IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug-2014

Abstract: Human rights law is the law that deals with the protection of individual and groups against violation by governments of their internationally guaranteed rights and the promotion of these rights. The world is however littered with basic examples of violation of fundamental rights which include, but not limited to discrimination, extra judicial execution, disappearances, torture and unfair trials. This index showcases that the number of human rights abuses are mostly committed by the state agencies, and in Nigeria, by the security personnel, saddled with the responsibility of ensuring protection of lives and properties. This paper therefore addresses instances of those violations during internal strife and civil disturbances in Nigeria

Keywords: Civil disturbances, human rights, internal strife, Nigerian security personnel, violation.

[1]. Falana F., (2004)Fundamental Right Enforcement, (Iqra Books Nigeria, Lagos) p.4
[2]. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) as amended.
[3]. Matazu, A.S.R, (2013) Other Situations of Violence in Nigeria: The Relevance of International Humanitarian Law, in Shehu A.,(Ed), The Footprint of a Judicial Officer (Chattered Graphic Press, Abuja Nigeria) pp330-345
[4]. Human Right Watch, The Ogoni Crisis: A Case study of Military Repression in Southeastern Nigeria, 1 July, 1995 available at: http://www.LHihcr.org/refworld /docid/3ae6a7d8c.html, visited last 20 November, 2013
[5]. http://www.africanheraldexpress.com/blog7/2012/30/demolished, visited last 30 July, 2012
[6]. African Herald

Abstract: India is a country of continental proportions, and poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon. Not surprisingly, the debate over poverty in India—its extent, trends, causes, and cure—is complex and controversial. Fortunately, India also has a much higher quality and more sub-stantial evidence base than most other countries for understanding poverty. Questions of poverty in India have engaged a large com-munity of researchers over the years. But in recent decades, because difficult measurement issues have arisen, a disproportionate amount of attention has been devoted to assessments of the extent of poverty and the rate of poverty decline. Much less is known about how the rapidly changing economic landscape has altered the underlying profile of poverty—and how that affects the consequent search for its causes and cure. Fundamentally, the concept of poverty is associated with socially perceived deprivation with respect to basic human needs. As a result, social perceptions are taken to play a dominant role in ascertaining deprivation although self -perceptions cannot be ignored altogether and aggregated individual preferences may have to be respected in satisfying any given need in most cases as weargue below in the context of consumption poverty. These basic human needs are usually listed in the material dimension as the need to be adequately nourished, the need to be decently clothed, the need to be reasonably sheltered, the need to escape avoidable diseases, the need to be (at least) minimally educated and the need to be mobile for purposes of social interaction and participation in economic activity.

Key words: Poverty, Status, Data Analysis, Conclusion

[1]. Raja J. Chelliah and R. Sudarshan. Income-Poverty and Beyond. Anthem Press, London, UK 1999.
[2]. Ratnakar Gedam. Poverty in India. Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi. 1995
[3]. Rohini Nayyar. Rural Poverty in India. Oxford Unviersity Press, Bombay 1991
[4]. S.M Dahiwale. Rural Poverty and Slums. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi. 1997
[5]. Poverty in India Since 1974. Nathan Associates, Inc. 2002
[6]. Asian Development Bank. www.adb.org

Abstract: Creating jobs for young people is a major challenge around the world, which has been further exacerbated by the global financial crisis. In this broader context, this paper presents a profile of youth employment and unemployment in India, which has the world's largest youth population. Young Indians face major barriers because of poverty and low levels of human capital. Though educational attainment has risen in recent years, gaining a foothold in the labour market remains elusive for many young Indians. In rural and urban areas, young males are usually employed in casual jobs, while their female counterparts tend to be self -employed. Although a large proportion of young rural women are employed in agriculture, rural males are increasingly turning to the non -farm sector. Among young women, social conditions play an important role in determining labour force participation. In response to these challenges, policies should address the lack of productive employment opportunities for youth. While skills development is crucial, these initiatives should be supplemented by more comprehensive programmes that target the most vulnerable and disadvantaged youth.

Key Words: Educated youth, un-employment, Data Analysis, Conclusion.

