iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: Substantial measures for a reasonable biofuels industry include: collaboration among all stakeholders utilizing a frameworks methodology focused around sustainable biofuels certification; strategic sustainable development, and government policies to stimulate research into new innovations and feedstock, and additionally to decrease consumption and expand efficiency. The major aim of this paper endeavors to answer three fundamental questions, with a limited scope to bioethanol and biodiesel production in India. First, what are some significant sustainability opportunities and difficulties of the biofuels business? Second, what is the current condition of biofuel operations in India, and third, what initial moves to sustainable biofuel development can be distinguished? The reaction to these inquiries was researched into utilizing devices incorporating a strategic sustainable development approach, as conceived by The Natural Step Framework.

Keywords: Sustainable Biofuels Certification; Strategic Sustainable Development, Government Policies, Feedstock and Natural Step Framework.

[1]. Rao, P P and M C S Bantilan (2007): "Emerging Biofuel Industry: A Case for Pro-Poor Agenda with Special Reference to India", ICRISAT Strategic Assessment and Development Pathways for Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Tropics, Policy Brief, No 12.
[2]. Subramanian, K A, S K Singal, M Saxena and S Singhal (2005): "Utilization of Liquid Bio-fuels in Automotive Diesel Engines: An Indian Perspective", Biomass and Bioenergy, 29, 65-72.
[3]. UNCTAD (2006): "An Assessment of the Biofuels Industry in India" (Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)
[4]. Deepak, Rajgopal (2008): Rethinking Current Strategies for Biofuel Production in India, Energy and Resources Group (Berkley: University of California).
[5]. Mandal R and P Mithra (2004): "Biofuels: Indian Scenario and Policy Issues", proceedings of the "International Conference on Biofuels: Perspectives and Prospects", organized by Winrock International India, 16-17 September.

Abstract: Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure."This heat transfer generally takes place through a phase change of the refrigerant. This research studies various refrigerants used in the refrigeration system along with their effects on the environment, effects on global warming.

Keywords: Refrigerants, Global warming, chlorofluorocarbons, hydro fluorocarbons

[1]. Riffat, S. B., C. F. Afonso, A. C. Oliveira, and D. A. Reay,: Natural refrigerants for refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Applied Thermal Engineering 17 (1),pp.33-42, (1997).

[2]. Alsaad, M. A., and M. A. Hammad.,: The application of propane/butane mixture for domestic refrigerators. Applied Thermal Engineering 18 (9), pp.911-918, (1998).

[3]. Hammad, M. A., and M. A. Alsaad,: The use of hydrocarbon mixtures as refrigerants in domestic refrigerators. Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (11), pp.1181-1189, (1999).

[4]. Halimic, E., D. Ross, B. Agnew, A. Anderson, and I. Potts., :A comparison of the operating performance of alternative refrigerants. Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (12), pp. 1441-1451, (2003).

[5]. Sekhar, S. Joseph, D. Mohan Lal, and S. Renganarayanan,: Improved energy efficiency for CFC domestic refrigerators retrofitted with ozone-friendly HFC134a/HC refrigerant mixture. International journal of thermal sciences, 43 (3), pp.307-314, (2004).

[6]. Wongwises, S., & Chimres, N.:Experimental study of hydrocarbon mixtures to replace HFC-134a in a domestic refrigerator. Energy conversion and management, 46(1), pp. 85-100, (2005).

Abstract: Aluminium which is one of the most widely available materials in the world has proven a lot of use in modern technological developments. Aluminium 6061 T6 is a tempered alloy of aluminium containing different compositions of various materials together with it. Aluminium is used as alloys and also as composites for various applications such as aircrafts, automobile body parts, engine parts, SCUBA tanks, yacht construction etc. Even though aluminium alloys are used in various fields due to its unique and specific properties, certain properties like wear resistance can be improved to obtain a broader base of applications. A hybrid metal matrix composite is formed combining aluminium silicon carbide and mica in three different compositions keeping silicon carbide constant and increasing the mica percentage. A drum type wear apparatus is used to determine the percentage of wear loss in different compositions using different loads and it is found that the wear loss decreases linearly as the mica percentage is increased.

