iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: Change in climate, caused by the release of greenhouse effect causing gases (primarily carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere, has been recognized as one of the greatest threats of the 21st century. Share of the global energy consumption in India and China has also been on the rise due to heavy industrialization, urbanization, population explosion, and intensive growth of IT. Buildings are the prime energy consumers in modern cities accounting upto 40 to 45% energy consumption. Their consumption can be largely confined through improving efficiency, which is an effective means to lessen greenhouse gas emissions and slow down depletion of fossil fuels. There is a heavy (over 50%) saving potential in the building sector and thus it is considered as a potential sector to meet the challenges of global energy demand and climate change. Along with the advent of energy efficient measures, more effective means are needed to induce or compel greater efforts, especially to the signatories of the Kyoto Protocol. This technical paper highlights the importance of sustainable construction, discusses role of energy efficiency in green buildings in Indian context to reduce the energy consumption and environmental degradation through Green House Gas emission (GHG). Also it points out to the benefits of green construction as well as the incentives from govt. and municipal bodies for GRIHA certified green building.

Keywords: ECBC, GRIHA, Green Building, Green Building Rating, LEED, Zero Net Energy Buildings

[1]. IGBC (2011), ―Indian Green Building Council: LEEDw-NC India‖, available at: www.igbc.in
[2]. US Green Building Council (USGBC), (2011), ―Non-profit organization dedicated to sustainable building design and construction. Developers of the LEED building rating system‖, www.usgbc.org
[3]. Syal, M., Hastak, M., Mullens, M. and Sweaney, A. (2006), ―US-India collaborative research directions in urban housing and supporting infrastructure‖, Journal of Architectural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 163-7.
[4]. Energy Efficiency in Building Design and Construction, a report, BEE, 2010
[5]. Khosla,Radhika "Constructing Change: EnergyEfficiency and India's Buildings Sector,The HinduBusiness Line, January 2012
[6]. The US Green Building Council, http://www.usgbc.org

Abstract: Environmental concern and availability of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the search for alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In the present paper waste plastic pyrolysis oil, ethanol, diesel blend with Cetane additive AC 2010 TOTAL has been introduced as an alternative fuel. In this study, a review of research papers on various operating parameters have been prepared for better understanding of operating conditions and constraints for waste plastic pyrolysis oil and its blends. The objective of adding Cetane Additive is to improve the combustion of blended fuel and have better performance characteristics for the blend. The AC2010A additive improves the cetane number of diesel by 2 to 3 points. In effect, it upgrades the ignition quality of fuel to near global norms. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using Ethanol blended with waste plastic oil and diesel at certain mixing ratios of (Ethanol: WPPO: Diesel) 5:5:90, 10:10:80 and 15:15:70 respectively. The cetane additive added is 1ml per 1000ml of blended fuel. Experimental results of blended fuel and diesel fuel are also compared.

Keywords: Alternate Fuel, Cetane Additive, Ethanol, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil

[1] Alan C Hasen, Qin Zhang, Peter WL Lyne, "Ethanol Diesel fuel blend" University of Illionis, (2004).
[2] S.Murugan, M C Ramaswamy and G Nagrajan, "Assessment of Pyrolysis oil as an energy source for Diesel engines". Anna University, Chennai, India.
[3] Sutton D, Rush M and Richard P, "Diesel Engine Performance and Emission using different fuel/ additives combustion", SAE Technical Paper 880635, (1988).
[4] Walendzienwski Jerzy, "Engine fuel derived from waste plastics by thermal treatment", Journal of Fuel, 81 473-481 (2002).
[5] Mr Kaustav Mukherjee, Prof C.Thamotharan "Performance and Emission Test of Several Blends of Waste Plastic Oil with Diesel and Ethanol on Four Stroke Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine" Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar- Apr. 2014).
[6] Sk.Mohammad Younus, 2V.Ranjith Kumar, 3DR.Y.V.Hanumantha Rao "Performance and Emissions Characterstics of Diesel Engine Fueled With Tyre Pyrolysis Oil&Diesel Blends with Additives" International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Volume 2 Issue 5 ǁ May. 2013 ǁ PP.32-37

Abstract: Within the framework of systems and pressure devices, conception and the manufacturing, for example, the domestic 12kg gas bottle , obtained by plastic strain shaping processes. Several questions can be asked, mainly, at the level of the mechanical reliability, materials choice, manufacturing process and the soldering mechanical failures which can, brutally appear and cause human and goods damage. The aim of this work is to determinate the maximum load in the bottle. Knowing that in the entire chain, we consider the elastic perfectly plastic material (EPPM), then we proceed to a numerical simulation using Patran and Nastran software. The paper shows experimental and numerical results obtained by a series of experimental trials using the CODAP Pressure Standard Design.

