IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Gender, Disability and Empowerment In Institutions of Higher Learning in Zimbabwe
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Maruzani Nyevero , Mandipa Esau , Matope Nogget , Mugodzwa Tawanda, Chinyoka Tavuyanavo
	:	10.9790/0837-19840107

Abstract: This paper examines how gender relates to disability and empowerment. Throughout the world regardless of culture, disabled people have generally been seen as incapable of taking control of their own lives. There are three broad attitudes towards them among able bodied people, they may be regarded as lesser beings to be rejected, may be seen as objects of charity and they can be viewed with benevolent neutrality .This has led to a crude and overt rejection of disabled people. It is even worse for disabled women who face double discrimination, as women and as disabled women. In institutions of higher learning students with disabilities face challenges in their academic , welfare and financial matters. The argument in this paper is that every person operates more effectively when he/she feels valued and is able to value others. In the effort of society and individuals to empower people there is need to see themselves and the roles of disabled people positively so that disabled people can be given power to do so if other people relate to them positively .The paper puts more emphasis on the interrelationship of the law, gender and disability in all empowerment endeavors by governments and institutions of higher learning. Institutions need to ensure maximum responsiveness to gender and disability for the empowerment of all. The study concludes by recommending a social and political will to change negative attitudes to disability through a comprehensive gender analysis of various disability laws.

Key Words: disability, empowerment, gender, institutions of higher learning, law

[1]. Coleridge, R. (.1993) Disability, Liberation, and Development.Oxfam Print Unit U.K
[2]. Coleridge, R. (.1993) Disability, Liberation, and Development. Oxfam Print Unit U.K
[3]. Coleridge, R. (.1993) Disability, Liberation, and Development. Oxfam Print Unit U.K
[4]. Abu-Habib, L.(1997) Gender and Disability: Women‟s Experiences in the Middle East .Oxfam
[5]. Kisanji ,J (1995) The relevance of Indigenous Education Principles In The Formulation of Special Needs Education, A Paper presented at the fourth international Special Education Congress, Birmingham 10-13 April 1995
[6]. Despouy, L. Human Rights and Disabled Persons. Study Series 6)Centre for Human Rights.Geneve and UN. New York

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of Upliftment of Scheduled Tribes under MGNREGA
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Keshlata
	:	10.9790/0837-19840812

Abstract: According to new World Bank's estimation (2005 data) India has 456 million people about 41.6 percent which is below the new International poverty line of $1.25 (ppp) per day. According to census, 2011 Indian population was 1.21 billion which has been enhance to about 1,270,272,105i (1.27 billion) till March, 2014 and it is the country where majority of people resides in the rural sector. In order to increase the growth of agriculture, the Government has planned several programs (SGSY, RLEGP and MGNREGA etc.) pertaining to rural development in India. The MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) provides guarantee employment to the rural households and ensures the livelihood security of the poor by creating durable assets. Through this research paper an attempt has been done to evaluate the development of Scheduled tribes through MGNREGA.

Key Words: MGNREGA, HDI, PRIs, Social Audit, GP, Socio-economic Empowerment, Scheduled Tribes and Vulnerable Group

[1]. Census, 2011, New Delhi.
[2]. Arunachalam, P., Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme and Poverty in India, New Delhi: Serial Publication, 2011, pp. 6
[3]. Census, 2011, New Delhi.
[4]. Indian Human Development Report, 2011, Planning Commission
[5]. ibid
[6]. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, New Delhi,
[7]. Annual Report 2006-07, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, p. 2
[8]. www.nrega.nic.in

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	From Modern to Post-Modern: A Sociological Analysis of Genet's The Balcony
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Neelam Mittal, Saumya Rawat
	:	10.9790/0837-19841318

