IOSR-JHSS   Volume-23 ~ Issue-1 ~ January -2018

Abstract: The history of Standard weights and measures is traced back to the Indus civilization. Then it developed in the Mouryan and later times. Study of Village community and land system goes hand in hand in a country like India. It consists and covers large number of people in ancient time. Agriculture is a main feature of Indian society and land being a main commodity of villagers having almost all the aspects of economic evolution, which was the first agent of production. Study of land measurements is introduction to study of land administration. Before proceeding to take up the measuring system, it is necessary to know the standard measuring units which existed in ancient days. Inscriptions and literary works contain numerous references such measuring units are nivartana, mattaru, khamba, kamma, maru, pada, gavyuti, gorut etc. Other than these units, measuring poles and rods were also in use. However it is the most interesting and vide subject for scholars to explore the things like there relevance.

[1] Kalburgi M.M, Dharwad Jilla Shasan Suchi(Kannada), pp-xiii

[ 2] Shamasastri S(Tr), Kautilya's Arthasastra, pp-149-151

[3] Venkata rau and Sesha Ayyangar(Ed), Nagvarma Abhidana Vastukosha, pp-69

[ 4] South Iindian Inscriptions,(SII) XX, No-3

[ 5] SII XX, No-137

Abstract: Ability to use language appropriately makes communication effective and meaningful. However, anxiety can impact classroom communication negatively. This paper aims to contribute to the research on language anxiety (LA) by investigating the extent to which the trait contributes to linguistic errors during class presentations by students learning English as a second language. Students at secondary school are likely to experience some degree ofanxiety during language lessons. The current researchexplores the LA levels during class presentations and also interrogates the relationship between anxiety and the frequency of linguistic errors. The data on language anxiety levels was obtained through the participants filling a questionnaire adapted from the foreign language anxiety scale (FLAS). A voice recorder was used to record the class presentations from which linguistic errors that the learners' made were isolated.Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse the data.The results indicate a weak negative correlation between the level of language anxiety and frequency of errors in the class presentations.

Keyword: Language anxiety, linguistic errors, language learning, classroom communication

[1]. Adler, B. &Rodman, G. (2003).Understanding Human Communication. Newyork: Oxford University Press.
[2]. Akmajian, A. Demers, R. Richard. A, Farmer, A. &Harnish, R. (1990).Linguistics. Cambridge: Massachusets Institute of Technology Press.
[3]. Allwright, D. (1984). The importance of interaction in classroom language learning, in Johnson, E. K. Understanding Communication in Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
[4]. Alrbai, F. (2014).The influence of teachers' anxiety reducing strategies on learners' foreign language anxiety, Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching. http://doi:10.1080/17501229.2014890203
[5]. Barbour, R. (2008). Introducing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Abstract: Along with the policies in the local government system, where the tasks and responsibilities of the government are given more burden to the local government, the local government of Trenggalek in 2013 stipulates Regulation No. 72 of 2013 on General Guidelines Trengginas (Trenggalek District Economic Program), in efforts to spur the economic growth of the community based on micro, small and medium enterprises that developed in the community environment Trenggalek District. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the economic empowerment of community effort of Trenggalek Regency, so it can be found the most relevant model in the development of community economic business of Trenggalek District. The method used in this research is qualitative research method using stages of research as the theory proposed by Hubermas (1988), which starts from the............

Keyword: Empowerment, Economy, MSME, Trenggalek

[1]. Anonymous. 1993. Recommendation of technology of applied research result of critical river basin system of Yogyakarta Special Region. Part of Applied Research Project of Critical Hills River Basin System, Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Development Agency. Soil and Agro-climate Research Center.

[2]. A.W. Solichin (2014), Policy Analysis From Formulation to Compilers of Public Policy Implementation Models. Jakarta, Bumi Aksara. [3]. Bakri, Maskuri, (Ed.), 2002, Qualitative Research Methodology; Theoretical and Practical Review, Research Institute of Islamic University and VISIPRESS, Malang.