Keywords: Plasticity, Element Finite Method, Limit Load, Limit Analysis.

[1]. CODAP, code de construction des appareils à pression non soumis à l'action de la flamme.
[2]. ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31.
[3]. L.M. Alves, T.C.D. Pardal, P.A.F. Martins, Nosing thin-walled tubes into axisymmetric seamless reservoirs using recyclable mandrels.
[4]. Numerical Method for Limit Analysis of Rotationally Symmetric Shells.
[5]. G.Mohamad, M.Tarfaoui, et V.Bertram, Numerical and experimental work on a bonded top-hat stiffened panel.
[6]. Etat de ruine d'une bouteille à gaz 12 kg par l'expérimentation
[7]. James E. Cooper, Eric L. Kendig, Scott M. Belcher, Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles.

Abstract: This paper presents the original work done by the author in his effort to transform the rotating motion of two synchronized eccentric masses into rectilinear unidirectional motion of a mobile robot placed on frictional ground. Although most of the inertial drives are considered defying the laws of motion the proposed vibration propulsion is proved working without contradicting those laws. Based on this technique a wheeled robot vehicle is designed, build and successfully tested on various friction surfaces attaining a maximum towing force of 8.5 [N] although having a weight of 25 [N]. The motion is achieved by using inertial and friction forces, one-way roller bearings installed in the hubs of wheels and setting an oscillating system integrated into the robot to resonance. By altering the magnitude of the oscillating mass or the stiffness of spring system the resonance frequency of the oscillating system is changed. In order to improve furthermore the propulsion abilities of the robot it is recommended increasing the magnitude of eccentric masses and redesigning the robot so as a reversed motion is obtained. The suggested modifications will improve the towing and the steering ability of the robot, making it more effective in real applications.

Keywords - Dean's drive, eccentric masses, inertial propulsion, one-way bearings, resonance oscillations.

[1]. A. G. Bodine, Deep Well Pump, US Patent # 2, 553, 543, granted 1951.
[2]. V. M. Usakovskii, Inertial pumps (Machine-Building Publishing, Moscow, 1973, in Russian).
[3]. N. L. Dean, System for Converting Rotary Motion into Unidirectional Motion, US Patent # 2,886,976, granted 1959.
[4]. C. G. Provatidies. Design of a Propulsion Cycle for Endless Sliding on Friction Ground using Rotating Masses. Universal Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 2 (2), 2014, 35-43, also available on (http:/www.hrpub.org).
[5]. I. A. Loukanov, Investigating the Pumping Process of a Resonance Vibrating Pump for Medium - depth Boreholes, Research in Agricultural Engineering 53(4), 2007, 172-181.
[6]. I. A. Loukanov, Using Inertial Forces as a Source of Forward Motion, Mechanics of Machines, Vol. 110, (2), 2015, BG, pages 104-107.

Abstract: The main objective of the present works related to the material characterization of fabricated A 384.1 by stir casting technique as increasing percentage by weight and the particle size of MgO and SiCp increased their strengthening effect and a distinct advantage is the ability to use many combinations of resins and reinforcements especially in aerospace industry. Furthermore, the effects of reinforced particles sizes on the microstructure of the composites were observed by using SEM. The finer particles will provide more efficient barriers to dislocation flow in aluminum matrix and more homogeneously distributed. Larger particles are more susceptible to gravity settling and can result in clustering and agglomeration of reinforcement in matrix region. Morphology of reinforcement and matrix particle also influence the homogeneity of particle distribution in aluminum metal matrix composites.

Keywords: Particle Size, microstructure, Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites, Stir Casting Technique.