Abstract: Genet's The Balcony is a sociologically relevant play for contemporary society. The play depicts a world-view troubled by a proletariat revolution against the unjust, self-serving and irresponsible power structures like the judiciary, the defence system and religion. Common men get fascinated by these power structures and want to impersonate the roles of the Bishop, the Judge and the General in Madame Irma's studios. The revolution against these power structures is thwarted by the fascination of the masses for the power vested in these power positions. However, the chief of police and Irma form an alliance to overtake these slow and delinquent power structures and establish a more potent and more abiding power regime called the technocratic society. In this regime, things move fast and there is no time to waste. Simultaneously, there is a sense of sacrilege of values and splintering of meaning itself due to proliferation of images created by the photographers at the behest of the Chief-of-Police. However, the Chief-of-Police, intoxicated with his own power- position mistakes his ascesis as permanent and absolute. It is the court ambassador. The Envoy, who articulates his power positions as sure to be surpassed by another power- structure just as he superseded the traditional power- structures of the Bishop, the Judge and the General. The paper hence undermines the fortification of any one power structure or episteme as ultimate, absolute and final and presents a post-modernist view of inconclusivity, unfinalizability and indefinite recession of meaning.

Keywords: Carnivalesque, Performativity, the Post- Modern Quintessence, Reciprocity of Power Relationships, Technocratic society.

[1]. Spender, Stephen. Collection of Poems.
[2]. Brecht, Bertolt. Mother Courage and her Children.Oxford: Delhi.
[3]. Genet, Jean. The Balcony. Worldview: Delhi, 2001.
[4]. Sidney, Phillip. Astrophel and Stella. Worldview: Delhi,2002. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol ll. The Use of Pleasure. Penguin:London,1992.
[5]. Althusser, Louis. Lenin and Philosophy and other essays. Monthly Review Press: New York, 1972
[6]. Bakhtin,Mikhail. Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. ,19293.Haraway, Donna. ― A Cyborg Manifesto: Science,Technology, and Socialist Formation in the late Twentieth Century‖. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. Routledge: New York, 1991.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Quality Concerns and Best Practices in Open and Distance Learning
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Vikas Sharma, Dr. Anuradha Goswami
	:	10.9790/0837-19841921

Abstract: The quality of education would play a crucial role in balancing the socio economic framework of the country like India which is in the transactional phase of knowledge based society. Education should be such that it builds an inner strength of our people. It should bring our ancient heritage to the new generation, it makes available our aesthetic treasures to the young generation. Education permeates every aspect of life. It must be such that it brings the best out of our past, takes the best of the present. As classroom based teaching continues to be the main form of education which require higher demands on physical infrastructure and human resources, our country is not able to impart education to every single child. The aim of making education accessible to all can be accomplished if various modes such as formal and non-formal are effectively deployed to fulfill the existing educational needs of the prospective learners. Thus the needs was felt to establish distance educational system to provide educational to those who for one reason or the other cannot avail the opportunities of formal education.

[1]. Prakash P. & P. Krishna Rao (2012), Issues in Open and Distance Education, University News, Vol. 50, No. 35, Aug. 27-Sept. 02.
[2]. Bara and Ratul Chandra Nath (2013), ICT in Open and Distance Learning, University News, Vol 51, No. 23, June 10-16.
[3]. Vijyalaxmi P., (2013), ODL for overcoming Global knowledge tensions in the new Millennium, University News, Vol 51, No. 14, april 8-14.
[4]. Kurhade M.S. (2009), Open & Distance Learning for a Brighter tomarrow, University News, Vol. 47, No. 20, May 18-24.
[5]. Goswami, Anuradha (2008), Factorization of Personality Dispositions of Women Distant Learners of J&K State.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Eclectics of Peace Movement
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Lenin Gogoi
	:	10.9790/0837-19842225

Abstract: In the words of Aristotle, Human beings are social by nature. Similarly we can say that conflict is a part of human life. More or less nobody can claim as free from conflict. However, the question is how far we are able to reduce conflict? At that time, the concept of peace should come first to our mind. Peace denotes a situation that makes balance between actors of life process wherein varieties of elements and their deeds have prevailed for respective concerned. We can say that 'Peace' is the highest point of serenity without social tension. One of the tools for achieving peace is Peace Movement that seeks to solve problem of conflicts and other related issues. The paper has tried to highlight the happenings in terms of an overview

[1]. Barash, P. David and Charles P. Webel, Peace and Conflict Studies, Delhi: Sage Publications, 2013.

[2]. Cortright, David, Peace, Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

[3]. Yasin, Ul-Adil and Archana Upadhayay, Human Rights, New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House, 2004.