[4]. Bravi, M. Scarpa, R. and Sirchia, G. 1998. Measuring WTP for Cultural Services in Italian Museums: a Discrete Choice of Contingent Valuation Analysis ", Tenth International Conference on Cultural Economics, Barcelona 14th -17th June, Selection of Paper C: 171-180.

[5]. Denhardt, Janet V. & Denhardt, Robert B. 2003. The New Public Service, Serving, not Steering, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, London, England.

Abstract: General Othello's trustworthy companion and advisor Iago makes the Moor ‗mad' in William Shakespeare's Othello. He causes the ruin of quite a few characters in the play because of his uncontrollable jealousy and a feeling of revenge. Iago takes the help of his ally named Roderigo in order to translate his own destructive dreams into reality. Once Othello is in Cyprus, Iago decides to work on his central plan. He wants to make Othello believe that his wife is in an adulterous relationship with the new lieutenant, Michael Cassio. Iago keeps on playing with Othello's mind through the process of having Othello listen to Cassio speak generously about his mistress, Bianca, even as Othello thinks that the mistress must be Desdemona. Othello blindly sees coincidences as evidences. It is true that the fire of jealousy in Othello's heart and his unjust trust in Iago lead him towards insanity and ultimate tragedy where he is found murdering Desdemona and committing suicide.

Keyword: Cassio, Desdemona, Handkerchief, Iago, Mad, Madness, Murder, Othello, Shakespeare, Suicide

[1]. Abnormal Psychology (n.d.). Retrieved August 23, 2014, from http://tinyurl.com/l7lg8jo
[2]. Adams, T. (n.d.). Mystical Bedlam or The World of Madmen. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/ya7978yt
[3]. Al-Qassas, R.A. (2011). Resolution and the Briefest End: Suicide in Shakespeare's Tragedies. North Charleston SC: CreateSpace.

[4]. Analytical Behaviourism. (n.d.). Retrieved November 10, 2017, from https://tinyurl.com/y94jfu9h
[5]. Behera, Dr. A.K. & Patra, Dr. B. (2011). Influence of Language in the Development of the Humanity. International Journal of English and Literature (IJEL), 1, 32. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y9trcow2

Abstract: HIV/AIDS has continued to be an issue in the world especially in African countries. Different countries have used so many communication strategies to reduce cases of HIV/AIDS by creating awareness and educating the masses on the implications of having it and what to do when one contracts the disease. Mass media are regarded as powerful intervening factors in educating the masses on health issues. This study therefore examined the use of a television series Shuga to educate university undergraduates. It explored the Media dependency theory and Social Learning theory and explained that the media can be used for sustainable development. The study employed a quantitative approach using questionnaire items to explore the questions raised. The study showed that media can be useful tools in exposing undergraduates to HIV/AIDS, in increasing knowledge of HIV/AIDS among undergraduate...........

Keyword: Exposure, HIV/AIDS, Shuga, Sexual Behaviour, Stigmatisation

[1]. Aderibigbe, S. S., & Araoye, M. O. (2008).Effect of health education on sexual behaviour of students of public secondary schools in Ilorin, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research 24(1) p. 33. Retrieved from http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles …
[2]. Anaeto, S. G., Onabajo, O. S. & Osifeso, J. B. (2012). Models and theories of communication Maryland USA: African Renaissance Books Incorporated
[3]. Asemah, E. S. (2015). Influence of HIV/AIDS campaign on the sexual behaviour of students of Kogi State University, Anyigba. EBSU Journal of Mass Communication 2(1) p. 22-41

[4]. Ball-Rokeach, S. J. & DeFleur, M. L. (1976) A dependency model of mass effects. Journal of Communication Research 3(1) pp. 3-21 USA: Sage Publications. Retrieved from http:// jtc501.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/45289390/Ball-RokeachDeFleur.pdf
[5]. Bhatia, V., Swami, H., Puri, S., Mangat, C. & Gupta, A. (2009). An intervention study to enhance AIDS awareness among underprivileged population in Chandigarh. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology 8(1). Retrieved from http://ispub.com/IJE/...