Keywords: Aluminium, Silicon Carbide, Mica, Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites, Wear Loss, Drum Type Wear Apparatus

1]. T. Rajmohan, K. Palanikumar, S. Ranganathan, Evaluation of mechanical and wear properties of hybrid aluminium matrix composites, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23(2013) 2509−2517
[2]. Dunia Abdul Saheb, aluminum silicon carbide and aluminum graphite particulate composites, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 10, October 2011
[3]. Manoj Singla, D. Deepak Dwivedi1, Lakhvir Singh, Vikas Chawla, Development of Aluminium Based Silicon Carbide Particulate Metal Matrix Composite, Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, vol.8, no.6
[4]. A.M.S. Hamouda , S. Sulaiman , T.R Vijayaram , M. Sayuti , M.H.M. Ahmad, Processing and characterization particulate reinforced aluminium silicon matrix composite, journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,volume25,issue2,december2007
[5]. G. B. Veeresh Kumar, C. S. P. Rao, N. Selvaraj, Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Particulate Reinforced Aluminum
Metal Matrix Composites, Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, vol.10, no.1

Abstract: The construction industry is dynamic in nature due to the increasing uncertainties in technology, budgets, and development processes. Nowadays, building projects are becoming much more complex and difficult. The project team is facing unprecedented changes. The study of project success and the critical success factors ~CSFs! are considered to be a means to improve the effectiveness of project. However the concept of project success has remained ambiguously defined in the mind of the construction professionals. Various attempts were made by different researchers to determine CSFs in construction. A number of variables influencing project success have been proposed. Some variables are common to more than one list, but there is no general agreement on the variables. This Project examines the success factors and determines which success factor is more critical in a successful completion of a project.

[1]. Adnan Enhassi, Sheriff Mohamed, and SalehAbushaban (2009) "Factors affecting the performance of consrtruction projects in the Gaza Strip", Journal of Civil Engg& Management. 2009, 15(3), 269-280.
[2]. AfshinPakserest, Dr. GholamrezaAsgari (2012) "Determining the critical success factors in construction projects by AHP approach", Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research Business,Vol 4 No 8 December 2012.
[3]. Albert P.C.Chan; David Scott; and Ada P.L.Chan (2004)"Factors affecting the success of construction project through a conceptual framework", Journal of Const: Engg: and management 2004. 130, 150-155
[4]. Syed ZafarShahibTabish and K N Jha (2012) "Success traits of a construction project", Journal of Const: Engg: & Management 2012 Vol 138.
[5]. Arti.J.Jari, Pankaj, P.Bhangale (2013) "Critical factors necessary for a successful construction project", International Journal Of Innovative Technology &Exporing Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Vol-2, Issue-5, April 2013

Abstract: Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to predicate experimental results for Natural Draft Wet Cooling Tower (NDWCT) rig using Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm in MATLAP. The experimental tests are done in hot and dry weather (Iraqi weather as an example). ANN results show good agreements with experimental results where average correlation coefficient (R) for all results is (0.994), average root mean square errors (RMSE) are (5.99, 0.91, 0.24, 0.51, 0.49, 0.2, and 5.46), and average of mean ratio between the errors and the network output values (MRE) are (1.72%, 1.32%, 3.93%, 1.78%, 3.77%, 8.4%, and 1.05%) for relative humidity change, tower range, water to air mass flow ratio, cooling capacity, heat rejected to air, effectiveness, and air enthalpy change respectively.

Keywords: Cooling Tower, Packing Fill, Natural Draft, Artificial Neural Network, Back Propagation.

1]. Sivanandam, S.N. Paulraj,M, ״Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks ״. Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd, 2003.
[2]. Zurada J., "Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems", West Publishing Company, 1996.
[3]. Gao M., Sun F. , Wang K., Shi Y. and Zhao Y., "Experimental Research of Heat Transfer Performance on Natural Draft Counter Flow Wet Cooling Tower under Cross-Wind Conditions", International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol.47, pp. 935–941, 2008.
[4]. Gao M., Sun F., Wang K., Shi Y. and Zhao Y., "Performance Prediction of Wet Cooling Tower Using Artificial Neural Network Under Cross-Wind Conditions", International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol.48, pp.583–589, 2009.
[5]. Jiasheng Wu, Guoqiang Zhang, Quan Zhang, Jin Zhou, Yu Wang, "Artificial neural network analysis of the performance characteristics of a reversibly used cooling tower under cross flow conditions for heat pump heating system in winter", Journal of Energy and Buildings vol.43, pp.1685–1693, 2011.
[6]. Gao Ming, Yue-tao Shi , Ni-ni Wang, Yuan-bin Zhao, Feng-zhong Sun, "Artificial neural network model research on effects of cross-wind to performance parameters of wet cooling tower based on level Froude number", Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.51, pp. 1226-1234, 2013.