[1]. Hartaj Singh, Sarabjeet, Nrip jit, 2012, "Studies on A 384.1-MgO based metal matrix composites and optimization of tensile strength using taguchi technique", JERS, Vol.3 (1), 61-64.
[2]. Harinder Pal Singh, Nripjit, Sarabjeet, A.K.Tayagi, 2012, "Investigation of tensile strength of al 384.1 based SiCp reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC)", JERS, Vol.3(1), 149-151.
[3]. Nripjit, Anand K. Tyagi, Nirmal Singh, 2009, "Al-Cu-Si - (Al2O3)p composites usingA 384.1 Al Alloys", Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 21(10)
[4]. Nrip jit,Anand K. Tyagi, Nirmal Singh, 2006, "Evolution of metal casting (A review study)", Proceeding of International Conference on AME, 295-298.
[5]. Nripjit, Nirmal Singh, Anand K. Tyagi, 2007, "Development, processing and recent research of Al alloy composites", Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Materials and Applications, Vol. 31,1-15.
[6]. Nrip Jit, Anand K Tyagi, Nirmal Singh, Dayal Chand, 2011, "Properties of (A384.1)1x [(SiC)p]x Composites by Keeping Particle Size at 0.220 μm", Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering Vol 3, London, U.K.

Abstract: Welding processes that employ an electric arc are the most prevalent in industry are Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Flux Cored Arc Welding, Submerged Arc Welding and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. These processes are associated with molten metal. Molten metal reacts with the atmosphere so that oxides and nitrides are formed. All arc welding processes employ some means of shielding the molten weld pool from the air. The Submerged Arc Welding process is often preferred because it offers high production rate, high melting efficiency, ease of automation and low operator skill requirement. Generally, all welding processes are used with the aim of obtaining a welded joint with the desired weld-bead parameters, excellent mechanical properties with minimum distortion. The Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) process finds wide industrial application due to its easy applicability, high current density and ability to deposit a large amount of weld metal using more than one wire at the same time. The quality of weld depends on bead geometry of the weld which in turn depends on the process variables. Welding input parameters play a very significant role in determining the quality of a weld joint. The joint quality can be assessed in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties, and distortion.

Index Terms— Weld joint, Welding parameters, Wire Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Flux Cored Arc Welding, Submerged Arc Welding and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding.

[1]. Dhas, R., Edwin, J., Gothman, K. and Kumanan, S. (2007), Determination of submerged arc welding process parameters using Taguchi method and regression analysis, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, pp.177-183.
[2]. Biswas, S., Mahapatra, S.S. and Patnaik, A. (2007), An Evolutionary Approach to Parameter Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding inthe Hardfacing Process, International Journal of Manufacturing Research, vol.2, no. 4, 2007, pp. 462-483.
[3]. Chang, C. H., Juang, S. C. and Tarng, Y. S. (2002), The Use of Grey-Based Taguchi Methods to Determine Submerged Arc Welding Process Parameters in Hardfacing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 128, pp. 1-6.
[4]. K. srinivasulu reddy, "Optimization & Prediction of Welding Parameters and Bead Geometry in Submerged Arc Welding", International Journal of Applied Engineering Research and development (IJAERD) ISSN 2250-1584 Vol. 3, Issue 3, Aug 2013.
[5]. S. C. Juang and Y. S. Tarng, Process parameters selection for optimizing the weld pool geometry in the tungsten inert gas welding of stainless steel, J. of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 122, 2002, 33-37.
[6]. L. K. Pan, C. C. Wang, Y. C. Hsiso and K. C. Ho, Optimization of Nd-YAG laser welding onto magnesium alloy via Taguchi analysis, J. of Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 37, 2004, pp. 33-42.

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the power transmission from engine to rear wheel hub,through a new power transmission mechanism called shaft driven mechanism. Basically in two wheelers, the energy transmitted by chain sprocket and gear teeth mechanism. But inchain& sprocket case of transmission only 81% of power is transmitted to the wheel, where remaining 19% of the energy is lost in form energy loses (traction in gears and less tension in chain). And in this case, regular lubrication is required in chain transmission. Regular watering over chain will reduce the viscosity of the lubricant of the chain.Conversely , the chain may get damaged. This avoid the usage of chain and sprocket method of transmission. Dynamic two-wheelers claims that a drive shaft two-wheelers can deliver 94% efficiency and it has more consistent performance.The engineering of interests discussed are related to the design and methodology of Shaft and Bevel gears.

Keywords: Bevel gears, Drive shaft, chain and sprockets, Power transmission and MS Steel.