[4]. Sapru, R.K, Public Policy, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2004 (Revised edition)

[5]. Malhotra, V.K., International Relations, New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2004 (Third Revised Edition)

[6]. Internet Sources (i) www.google.com

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Road Less Trodden – Firaq Gorakhpuri's Poetic Journey
Country	:	India
Authors	:	K. Tejaswani, Ph. D.
	:	10.9790/0837-19842630

Abstract: Raghupati Sahay was a renowned poet in Urdu literary canon who received critical acclamation in his lifetime. Loneliness and constant search for beauty are repeating themes in his verses that made him a popular poet of Urdu literature in India and abroad. He profoundly felt that he was separated from beauty in reality and this could be a reason for him to take the word, 'Firaq' which means 'separation/quest' as his takhallus or penname. Firaq is a rare poetic personality who could direct his disappointment in life into creative channels. Despite his short temper, a major flaw in his personality, Firaq carved a permanent place for himself in Urdu Literary Canon with his literary efforts. His poetic journey becomes significant in the light of the setbacks in his personal life and his short temper which was his biggest weakness. Firaq Gorakhpuri like his predecessors Mir Taki Mir, Ghalib, Miraji, and contemporary poets Jigar Moradabadi and Majaz Lucknowi achieved significant critical esteem in his quest for beauty. This article briefly studies the path taken by this eminent poetic personality in achieving lifetime recognition in Urdu literary canon.

Keywords: Urdu Literary Canon, search for beauty, Urdu poets, Firaq Gorakhpuri

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaq_Gorakhpuri, 1st June, 2014.
[2]. http://www.tafreehmella.com/threads/a-collection-of-jigar-moradabadi-poetries.200097/, 9/4/14.
[3]. Kahkashan, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uGUjj1RYzo , 18th June, 2014.
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal, 1st June, 2014.

[5]. http://www.iloveindia.com/literature/urdu/poets/firaq-gorakhpuri.html, 5th May, 2014.

[6]. http://autarmota.blogspot.in/2013/10/urdu-poet-raghupati-sahai-gorakhpuri.html, 9th June, 2014.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Biodiversity: Management and Control as a Catalyst for Environmental Sustainability in Katsina State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	AminuRilwanu Kankara
	:	10.9790/0837-19843135

Abstract: The variety of ecosystems, species and genes that surround us, is our life insurance, giving us food, fresh water and clean air, shelter and medicine, mitigating natural disasters, pests and diseases and contributes in mitigating effects of climate change. Biodiversity is also our natural capital, delivering ecosystem services that underpin our economy. In this research work the researcher was able to identify some devastating effects due to loss of the natural biodiversity. Research also identifies some measures or strategies used in combating such menace of biodiversity loss. The research work was able to identify some of the significant issues of maintaining the natural biodiversity. Moreover, findings show that; loss of biodiversity may leads to rainfalls shortageand lower the volume of water table, general extinction of forest and animals. It may also cause soil degradation, loss of soil fertility, soil erosion, and desertification as well as food shortage. Finally, the researcher suggested some measures for minimizing the negative impact of biodiversity loss. Such measures can be done through controlling grazing, afforestation program and through use of alternative source of fuel.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Management and Environmental sustainability

[1]. Abbas, I. I.,Muazu, K. M. and Ukoje, J. A. (2010) Mapping Land Use-Land Cover and Change Detection in Kafur Local Government, Katsina, Nigeria (1995-2008). Journal of environment and earth science 2(1): 6-12,2010.
[2]. Adediji, A., Tukur, A. M. and Adepoju, K. A. (2010) Assessment of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in Katsina Area, Katsina State of Nigeria. Using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS).Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment 1(3): 255-264, 2010.
[3]. Adler, P. B., Raff, D. A., and Lauenroth, W. K. (2001) The effect of grazingon the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Oecologia 128: 465-479
[4]. EU-European Union (2011) EU-Biodiversity Strategy for 2020."Our Life Insurance, Our Natural Capital" Brussels, 3.5.2011 COM (2011) 244.
[5]. Europe, (2006) Ecosystems and infrastructures maintenance: Maintaining and enhancing forest biodiversity, 2006 Forest Biodiversity Action Plan.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Facebook for Media Relations
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Jesus Milton Rousseau S. , Dr. K. Puttaraju
	:	10.9790/0837-19843645