Abstract: Diesel engines are widely used in heavy duty applications like transportation, power generation etc. but the quantity of diesel is limited in the world. So the price of diesel increased as the use of diesel increased day by day. With increase in use of these fossil fuels environmental problem is one of the issues which are increased day by day. These environmental concern and limited quantity of fuels have caused interests in the search for alternative fuels for IC engine. This paper represents the effect of varying load on performance and emission of diesel engine using WPO diesel blend in different proportion. Experiment was carried out by taking 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% WPO diesel blend. Experimental results shows that SFC decreases with increase in load but ME and BTE increases in all blend and 30% WPO diesel blend has minimum SFC and higher BTE and ITE compare to other blend proportion. Emission results show that emission of HC, NOX and CO2 increases with increase in load. With compare to diesel Emission of CO and CO2 is lower in 30% blend and NOX emission is lower at higher load but emission of HC increased. So diesel engine can be run at 30% WPO diesel blend. Keywords – Blended fuel, Diesel fuel, Engine Performance, Engine Emission

[1]. Mukherjee, M. K., & Thamotharan, C. Performance and Emission Test of Several Blends of Waste Plastic Oil with Diesel and Ethanol on Four Stroke Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine.
[2]. Kumar, S., Prakash, R., Murugan, S., & Singh, R. K. (2013). Performance and emission analysis of blends of waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste HDPE with diesel in a CI engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 74, 323-331.
[3]. Mani, M., Nagarajan, G., & Sampath, S. (2011). Characterisation and effect of using waste plastic oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine.Energy, 36(1), 212-219.
[4]. Mani, M., & Nagarajan, G. (2009). Influence of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on waste plastic oil. Energy, 34(10), 1617-1623.
[5]. Mani, M., Nagarajan, G., & Sampath, S. (2010). An experimental investigation on a DI diesel engine using waste plastic oil with exhaust gas recirculation.Fuel, 89(8), 1826-1832.
[6]. Pratoomyod, J., & Laohalidanond, K. Performance and Emission Evaluation of Blends of Diesel fuel with Waste Plastic Oil in a Diesel Engine. Carbon, 79, 75-99.

Abstract: As per the previous studies of various internal compounds, the durability and strength of the internally cured specimens is much greater than the conventionally cured specimens. Millenium21 is new product in market and thus is used as internal curing compound in this experimental study. The quality of structure does not solely depend upon strength gain only. Thus the durability has to be studied. In this experimental study the effects of Millenium21 were studied on strength and durability of concrete. Internal curing compound is used in concrete which will acquire uniform curing using minimal amount of water which is not possible with conventional curing techniques that in turn leads to improper curing and development of cracks. Therefore Millenium 21 is mixed in concrete to gain long term durability access.
Keywords: Carbonation, Durability, Internal curing, Millenium 21, Strength.

[1]. Prof. Nanak J Pamnani , Dr. A.K. Verma , Dr. D.R. Bhatt. Comparison Of Compressive Strength Of Medium Strength Self Compacted Concrete By Different Curing Techniques.
[2]. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013 ISSN: 2231-5381.
[3]. IS: 12269-1987, Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement, Bureau of Indian standards (BIS), New Delhi, India, 1989.
[4]. IS: 10262-1982, Recommended Guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, India, 1989.
[5]. IS : 516 - 1959( Reaffirmed 2004 ). Indian Standard METHODS OF TESTS FOR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE.
[6]. Jack M. Chi, Ran Huang, and C. C. Yang EFFECTS OF CARBONATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE USING ACCELERATED TESTING METHOD Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 14-20 (2002)
[7]. ASTM C642-81 American Society for Testing and Materials.

Abstract: Until now, car owners especially in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian nations) countries are facing problems where the temperature is too hot in the car when they park their cars under the scorching sun. Various problems will arise caused by this situation. For comparison, the temperature inside the car can achieve up to 80°C without the proposed system. This will make the driver and passenger uncomfortable while entering the car. Moreover, the car can also have car aging problem and bring damage to the goods present in the car. As a result, the need of portable car cooling system is really necessary so that the hot air inside the car shall be dissipate/remove and the temperature is reduced. Furthermore, the proposed system provides comfort to users due to its capability in improving the quality of air and decreasing the cabin temperature.

Keywords: portable car cooling system, different methods of cooling systems

[1]. R. Saidur, H.H. Masjuki, M. Hasanuzzaman. (2009). Performance of an Improved Solar Car Ventilator. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 24-34, 2009
[2]. M.A. Jasni and F.M. Nasir. (2012). Experimental Comparison Study of the Passive Methods in Reducing Car Cabin Interior Temperature. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Robotics Engineering (ICMAR'2012), pp. 229-233, December 14-15, Penang, Malaysia.
[3]. M.H. Salah, T. H. Mitchell, J.R. Wagner and D.M. Dawson. (2009). A Smart Multiple-Loop Automative Cooling System – Model, Control and Experimental Study. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 15, Issue 1, pp. 117-124.
[4]. A. Mezrhab, M. Bouzidi (2004). Computation of Thermal Comfort Inside a Passenger Car Compartment. Applied Thermal Engineering, 26 (14-15), 1697-1704.
[5]. N. Hasim, M.F Basar, M.S.M. Aras,"Design and Development of Water Bath Control System: A Virtual Laboratory Experiment," 2011 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), pp. 403-408, ISBN: 978-1-4673-0099-5, Cyberjaya, Malaysia, 19-20 December 2011.