[1]. Kumar, R.;Mitra, A.; Murayama, M.2011, Toiling children in India: The gender dimension, Institute of Developing Economies Working Paper , No. 352 (Tokyo, IDE)
[2]. Magioncalda, W. 2010.
[3]. A modern insurgency: India‟s evolving naxalite problem , Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Southern Asia Monitor, No.140, April.Available at:http://csis.org/files/publication/SAM_140_0.pdf [Accessed: 14 Jan 2013].
[4]. Matsumoto, M.;Hengge, M.;Islam , 2012.
[5]. Tackling the youth employment crisis: A macroeconomic perspective,ILO Employment Working Paper ,No. 124(Geneva,ILO).Ministry of Labour and Employment 2009

Abstract:Folk musical instruments are national materialistic aspects of civilization; this is very much the case when such instruments gain much importance and become widely used and popular. These instruments are also part of the global musical heritage, and the shabbabah has become part of this heritage. Cross–cultural exchange worldwide has generated a sort of interconnection between cultures, which occurre in various styles and different ways through direct and indirect communications. Thus, the shape and the name of Al-shabbabah instrument varied from one country to another. Moreover, it was associated inseparably with the rituals that exist in every country where the researcher has shed light on some of the folk musical instruments, which sound similar to Alshabbabah. According to the above mentioned, the researcher has conducted special investigations in the north of Jordan to find out the use of this instrument in Jordan. To sum up the results, which clarify the types of this instrument, as well as, its pioneers of folk performers in which the researcher has chosen the shabbabah, as it is played by the performer Ma'moon Al-Omari. In this paper we will investigate it's its measures, range, registers, method of performance, musical features, in addition to the material, which this instrument is made from.

[1]. Imshaimer and Arnist the Sweden popular musical instrument an article about "the popular music instrument and the instrumental music" Jibusa. A. the Sovetian musical composer, the second part- Muscu- 1988.
[2]. Atugafa. T., Kaleembo, A., Corcof, Musical- lingered- Russia, 1986.
[3]. Sameer Yahiya al Jamal the Egyptian music history the Egyptian public establishment for books- Egypt.1999.
[4]. Al-Hasan Al- Kateb. Completion of the singing literature an investigation by Gatas Khashaba, Cairo- Egypt.
[5]. Garji, Cemon, the Arabic music, translated by Abdulla No‟man, was publishing in the Arabic police edition, Jonia, 1973.
[6]. Fezco, T.s, the musical instruments in central Asia, music, Muscu, 1980.

Abstract: This paper dwells on the analysis of So Long a Letter, a novella by Mariama Ba, a Senegalese woman with a view to bringing out the issue of polygamy as thematically presented in the work. The thematic analysis of So Long a Letter is an obvious one. It solely condemns polygamy and it devastating effects on the girl-child in a cultural context and as constraints on the happiness of couples who are usually separated. Feminism in its various strands was adopted as the theoretical framework. Women and men are guilty of polygamy as they collaborate in promoting the practice using religious and cultural platform while these actors have different motives.

Keywords: Africa, Feminism, Polygamy, Womanism,

[1]. Mariama Ba, M. So Long a Letter Translated by Modupe Bode-
[2]. Thomas (London: Heinemann 1980)
[3]. Nwapa, F. Efuru (London: Heinemann Books Ltd. 1966)
[4]. Alkali, Z The stillborn (London: Longman Drumbeat. 1984)
[5]. Adichie, C. Purple hibiscus (London: HarperCollins. 2003)
[6]. Achebe, C. (1958) Things fall apart (Britain: Cambridge University Press.
[7]. Ouloguem, Y. Bound to violence (London: Heinemann 1962)

Abstract: 180 male students of 10+1&10+2 were tested on Rotter's scale of locus of control and experimentally induced situations of probability of success by giving specific instructions. An Insoluble figure--- 'perceptual reasoning task' was used to test persistence of externally controlled Ss & internally controlled Ss in three experimental conditions i.e.P.25 (difficult task), P.50(intermediate task) &P.75(easy task).Persistence scores were taken as time spent by Ss on perceptual reasoning task. Analysis of variance & t-test were used for analysis of data. Findings concluded that-----(1) internally controlled Ss persisted longer at P.50&P.75 in comparison to P.25.(2) externally controlled Ss persisted longer at P.50 in comparison to P.25&P.75(3)there was no significant difference between internally controlled Ss and externally controlled Ss at P.50.

Keywords: Persistence, Locus of control, External locus of control, internal locus of control, probability of success, P.25, P.50 &P.75.