Abstract: The mass usage of Facebook by the new age public relations (PR) professionals has changed the style of media relations in India. Today, PR professionals use Facebook as a tool for media relations. The study investigates on how PR professionals use Facebook for media relations. The research used survey method to collect information from 60 practising young PR professionals across cadres in Bangalore city and interviewed face-to-face 10 of these PR professionals. The study found that majority of the PR professionals (83%) use Facebook for media relations; they mainly used it to introduce themselves to a journalist, to pitch new story ideas, to chat with journalists, to get journalist's profile details and for relationship building. PR professionals also used Facebook groups, to get journalist's contact information, to get information on journalists swapping jobs, networking with journalists, procuring new media coverage opportunities, to share new story angles and for career opportunities.

Keywords: Facebook, Media Relations, Public Relations, Social media, LinkedIn.

[1] Alfonso, G.-H., & Miguel, R. Trends in online media relations: Web-based corporate press rooms in leading international companies, Public Relations Review, 32, 267–275, 2006.

[2] Bardhan, N. and Sriramesh, K. Public Relations in India Review of a Programme of Research, Journal of Creative Communications 2006; 1; 39, 2006.

[3] Brown, R., Public Relations and the Social Web – How to use social media and web 2.0 in Communications (London, Kogan Page, 2009). [4] Burns, Kelli S. A historical examination of the development of social media and its application to the public relations industry, Proc. 2008 ICA Preconference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2008.

[5] Cameron, G. T., Sallot, L. M., & Curtin, P. A. Public relations and the production of news: Critical review and theoretical framework, Communication Year Book, 20, 111–115, 1997.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Socioeconomic Correlates and Indoor Air Related Diseases in Selected Hospitals in Ogbomoso
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Abolade Olajoke , Odunjo , Oluronke Omolola , Kehinde, Olamiju John
	:	10.9790/0837-19844651

Abstract: The paper analyses the incidence of indoor air related diseases (IARDs) in selected hospitals in Ogbomoso Nigeria. It employed secondary data from clinically diagnosed indoor air related diseases for the period of six years (2009-2013) and three year (2011-2013) where applicable. The data were analyzed using descriptive chi square to examine the variation between incidence of diseases and socioeconomic characteristic of patients in the study area. The paper reveals that the most predominant indoor air related diseases within the reviewed years were enteritis (78.5%); asthma (5.6%); cough/sneezing (4.7%) and bronchitis (3.8%) and that more females (53.5%) than males (46.4%) were susceptible to IARDs. Some 61.1% of working class age and 14.0% of infants were victims of IARDs within 2008-2013 period and year 2012 had the predominant (31.8%) incidence of IARDs in the city. Incidence of IARDs were higher at medium (13.0%) and high (13.9%) residential density areas but highest (71.9%) among patients whose residential densities were not recorded. However, tests of variations among patients' age, gender, density of residence, incidence and treatment of IARDs were significant with p-values of 0.000. The paper recommends measures to reduce exposure to air pollutants particularly on building designs to allow for more window openings and cross ventilation; behavioural adjustment to make women and children spend little time in service areas; encouraged patronage of medical care, and public-private partnership in providing and maintaining health facilities in communities

Keywords: Indoor Air Related Diseases (IARDs); Indoor Air Pollution (IAP); Behavioural Adjustment