Abstract: Women entrepreneurship is the process in which women initiate a business, gather all resources, undertake risks, face challenges, provides employment to others and manages the business independently. The role of women in tribal communities is substantial and crucial. They constitute about half the total population, but in tribal society women are more important than the social groups, because they work harder and the family economy and management depends on them. This study was aimed to investigate the role performance of Toda tribal women of the Nilgiri district in entrepreneurship. The study entitled Toda Tribal Women Entrepreneurship- NilgiriDistrict "aimed to study the profile characteristics of tribal women...........

Keyword: Entrepreneurship, Self-help group, Micro-finance

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Abstract: The broad objective of the study is to determine empirically the impact of international remittances inflows to domestic economy, using Nigeria as a case study between 1980 and 2015. The specific objectives are to determine to what extent international remittance inflows impact on the growth of domestic economy; to investigate if there is significant casual relationship between international remittance inflows and the growth of domestic economy in Nigeria and to compare the influence of oversea development assistance and international remittance inflows to the growth of domestic product in Nigeria. In the model specified, real gross domestic product (RGDP) is a function of the growth international remittance inflows...........

[1]. Adams, R. (1991). The impact of migration and remittances on inequality in rural Pakistan, Pakistan Development Review, 31(4), 1189-1203.
[2]. Agu, C.(2009). Remittances for growth: a twofold analysis of feedback between remittances, financial flows and the real economy in Nigeria. Abuja: African Econometric Society
[3]. Ahoure, A. A.E. (2009).Remittances, governance and growth in Sub-Saharan Africa countries: a Dynamic Panel Data Analysis: University of Cocody-Abidjan.
[4]. Azam, J.P. and Gubert, F.(2006). Migrants, remittances and household in Africa: A review of evidence. Journal of African Economics, 15(2).
[5]. Barajas, Chami, R. ,Ebeke, C. , & Tapsoba, .J.A. (2012). Workers' remittances: an overlooked Channel of International Business Cycle Transmission. International Monetary Fund Working Paper Middle East and Central Asia Department, 12, 251

Abstract: In Kenya the school fees charged by public secondary schools have risen dramatically, this is way far beyond the reach of many Kenyans. Many secondary school Head teachers attribute this to the rising inflation levels causing rise in prices for commodities which are necessary for the day to day running of schools. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of resource as an austerity measures adopted by principals on service delivery in public secondary schools in Nandi Central Sub County. A survey research design was used targeting 36 boarding secondary schools,with 36 principals, 204 heads of department and 132 board of management (B.O.M). Secondary schools were clustered into four zones; Kapsabet, Emgwen, Kosirai and Kilibwoni, simple random sampling was used to select 30% of the required schools...........

Keyword: Austerity measures, Budget Constraints, Income generating activities and Service delivery.

[1]. Abagi, O. (2014).Public and Private Investment in Primary Education in Kenya. An Agenda for Action. IPAR Discussion Paper Series. Nairobi :( IPAR) Institute of Policy Analysis and Research.
[2]. Achola (in Kosgei, 2011) Research in Education. 8th Edition, Butler University, Emeritus, University of Illinois, Chicago.
[3]. Bregman J.& Tallmeister,S. (2012) Secondary education in Africa: Strategies for renewal. Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series, Washington, DC: Human Development Sector Africa Region, the World Bank. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
[4]. Mogire (2013). The impact of cost sharing policy in education on the dropout rates of public secondary schools in Keumbu division, Kisii central district. University of Nairobi unpublished Med project.
[5]. Crampton, J.W.(2013). Educational Research, Planning conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Education. Inc. New Jersey 07458

Abstract: The study investigated problems between migrant ethnic groups and the indigenous Agĩkũyũin Rũaka, Kĩambu County. After the construction of the Northern bypass, Rũaka opened up and this saw a number of investors coming into the area in large numbers to invest and some to settle. Migrants on the other hand, moved into Rũaka in a big way for reasons such as proximity to the City of Nairobi, family reunion and more viable commercialization. Having come from various socio-religio-cultural and economic backgrounds, the residents' way of life was changed through their interactions with the migrants thereby giving rise to both positive and unpleasant challenges hence the main objective of the study: to investigate the arising problems between the host community and the migrants in Rũaka...........