[1]. Rastogi, N. ,Design of composite drive shafts for automotive applications. [Visteon Corporation, SAE technical paper series.2004]
[2]. A.M.Ummuhaani and Dr.P.Sadagopan "Design, Fabrication and Stress Analysis of a Composite Propeller Shaft, 2011-28-0013.
[3]. Rangaswamy, T.; Vijayrangan, S. Optimal sizing and stacking sequence of composite drive shafts. [Materials science, Vol. 11 No 2., India. 2005]
[4]. Savage B.J.,Universal Mechanical Power TransmissionCoupling[Filed March 18, 1963]
[5]. R. P. Kumar Rompicharl, Dr. K. RambabuDesign and Optimization of Drive Shaft[IJMERVol.2, Issue.5, Sep-Oct. 2012]Related Books
[6]. homas D. Gillespie , Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics [society of automotive engineers,inc. 400 commonwealth drive, Warrendale,PA 15096-0000]
[7]. R.S.Khurmi & J.K.Gupta , A Text book of machine design [Eurasia Publishing house (PVT.)LTD. Ram nagar,New Delhi,2005]
[8]. N D Junnarkar , machine drawing[Dorling Kinderling (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2007]

Abstract: This paper focuses on the applications of non-traditional optimization method. Here several un conventional optimization were available in literature are critically reviewed to solve this combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper In this paper, authors seek to assess the work done in the simultaneous scheduling domain by providing a review of many of the techniques used for the industrial and production environment. It is established that Non- conventional optimization methods should be considered complementary rather than competitive. In addition, this work suggests guide-lines on features that should incorporated to create a good scheduling system. Finally, the possible direction for future work is highlighted so that current barriers within applications of non traditional optimization method may be surmounted as researchers approach in the 21st century.
Keywords: non conventional optimizations, simultaneous scheduling, Industrial production environment, review.

[1]. Shankar K,Tzen Y.J. A loading and dispatching problem in a random flexible manufacturing system. Int J Prod Res 23: 579- 595. 1985.
[2]. Lee, S.M., Jung H.J. A multi objective production planning model in flexible manufacturing environment. Int J Prod Res 27 (11): 1981-1992
[3]. Toker, A., Kondacki, S., Erkip, N., Job shop scheduling under a non-renewable resource constraint. J Oper Res Soc 45(8): 942-947, 1994.
[4]. Steeke, K.E., Soldberg, J.J., Loading and control policies for a flexible manufacturing system. Int J Prod Res 19(5):481 -490, 1982.
[5]. Chan, T.S., Pak, H.A., Heuristic job allocation in a flexible manufacturing system. Int J AdvManufTechnol 1(2):69-90, 1986.

Abstract: Analysis of the structure is carried out to study the behavior of outrigger and its efficiency for its optimum position at the first and second location. The three dimensional models of outrigger and belt truss system are subjected to wind and earthquake load, analyzed and compared to find the lateral displacement reduction related to the outrigger and belt truss system location. The present work is to study the use of outrigger and belt truss placed at different location subjected to wind and earthquake load. The design of wind load was calculated based on IS 875 (Part 3) and the earthquake load obtained using IS 1893 (Part-1): 2002. The location of outrigger and belt truss for reducing lateral displacement and building drift. To evaluate the performance of vertical irregularities of outrigger structure, a linear static analysis has been conducted by using ETABS2013.5. To achieve this objective, the vertical irregularities structures with 30 stories 7X7bay from 1st to 10th floor 5x5bay from 11th to 20th floor, 3x3bay from 21st to 30th floor with outriggers and belt truss at different stories were analyzed. Compression study of the displacement and drift of the structure is studied. Maximum Storey Shear and Axial Load of different columns are observed for the structure with first and second location of the outrigger.
Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.

[1] P.M.B. Raj Kiran Nanduri, B.Suresh, MD. Ihtesham Hussain (2013) "Optimum Position of Outrigger System for High-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings Under Wind And Earthquake Loadings"
[2] Mohd Irfan Moinuddin& Mohd Afroz Khan Conducted (2013)"A Study for the Optimum Location of Outriggers for High-Rise Concrete Buildings".
[3] Gerasimidis S., Efthymiou E. & Baniotopoulos C. C. (2009) "Optimum outrigger locations of high-rise steel buildings for wind loading".
[4] N. Herath, N. Haritos, T. Ngo & P. Mendis (2009) "Behaviour of Outrigger Beams in High rise Buildings under Earthquake Loads".
[5] Karthik.N.M, N.Jayaramappa (December 2014)"optimum position of Outrigger system for High Raised RC Buildings using etabs 2013.1.5 (push over analysis)".