[1]. Adeboyejo, A. T; Adejumobi, D. O and Kehinde, O. J (2011) Perception of Climate Change Issues and Household Response Patterns in Peri-urban Areas of Ibadan, Nigeria in the International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses. Vol. 2 No. 4 pp 67-87 http://www.Climate-Journal.com
[2]. Akande, T.M. and Owoyemi, J.O. (2008) Awareness and Attitude to Social and Health Hazards from Generator Use in Ayigba, Nigeria: Medwell Journal; Research Journal of Medical Sciences: Vol., 2. No., 4. Pp. 185 – 189.
[3]. Albalak RA, Frisancho R, Keeler GJ (1999) Domestic Biomass Fuel Combustion and Chronic Bronchitis in Two Rural Bolivian villages. Thorax, 54(11):1004–1008.
[4]. CAPPS (2007): Country Report for Nigeria. DFID Research Strategy (2008 –2013) Consultation Africa [Online]: Available from http://www.dfid.gov.uk/research/Nigeriacountryconsults. pdf.
[5]. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2003): An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IQA) www.epagov/iaqfolmade.html
[6]. European Concerted Action (ECA, 1991) Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health in Indoor Air Quality and its Impact on Man; Environment and Quality of Life: Working Group 4 Report No. 10.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development versus Environment
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. K R. Sinha , Ms. C. L. Nongpluh
	:	10.9790/0837-19845254

Abstract: Natural Environment faces tremendous stress due to developmental activities in general and that of infrastructural development in particular. Such infrastructural activities involve clearing of forests, cutting off hill/ mountain sides and encroaching on cultivable or cultural land, and consequent loss of biological diversity. The broadening of the existing National Highway no. 40 and the construction of the Shillong By Pass has resulted in tremendous stress to the fragile environment of the hill state of Meghalaya, India. The article is based on observation and first hand information.

Key words: Development, Environment, Fragile, Meghalaya, Stress

[1]. Sauer, C. O., Plant and Animal destruction in Economic History, Journal of Farms Economics, 1938 20: 765- 775.
[2]. Gadgil, M. and Guha, R., Ecological Conflicts and The Environmental Movement in India, in Rangarajan, M (ed), Environmental Issues in India- A Reader, Delhi: Pearson Longman, 2007 pgs 385- 428

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Resource development versus conservation conflict-forces in the Cross River National Park, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Andrew-Essien , Elizabeth E.
	:	10.9790/0837-19845558

Abstract:The development strive of support-zone communities is reflective of the level of effectiveness of sustainable conservation of natural resources in the Cross River National Park, Nigeria. To examine the nature and intensity of development and conservation conflict-forces within the Park, purposive sampling is used to examine eight delineated study communities and the National Park management to elicit facts on the factors that account for conflicts in the park. Findings show that development and conservation conflicts exist in the park owing to a number of factors which include park location and objection of the communities to the restrictions imposed on access to natural resources. These indices collectively manifest as threats to the communities and the park objectives. The factors accounting for this are identified to include lack of adequate employment of community members by Park management, lack of compensation by the park management to community, proximity of park boundary to communities and the restrictions of livelihood sources of the communities. The study advocates for community enlightenment, and the adoption of participatory approaches in managing the National Park.
Keywords: Conflicts, conservation, Cross River, development, National Park

[1]. G. Maler, S. Aniyar and A. Jansson,Accounting for ecosystem services as a way to understand the requirements for sustainable development. Proceeding of the National Academy of the United States,105 (28) ,2008,9501-9506
[2]. F. Bisong, A. Animashaun A. & E. Andrew-Essien, Participatory Land-use Planning for Community Forest based management in South-Eastern Nigeria Journal of Contemporary Research, (LWATI), 4. ,2007, 329-347
[3]. R.Chambers, Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts? Discussion Paper 347. 1995, Institute of Development Studies
[4]. E. Andrew-Essien, and F. Bisong, Development Options for conflict reduction in protected areas: An assessment of community preference in the Cross River National Park.". Journal of Contemporary Research, (LWATI),6 (2), 2009, 378-384
[5]. L. Naughton-Treves, L., M.B. Holland, and K. Brandon, The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2005, 30, 219-252.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Soft Skills are Employability Skills; With Special Reference to Communication Skills
Country	:	India
Authors	:	E.Rachel Suneela
	:	10.9790/0837-19845961

Abstract: To be employable is to have employability Skills. Employability Skills are Soft Skills. Soft skills complement Hard Skills. Embedding the training of soft skills into hard skills courses is an effective and efficient method of achieving both an attractive way of teaching a particular content and an enhancement of soft skills. Soft skills fulfill an important role in shaping an individual's personality. It is therefore important that students acquire skills beyond academic or technical knowledge.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Innovative Methods of Teaching English Language
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. G. Anburaj , G. Christopher , Ms. Ni Ming
	:	10.9790/0837-19846265

