondents said they would visit the facilities once more for similar or related services. The study recommended training of service providers focusing on their biases towards adolescent SRH services and, improvement of facility environment and marketing of available services.

Keywords: Health acceptability, Health acceptability, Health availability, Kenya, Sexual and Reproductive Health Services

[1]. Braeken D, Otoo-Oyortey N, and Serour G. 2007. Access to sexual and reproductive health care: adolescents and young people. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 98 (2007), 172-174.
[2]. Rose, Dick, and Ferguson (eds.) 2006. "Preventing HIV/AIDS in young people: A systematic review of the evidence from developing countries (Steady, Ready, Go!)." Geneva: WHO.
[3]. Vandenhoudt H, Njue C, Remes P, Buve A, (2001) (Unpublished report). Reproductive health problems of youth in Nyanza
[4]. UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic update : December 2007
[5]. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) [Kenya], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Kenya], and ORC Macro. 2004. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Calverton, Maryland: CBS, MOH, and ORC Macro.
[6]. WHO (2002). Adolescent friendly health services: an agenda for change. WHO Geneva, October 2002

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Relationship between Parental Encouragement and Process Skills in Social Studies
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Bindu. V , Dr. P.K. Aruna
	:	10.9790/0837-1982100104

Abstract: The present study aims to find out the extend of relationship between parental encouragement and process skills of secondary school students. Representative sample of 1000 secondary school students were taken. The tools used were parental encouragement scale by Aruna and Bindhu (2011) and test of process skills in social studies by Aruna and Bindhu (2011). The data was gathered from 3 districts of Kerala state who belonging to standard IX. The stratified random sampling technique was used to collect the data. The data were collected from three category based on gender locality and type of management of school. Due representation was given for each category. Result show that parental encouragement is positively related to process skills of adolescent students. The study also reveals that there is local and management difference exists for parental encouragement and process skills in social studies.

Key words: Parental Encouragement, Process Skills.

[1]. William, H. Sewell and vimal p.shah (1968). Social class, parental encouragement and educational aspirations. The American Journal of Sociology, 73(5), 559-572.
[2]. Kaur, Jasraj (2013) parental encouragement as a predictor of academic achievement of college student. Qust International Multi Disciplinary Research Journal, 2, 5-8
[3]. Lutfun Rasul Saikia., & Sima Kalita.(2008). Parental encouragement and achievement motivation of Assamees English medium students. Psycho – Lingua, 38 (2), 192-194 © Psycho Linguistic association of India
[4]. Kazmi, S. Farhana, Muhammed Sajid, Tahir Pervez. (2011). Parental Style and Academic Achievement Among the Students. International Journal of Academic Research, 27(1), 15-20.
[5]. Adetayo, Sanet, O., & Kiadese, Adeola, L. (2011). Emotional intelligence and parental involvement as predictors of student's Achievement in financial accounting. American Journal of Social and Management Science, 21-25