Abstract: Huge quantities of construction wastes, demolition, and electronic wastes are being generated these days in many of the countries and the disposal of them has become a serious problem. This study is an integrated experiment in which different combinations of e-wastes and recycled coarse aggregate together are used as a substitute of conventional aggregate. Recycled aggregates from site-tested concrete specimens were collected and are integrated with the e-waste by altering the proportions of these wastes. The compressive strength of M20 mix designed is assessed by casting cubes and the flexural strength by prisms. This study is carried out to ensure the usage of integrated- waste and the recycled coarse aggregate as a replacement of coarse aggregate. Experimental study is carried out to find if the e-waste strips can be used as the reinforcement instead of steel. Results are checked against the standards of IRC to use for the sub-grade of the pavement.
Keywords: e-waste (electronic waste), Conventional aggregate (CA), Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), compressive strength, IERA (Integrated e-waste and recycled coarse aggregate), Indian road congress IRC.

[1]. Sagoe-Crentsil, K. K., Brown, T., & Taylor, A. H. (2001). Performance of concrete made with commercially produced coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(5), 707-712.
[2]. Yong, P. C., and D. C. L. Teo. "Utilisation of recycled aggregate as coarse aggregate in concrete." UNIMAS E-Journal of civil engineering 1.1 (2009): 1-6.
[3]. Topcu, Ilker Bekir, and Selim Şengel. "Properties of concretes produced with waste concrete aggregate." Cement and Concrete Research 34.8 (2004): 1307-1312.
[4]. González-Fonteboa, B., and F. Martínez-Abella. "Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume. Materials and mechanical properties."Building and Environment 43.4 (2008): 429-437.
[5]. Rao, Akash, Kumar N. Jha, and Sudhir Misra. "Use of aggregates from recycled construction and demolition waste in concrete." Resources, conservation and Recycling 50.1 (2007): 71-81.

Abstract: Active Magnetic Refrigeration Apparatus is a novel device that has zero vapor pressure and causes, zero ozone depleting gases. The magnetic refrigerator has the prospective to become a realistic choice instead of present vapor compression refrigeration systems. In the present study a Magnetic refrigerator designed and constructed in Iraq (the first one as our knowledge), used as laboratory device to investigate the effects of many operational parameters on its performance. The results indicated that an experimental parallel plate AMR device demonstrates the high performance, and due to their relatively low pressure drop to the heat transfer performance and to be quite versatile, in terms of operational parameters and various aspects of the cooling capacity .The hot end had a prescribed temperature of 299K a zero cooling loads applied at the cold end. So, temperature span observes be about 11K, which evaluated as the difference temperature between the hot and cold ends of the magnetocaloric regenerator. All thermal losses through the regenerator housing and the cold end go to the ambient through the hot end, within an insulated cold end, due to, no heat exchangers were used at the cold and hot ends. Therefore, this test machine used to measure the no-load temperature span.
Keywords: Magnetic Refrigerator, Temperature Span, Gadolinium, Halbach magnet.

[1]. F. C. Chen, G. L. Chen, R. W. Murphy and V. C. Mei, Performance Comparison of Magnetic Refrigeration Cycles, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Industrial Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, 1990.
[2]. Kitanovski, J. Tusek, and A. Poredos, The Magnetocaloric Energy Conversion, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, The 25th International Conference On Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation And Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, June 26-29, 2012, Perugia, Italy.
[3]. K. A. Gschneidner, V. K. Pecharsky and A. O. Tsokol, Recent developments in magnetocaloric materials, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Institute of Physics Publishing, Reports on Progress in Physics, 68,P1479–1539, 2005.
[4]. J. Buh, The Magnetocaloric Effect and Magnetocaloric Materials, University of Ljubljana, Seminar, 2010.
[5]. J. Tušek, A. Kitanovski, U. Tomc, C. Favero, and A. Poredo, Experimental comparison of multi-layered La-Fe-Co-Si and single-layered Gd active magnetic regenerators for use in a room temperature magnetic refrigerator, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovenia, Elsevier, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 37, 2014, 117-126.

Abstract: In this project, attention is focused on studying the impact of the piston velocity profile on the thermodynamic, heat transfer and gas exchange processes of a single cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine. The piston velocity profile dictates the rate of pressure rise during compression and the pressure drop rate during the power stroke. The other factors such as combustion characteristics, ignition delay, compression ratio, etc., are maintained constant and the engine performance is analyzed for different piston velocity profile. It is possible to obtain different piston velocity profiles by altering the connecting rod and crank mechanism.