Abstract: This paper analyses the innovative and quite interesting methods we have in teaching English language. We may have a number of teaching methods in between traditional and modern. Everybody has their own understanding and conclusions on teaching English language. But this paper portrays combining this two types how we can make our teaching very effective. We have been completely bounded with traditional methods of teaching and understanding where the present day learners felt uncomfortable a bit. Learner's mind will never be static it is ever growing and ever changing. Whatever the teaching methodology can be, but teaching must be leaner's centred. However, this paper scrutinizes the difference between traditional and practical teaching and thereafter learning. This treatise practically examines that how learners are being affected by the traditional methods of teaching as well, besides it has portrayed that how learners expect teaching and learning process. There has been a misunderstanding between traditional methods and practical methods always. Somehow teachers and learners should agree eachother in order to fill the gap between the generations of these methods.

Key Words: Renaissance; orthodox; integral; inquisitive; agitated; jeopardizing; immerse; atmosphere; intuitively; evaluated; database; anagrams; hangman; elocutions; tedious; precautions;

[1]. Kevin D. Besnoy, Lane W. Clarke, High-Tech Teaching Success! A Step-by-Step Guide to Using Innovative Technology in Your Classroom, Prufrock Press, Inc. October 1, 2009
[2]. Lynne T. Diaz-Rico, Teaching English Learners: Strategies and Methods Marlene D. LeFever , Creative Teaching Methods, Cook Ministry Resources; March 1, 1997
[3]. Edgar H. Schuster, Edgar H. Schuster, Breaking the Rules: Liberating Writers Through Innovative Grammar Instruction, Heinemann; February 13, 2003
[4]. Nicholas McGuinn,David Stevens, The Art of Teaching Secondary English: Innovative and Creative Approaches, Routledge; August 7, 2004
[5]. Paul Nation , New Ways in Teaching Vocabulary (New Ways in Tesol Series: Innovative Classroom Techniques); TESOL, January 1, 1995

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rural Development Initiatives and the Activities of Non-Governmental Organisations (Ngos): Implication for Social Work Intervention
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ojua, Takim Asu (PHD), Obeten, Mathew, Mrs. Cheimezie, Atama

Abstract: The paper addresses the issues of rural development initiatives and the activities of non-government organizations in the promotion and development of individuals and groups in the society today. The effectiveness of the role performance of NGOs measured against their ability to engender the preconditions to the attainment of rural development objectives. NGOs are yet to wholly generate these success ingredients. This failure is due to the paradox of performance at different levels in society. The dynamics of operations of NGOs produce some latent inhibiting consequences which constrain the attainment of anticipated grassroots development. Thus, this paper identifies some of these shortcomings and concludes that concerted global research efforts are needed to understand better these nascent but elusive problems and to offer management strategies. The paper further shows that despite the existence of NGOs across the nation, their activities show their desire to propagate and run their agenda of creating wealth for their organization. It is recommended that most social workers and social development experts should be involved in rendering professional services through NGO activities in order to enhance development in society.

Keywords: Rural, Development, Initiatives, Activities, NGOs, Social Work, Intervention

[1]. E. M. Abasiekong, Integrated Rural Development in the Third World, (Exposition Press, New York 1982).O. Agbo, Rural Women and Community Development Strategies. International Journal of Development, vol. 2:(1), 2006, 25-30 .A. Agbor, Community Development and NDDC Activities (Calabar: Batch Printers Ltd, 2003).
[2]. T.A.Aina, Understanding the Role of Community Organisations in Environmental and Urban Contexts, Environmental and Urbanisation, 2, (1), 1990 3 – 6.
[3]. P. Altungo, DFFRI's Direct Participation, in Daily Times, Tuesday, September 8, 14, 1992:6.
[4]. J. A. Aremo, Popular Participation in Rural Development, CERES, 16, 3, 198315.
[5]. C. C. Asu, (2009). Participatory Community Development in Rural Communities. Journal of Rural Development, vol. 3:2.
[6]. R. L. Barker, (2003). Social Work Dictionary (5th ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press.
[7]. Durning, (1989). Nigeria Social Development Process. Kaduna: Ainaje Publishers