iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: This paper presents the laboratory investigation of an Expansive soil treated with an ecofriendly stabilizer RBI-81 both with and without lime. The soil mixes were tested for Unconfined Compressive Strength, California Bearing Ratio and Indirect Tensile Strength. The RBI-81 stabilizer was added in various percentages (2%, 4%, & 6%) to the soil and tested after curing for different periods (7days, 14days, & 28days). Results indicate optimum percentage of RBI-81 as 4%. However the soil-RBI mixtures had low CBR strength and zero tensile strength. Conventionally, lime is used to improve the strength and reduce swell shrink of an expansive soil. Lime was added to soil treated with 4% RBI after determining Initial consumption of lime (ICL) as 6%. The results indicate that addition of lime to soil–RBI-81 mixtures significantly increased the compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and CBR value. Further, longer curing period resulted in improvised strength.
Keywords: Curing, Expansive soil, Hydrated Lime, RBI-81, Stabilizers.

[1] Lekha B.M. and A.U. Ravi Shankar, International Journal of Civil Engineering Research ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, Number 2 (2014): "Laboratory Performance of RBI 81 Stabilized Soil for Pavements".
[2] Manisha Gunturi, P.T.Ravichandran, R.Annadurai, Divya Krishnan.K IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 " Study on strength characteristics of soil using soil stabilizer RBI-81"
[3] B.M.Patil and K.A.Patil International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2013 ISSN 2229-5518 "Improvement in Properties of Subgrade Soil by Using Moorum and RBI Grade 81"
[4] LASLEDJ Abdelmadjid, AL-MUKHTAR Muzahim (2008) "Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Engineering Behaviour and the Microstructure of Highly Expansive Clay".
[5] Nazia Nouf , Sureka Naagesh , Dept of Civil Engineering, BMSCE, Bangalore, International Journal of Research Development in Engineering and Technology, 2014 , ISSN 2347-6435 "Effect of RBI-81 on properties of Black Cotton soil".

Abstract: The proposed work is to deal with the distribution of rice to people through this distribution system. Usually FCI procures rice from millers or organizations constituted by farmers situated at some convenient central places. Then FCI supplies to some distribution centers referred to as MLSP's. Each MLSP, in turn supplies materials to some associated FPS's. Thus in a distribution system we have (i) FCI go downs, (ii) a small number of Mandal Level Service Poins (iii) a large number of FPS which are, in sets, associated with each Mandal Level Service Point (MLSP). This is the structure of a multi echelon PDS. The procurement of rice by FCI, its storage, supply to MLSP's, ordering/reordering by MLSP's for their respective demands, their storage and supplies to FPS's, all involve considérable expenditure. The multi echelon PDS system consists of: (i) procurement, (ii) inventory, (iii) reordering at FCI, (iv) supply, (v) storage, (vi) maintenance of the safety stock, and (vii) accounting for perishability of items. All these are to be looked into and the integrated cost of PDS is to be minimized scientifically. Variable cost minimization in a public distribution system (PDS) allowing for perishability of the product by implimention of BPSO (Binary Particle Swarm Optimization) using with C++ coding. BPSO technique have been successfully employed to model and simulate of lot sizing problem such as single item multi-level, capacitated problems under consideration to minimize total cost. The total cost obtained for the PDS problem under consideration by BPSO method it is observed that reduced cost is nearly two cores compared to the total cost of real existing system.
Keywords: Inventory Models;Public Distribution System; Lot Sizing: BPSO.

[1]. Poor's Supply Chain: Indian Public Distribution System Revisited by Dr. GyanPrakash, IITM, Gwalior, 2001.
[2]. Food Security and the Targeted Public Distribution System in India by Dr.ReetikaKhera, Ahmedabad, 2003.
[3]. ShruthiCyriac, Vishishta Sam & Naomi Jacob, Computerization of Paddy Procurement and Public Distribution System in Kerala,2003.
[4]. Schmidt, C.P., Nahmias, S.,,"(S-1,S) policies for perishable inventory. Management Science 31," 719-728,1985.
[5]. H. Xu, H. Wang "An economic ordering policy model for deteriorating items with time proportional demand",European Journal of Operational Research(24) 21-27,1991.