[1]. Chironis. P., Mechanism , Linkages and Mechanical Control .
[2]. Ferguson & Kirkpatrick, John Wiley &sons., Internal Combustion Engines Applied Thermosciences .
[3]. GatowskiJ.A ., Balls E.N, Chun K.M, Nelson F.E, Ekchian, J.A and Heywood J.B, " Heat Release Anyltsis of Engine Pressure Data ", SAE Journals 841359.
[4]. John B. Heywood ,Internal Combustion Engines –Tata-McGraw Hill.,
[5]. Kelvin.L. Hoal, "Measurement and Analysis of the effect of wall temperature on Instataneous Heat Flex ", SAE Journals 860312.
[6]. Kirpal Singh, Automobile Engineering –Volume 2, Standard Publishers, 2000.,
[7]. Maitra,, Handbook of Gear Design –Tata-McGrawHill.

Abstract: This paper deals with the revival of 2-stroke petrol engine using direct fuel injection system (DI). The introduction of DI to the engine allows proper mixture of fuel and air, giving complete control of combustion and emissions. As a result of which power output and efficiency increases. Direct fuel injection (DI) has been used before to lower the emissions, but when running at low speed things change and problem of the scavenging and the emission goes up. But still by the direct injection of fuel to the combustion chamber proper fuel-air mixture is obtained and power is increased. Another significant advantage of using direct fuel injection is that it is economical too as it provides a correct estimation of the quantity of fuel required at proper time and providing control over combustion.
Keywords: Direct fuel injection, 2-stroke gasoline engine, engine performance parameters, emissions.

[1]. P.M. Ku and T.F Trimble. "Scavenging characteristics of a two stroke cycle engine as determined by skip cycle operation" Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 57, No. 6, 1956.
[2]. E. Vielledent. "Low pressure electronic fuel injection systemfor two stroke engine" SAE Technical Paper, 1978 [1978- 02-01, Paper 780767].
[3]. R. Douglas and G.P. Blair. "Fuel injection of a two strokecycle spark Ignition engine" SAE Technical Paper, 1982 [1982-02-01, Paper 820952].
[4]. B.N. John, W.P. Johnson, R.L. Barkhimer and S.H. Patterson. "Electronic fuel injection for 2-stroke cycle gasoline engines"
SAE Technical Paper, 1986 [1986-09-01, Paper 861242].
[5]. J. Emerson, P.G. Felton and F.V. Bracco. "Structure of spray from fuel injectors part 3: The ford air-assisted fuel injector" SAE Technical Paper, 1990 [1990-02-01, Paper 900478].

Abstract: A thermal power station is a plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, then the steam is condensed in a condenser and it is recycled. The thermal efficiency is about 45% to 47%. The steam which enters the turbine is extracted to heaters. The extracted steam is used by heaters to heat the feed water. The heaters are connected by means of cascading system. But the cascading is separate for high pressure and low pressure heaters. So the drip after high pressure heater is sent to de aerator. This is the problem in this system. Due to this the efficiency of the turbine decreases and large amount of heat in the heater is wasted in the de aerator.If the cascading is done between high pressure and low pressure heater then the waste heat to de aerator can be carried to the low pressure heaters so the waste heat is utilized fully by the heaters. This will increase the efficiency of turbine system. And by analyzing the pressure reducing de superheating station near boiler will improve the efficiency. The maximum work done in the turbine will increase the efficiency and recovering the waste heat in the regenerative system helps to increase the temperature of the feed water. In thermodynamic power cycles, an improvement of even 0.5% in overall cycle efficiency is an important gain. In power plant, analysis of regenerative system is important.
Index Terms: high pressure heaters, deaerator, turbine, PRDS station.

[1]. Aziz Siman, Thermal Engineering"Feedwater Heater Application of T-22 Tubing"
[2]. Ch.vijaya kumar, Dhananjaya kumar" Performance and analysis of regenerative feed water heating in steam plant" e-ISSN 2278-1684,volume 11, issue 2 ver.v mar/apr.2014
[3]. Donald Q. kern" process heat transfer" D.Q associates and lecture in chemical engineering, case institute of technology
[4]. Durgeshbhatt "Shell and tube heat exchanger performance analysis" IJSR. ISSN-2319 7064 .2012
[5]. R.sankar subramanian "shell and tube heat exchangers".