Abstract: This research work involve the use of Matlab program in classification of soil according to AASHTO.The programme does not only classify soil but also give the group index,the general sub-grade rating as well as possible material a particular sample is made of.It also helps in reducing the tedious work of having to go through the chart over and over again.The program has indicated that Matlab is not only for calculation and analysis but also can be used in analysis involving numerics and word problems simultaneously. Keywords: soil classification, Matlab® program, AASHTO classification system, Atterberg Limits, Sieve Analysis, coding, loop statements, input/output based.

[1]. American Assocition of State Highway and Transportation Officials(1982).AASHTO Materials,Part I,specifications,D.C.
[2]. Arinze E. E. (2015) "Lecture Notes on ECE414 (Soil Mechanics II)". Department of Civil Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.
[3]. Arora K. R. (2011) "Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (Geotechnical Engineering)" Standard Publishers Distributors 1705-B, Nai Sarak Delhi 110006. ISBN81-8014-112-8.
[4]. Das B.M (2005) "Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering"2nd edn,Nelson publishers ontario Canada.ISBN 0-534-49294-0
[5]. Holger Hoffmann (2014) "Matlab Program for Soil Classification (USDA) according to texture" http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/45468-soil-classification/content
[6]. Okoro O. I. (2008) "Introduction to MATLAB/SIMULINK for engineers and scientists S. E." John Jacob's Classic Publishers Ltd. Plot 7 Fmr ESUT Road, Enugu. ISBN: 978-050-025-1.

Abstract: Majority of refrigerator works on vapor compression refrigeration system. The system consists of compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. The performance of the system depends on the performance of all components of the system. The main objective of the present study is to study the performance of a domestic refrigerator by placing shell and tube type heat exchanger immediately after the condenser to extract more amount of heat by sub cooling process by using ammonia as an external cooling media. Keywords: Sub cooling, Ammonia, Shell and tube heat exchanger, Coefficient of performance.

[1]. Akintunde, M.A. 2004b. Experimental Investigation of The performance of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
[2]. Eckert, E.R.G.; Goldstein, R.J.; Ibele, W.E.; Patankar, S.V.; Simon, T.W.; Strykowski, P.J.; Tamma, K.K.; Kuehn, T.H.; Bar-Cohen, A.; Heberlein, J.V.R.; (Sep 1997), Heat transfer- a review of 1994 literature, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40-16, 3729-3804.
[3]. Performance enhancement of a household refrigerator by addition of latent heat storage International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 31, Issue 5, August 2008, Pages 892-901 Azzouz, K.; Leducq, D.; Gobin, D.
[4]. Akintunde, M.A. 2004b. Experimental Investigation of The performance of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
[5]. Kays WM, London AL. Compact heat exchangers. New- York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the application of sub grade reaction method for the analysis of laterally loaded piles embedded in cohesion less soils. The sub grade reaction method considers the pile as a flexible beam on the elastic foundation and replaces soil as a series of elastic, closely spaced but independent springs. This method has the advantage of being relatively simple, and single layer foundation in cohesion less soil is considered in the present study. The pile deflection, Slope, bending moment and shear force is calculated using this method and the same has been validated with finite element based ANSYS software. The code IS 1911 has been used for values of Constant subgrade reaction.

Keywords: Lateral loads. Deflection, Slope, Bending moment, Shear force.

[1]. Shamsher prakash and Hari D. Sharma, "Pile foundations in engineering practice". John wiley and sons New York - 1990.
[2]. Poulos, H.G. and Davis, E. H, Pile Foundation Analysis and Design. John Wiley & Sons, New York.-1980
[3]. Murugan M, Natarajan C, Muthukkumaran K. "Behavior of laterally loaded piles in cohesionless soils" (2011). International journal of earth science and engineering
[4]. Rongqing Li and Jinxin Gong. "Analysis of laterally loaded pile in layered soils" (2008). EJGE
[5]. V S Phanikanth, Deepankar choudhury, G Rami reddy. "Response of single pile under lateral loads in cohesionless soils" (2010) EJGE
[6]. Matlock, H. and Reese, L. C. (1962)." Generalized Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers" 12, 1220-1247.