[1] Atkinson, J.W. (1957). "Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior". Psychological Review, 64, 359-372.
[2] Kutanis, R.O. (2010). Organizational culture (Lecturer notes) in R.O. Kutanis, M.Mesci & Z.ordur (Eds). The effects of Locus of control on learning performance. Journal of Economics & Social Studies 1(2), 113-133.
[3] Lefcourt, H.M. (1982) Locus of control (Inded) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates in A. Angelika; H. John & H.Richard, J.S.O. (Eds). Locus of control, Self-Efficacy and Motivation in different schools; Is Moderation the key of success? AU Educational Psychology. V.25(5) 517-535.
[4] Lefcourt, H.M. and Wine, J. (1969). "Internal v/s external control of reinforcement and the deployment of attention of experimental situations. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 115, 153-160.
[5] Nenty, H.J. (1985). The effect of Performance Attribution on Attitude to study, Achievement motivation and Tendency to cheat in examination. The Profess of Education Vol. LIX, Pp 10-11.

Abstract: The present paper is a study of the condition of Englishin Uttar Pradesh as it is considered to be worst of all the states of India. It also suggests ways of teaching English in Uttar Pradesh and Introduction of Communicative Language Teaching can be really vital. English is considered to be a mandatory skill of survival in the present circumstances but irony is that Government is not giving so much consideration to this fact. The paper suggest some remedy for the improvement of standard of English in UP as writer observes many drastic mistakes and problems of undergraduate students personally. The paper is an attempt to draw attention towards those problems and find a solace. Keywords: Communicative, multilingual, skills, undergraduate, Fluency.

[1]. www.wikipedia.com
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[3]. Gerngross,G., & Puchta, H. (1984). Beyond notions and functions: Language teaching or the art of letting go. In S. Savignon & M.S. Bern's (Eds.) Initiatives in communicative language teaching. A book of readings (pp. 89-107).
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[5]. Larsen-Freeman, D. (1986). Techniques and principles in language teaching. Oxford University Press.

Abstract: Srinivasanallur Koranganathar Temple - Etymology of the Koranganathar Temple - Koranganathar Temple Plan and Architecture - Main features of the Architecture.

Key: Koranganathar Temple – Srinivasanallur - Sikhara – Mahandramangaam - Talicceri or Vartamanaceri – Kulanayakam – Kanakkam.

[1]. ARE, 373, 374/1919.
[2]. ARE, 651/1919.
[3]. ARE, No. 596 of 1904.
[4]. Balasubramanyam, S.R. Early Chola Art, Part-I, (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1966).
[5]. Das, R.K. Temples of Tamilnad, (Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan, 2001).
[6]. Mukkudal Pallu, v.139. In Mukkudal near by the Vishnu Temple a choultry once existed by the charity of this temple now remains desolate and defunct.

Abstract: The Indians think in a different way. Their philosophy, value systems, culture are different from the western counterparts. The political history of the Occident bore evidences that the centre of their life was the achievement of power. Thus, to the west, State attained a pivotal role and the system of power revolved round the State. In India, the centre of life was the society and not the state. In pre British India we can find a ruling power like a king or emperor but he was only a ruler .The development and the welfare of the common people were vested only on the society. Arthasastra and Manusamhita bore evidences of some specific duties and general duties to be performed by the people for the all round development of the society. S.K.Mitra in his book The Ethics of the Hindus stated that Manu distinguished between relative duties (varṇāśrama dharmas), i.e., duties relative to one‟s station of life, and common duties (sādhāraṇadharmas), i.e., duties of universal scope and validity. The relative duties are the specific duties relating to one‟s station in life, i.e., one‟s station as determined by one‟s varṇa or caste and one‟s āśrama or particular stages of life. The universal duties are the duties irrespective of one‟s age, caste, or creed, i.e

[1]. RADHAKRISNAN.S, INDIAN PHILOSOPHY, VOL-I , OXFORD, First published in 2005, p.422.
[2]. Maita Susil Kumar,The Ethics Of The Hindus,Calcutta,University of Calcutta, first published in 1963,pp.7-8.
[3]. Peter Heehs (Edited).Indian Religion, the Spiritual Traditions of South, Delhi: Permanent Black, First published in 2002, pp.40-41.
[4]. Walli,Koshelya,Ahimsa in Indian Thought,Varanasi,India,Bharata Manisa,first published in 1974,p.15
[5]. Gandhi,M.K,The Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, The voice of truth,vol-iv,Amedabad,Navajivan,p.188.
[6]. Tagore Rabindranath, "Creative Unity‟ in Rabindranath Tagore Selected Essays, New Delhi, Rupa, First Published in 2004, pp61-62.