Abstract: Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) represents a wide variety of modern mainly computer based systems devoted to the improvement of manufacturing operations and enhancement of firm competitiveness globally. With the increasing pace of technological change and the accelerating globalisation of business, Competitive advantage for many manufacturing companies and countries now lies in their ability to effectively implement new products, rapid technological innovation and advances in manufacturing and information technology. This paper is a review of data reports, comparing policies, strategy and performances between China and the United States as regards advanced manufacturing technology. The comparative priorities is centred on manufacturing process, technology, innovations, new product development, responsibility and supply chain.
Keywords: Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Strategy, Policies Performance, China, United States.

[1]. Waldeck, N.E., 2007. Worker assessment and the provision of developmental activities with advanced technology: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics 107 (2), 540–554.
[2]. Laosirihongthong, T., Paul, H., 2004. Competitive manufacturing strategy:An application of quality management practices to advanced manufacturing technology implementation. International Journal of Business Performance Management 6 (3/4),
[3]. Machuca, J., Sacristan Diaz, M., Alvarez Gil, M., 2004. Adopting and implementing advanced manufacturing technology: New data on key factors from the aeronautical industry. International Journal of Production Research 42 (16), 3183–3202.
[4]. Karim, M.A., Smith, A.J., Halgamuge, S., Islam M.M., 2007. A comparative study of manufacturing practice and performance variables.
[5]. Nahim, A.Y., Vonderembse, M.A., Subba Rao, S.S., RaguNathan, T.S., 2006. Time-based manufacturing improves business performance—Results from a survey. International Journal of Production Economics 101, 213–229.

Abstract: Efficient utilization of biomass is a much needed requirement. A substantial quantity of wet as well as dry biomass in various forms becomes naturally available in the rural areas. It is essential to efficiently utilize the biogas and producer gas. In order to obtain mechanical or electrical power from these gaseous fuels, it is required to develop low-cost technology to convert the existing engines into biogas engines. The gasoline fuelled single cylinder generator engines are well established and available in the market with reasonable priceModificationof internal combustion engines for stationary electrical generators and internal combustion engines was studied. The various blends of L.P.G and Biogas are used and conducted the tests on 4-stroke, singlecylinder, air cooled SI engine. The experimental results were analyzed for the selection of better blendof L.P.G and Biogas suitable for SI engine for better performance with reduced pollution.
Keywords: biomass, carburettor, renewable, slurry, gasoline.

[1]. WayanSurata, TjokordaGdeTirtaNindhiab, I KetutAdiAtmikac, Dewa NgakanKetut Putra Negarad, and I WayanEkaPermanaPutrae, Simple Conversion Method from Gasoline to Biogas Fuelled Small Engine to Powered Electric Generator Energy Procedia 52 ( 2014 ) 626 – 632.
[2]. Rakopoulos, C.D. and Michos C.N. Generation of Combustion Irreversibilities in a Spark ignition Engine under Biogas–Hydrogen Mixtures Fueling.Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34:4422-37.
[3]. Chien,Y. K., Sheng. C., Tzu, T.H., Le, D., Ling,K. H., and Chih,S. L. Ability of a Mutant Strain of the Microalga Chlorellasp. to Capture Carbon Dioxide for Biogas Upgrading. Applied Energy 2012; 93:176-83.
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Column Reactor.Energy2010; 35:4531-5.

Abstract: The effect of the fundamental period, the soil structure interaction SSI, and the site on the seismic behaviour of R/C structures is investigated using analytical model based on the Algerian seismic regulations. Hence the aim of this study is to formulate model covering the fundamental period of vibrations based on a system with continuous columns in which the deformations of structure and soil represent the degree of freedom. Shear and flexural deformation are appointed for the structure, whereas relative displacement of the foundation base and rocking are meant for the soil( isolated footings for stiff and medium soil - sites S1, S2 and mat for soft soil sites S3 or S4).Finite element method is used to analyse the response of various R/C frames (low, medium and high rise),assuming fixed and flexible base,(vertical, horizontal translations stiffness, rocking and torsional stiffness),and compared with Newmark Rosenblueth, Deleuze and Gazetas methods.
Keywords: soil structure interaction, foundation, R / C frame, Seismic response, effective periods.

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