Keyword: Indigenous Agĩkũyũ, Migrant(s), Migration (human)

[1]. African Ecclesial Review (AFER), The Catholic University of Eastern Africa: Environmental Crisis. AMECEA Gaba Publications-CUEA Press, 2011.
[2]. Bakwesegha, C.J. Profiles of Urban Prostitution: A Case Study from Uganda. Kenya Literature Bureau: Nairobi, 1982.
[3]. Bihuzo R. M. Migration In and Out of Africa: Jesuits Ministry Outlook. Paulines Publications Africa, 2015.
[4]. Boff, L. Ecology and Liberation: A New Paradigm. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1995.
[5]. Boff, L. and Boff C. Introducing Liberation Theology. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1987

Abstract: Attractive perks and remuneration packages are vital to retain the employees but it may not necessarily to motivate them and give their best efforts to the organization if there is no sense of emotional ownership towards the work and organization.This research paper proposes that the concept of emotional ownership that could affect the performance of the organizations. Keeping in view the above facts, this instrument was designed to examine the various factors of emotional ownership, which was administrated to a wide range of the professionals working in different industries in north India. Cross- sectional survey was conducted on a non-probability convenience sample of 300 working professionals. Two sub-scale emerged from data analysis: (1) work- based emotional ownership, and (2) organization based emotional ownership. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale has both, high reliability and validity as a measure of emotional ownership.

Keyword: Emotional ownership, work- based emotional ownership, organization based emotional ownership, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis

[1]. Blau, P. M., and W. R. Scott. Formal Organizations. Chandler Publishing, San Francisco, CA. 1962.
[2]. Björnberg, Åsa, and Nigel Nicholson. Emotional Ownership: The Critical Pathway between the Next Generation and the Family Firm. London: The Institute for Family Business, 2008.
[3]. Björnberg, Åsa, and Nigel Nicholson. "Emotional Ownership." Family Business Review 25, no. 4 (2012), 374-390.
[4]. Markus, Hazel R., and ShinobuKitayama. "Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation." Psychological Review 98, no. 2 (1991), 224-253.

Abstract: Alienation, rootlessness, isolation, and loss of identity are some of the predicaments from which immigrants suffer. Jhumpa Lahiri, a child of immigrants, has experienced the feeling of alienation at a very early age. Born in London and brought up at Rhodes Island, United States of America, she has been torn between two cultures. Lahiri has illustrated the theme of alienation and loneliness through different characters who find themselves cut-off from their cultural and historical roots. The theme of alienation is manifested in 'The Namesake' and 'The Lowland' by Jhumpa Lahiri.

Keyword: Alienation, loneliness, experience, rootlessness, isolation

[1]. Arnold .Kaufman "On Alienation" in Richards Sachacht's Alienation . Garden City New York: Double Lay and Company Inc.1970
[2]. Das, Nigamananda ed. 'Jhumpa Lahiri: Critical Perspective' . New Delhi: Pencraft International. Print
[3]. Karen Horney, 'New Ways in Psychoanalysis'. New York: W.W Norton. 1939 Lahiri, Jhumpa. 'The Lowland'. Noida; Random House. 2013
[4]. Ibid.- 'The Namesake' New York: Marnier Books. 2013.
[5]. Nettler.G.H. "A Measure of Alienation": American sociological Review -22 .December1957.

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