Abstract: Overhaul is a methodology whereby a system undergoes periodical maintenance to achieve its intended design life. It is also a mandatory requirement for any aircraft system to obtain type approval and airworthiness certification. Developing such a maintenance methodology for an aircraft system is challenging due to conflicting requirements, lack of standard procedure and adoption based on similarity. Although, literature suggests different approaches such as condition monitoring, MSG approach, MIL standards etc. the best solution for evolving this methodology seems to be a combination of MSG approach, historical failure data, test bed data, and flight data. To explain the way in which this methodology is evolved, a combat aircraft gearbox is considered as a case study. This gearbox and its functional details are presented first, followed by the sequence of overhaul. Overhaul components such as fault diagnosis, testing, cleaning, inspection, fits & clearances, assembly, storage etc. are explained in detail followed by their logical evolution through illustrations. Finally, by implementing this overhaul methodology the MTBO life of the gearbox was increased by the certification agencies along with benefits such as reduced time for airworthiness clearance, ease of overhaul & training and reduced queries from production agencies was achieved.
Keywords: accessory gearbox, overhaul, fault diagnosis, snags, strip examination, cleaning, inspection, testing

[1]. Defence R & D Organisation, Procedure for the design, development, and production of military aircraft and airborne stores (DDPMAS), 2002, Ministry of defence, Govt of India.
[2]. Junaid Basha A.M, Hafeezur Rahman. A, Condition monitoring of an aircraft gearbox, Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluid Power, Banglore, India, Dec 2007, c 3.1-3.7.
[3]. ANSI/AGMA 6000-B96, Specification for measurement of linear vibration on gear units (Virginia, USA: AGMA, 1996).
[4]. Bruel & Kjaer, Measuring vibration (Denmark: B&K, 1990).
[5]. ANSI/AGMA 299.01, Sound manual-basics, specification, & gear noise control (Virginia, USA: AGMA, 1999).

Abstract: Waste arising from construction and demolition constitutes one of the largest waste streams within the developed and developing nations. The rapid growth in construction and depleting natural resources demands the recycling and reusing technology to be adopted in construction field. The use of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and fly ash (FA) is one of theapproaches towards this need.Use of RCA and FA in concrete can be useful for environmental protection and economical terms. In this experimental study the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) is replaced with RCA at different percentage and the mechanical strength of concrete is tested. In addition the FA is introduced as replacement of Cement.The objective of present study is to determine the sustainability of RCA as an alternate material to NCA and to compare the workability, density and compressive strength result using FA. The mix designing is done for water cement ratio 0.5. Cubes are casted by replacing virgin aggregate and cement with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% RCA and FA and compressive strength is checked. Obtained results are then used to establish an empirical relationship between the strength of concrete by using percentage of RCA and percentage of FA. Results shows that RCA and FA up to 30% can be used for making concrete.
Keywords: compressive strength,concrete, fly ash (FA),natural coarse aggregate (NCA), recycled coarse aggregate (RCA).

[1]. Yerramalaa and RamachandruduCb,Properties of Concrete with Coconut Shells as Aggregate Replacement,Vol. 1,Issue 6, International Journal of Engineering Inventions.October2012,21-31.
[2]. R. Nagalakshmi, Experimental study on strength characteristics on M25 concrete with partial replacement of cement with fly ash and coarse aggregate with coconut shell, Vol. 4, Issue 1, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, January-2013.
[3]. S. BhanuPravallika and V. Lakshmi,A study on fly ash concrete in marine environment, Vol. 3, Issue ,International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,May 2014.
[4]. MukeshLimbachiya, Mohammed SeddikMeddah and Youssef Ouchagour,Use of recycled concrete aggregate in fly-ash concreteConstruction and Building Materials 27, ScienceDirect,(2012),439–449.
[5]. S.B. Singh, Mahalakshmi. N and NikeshThammishetti,Mechanical Properties of Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) Concrete,, Vol 9, No. 3,International Journal of Applied Engineering Research.(2014), 363-372.

Abstract: The building sector has witnessed a sea saw change in terms of its looks, design approach, technological interventions and associated limitations. But what has not changed over the period are the core building materials used for construction of the buildings. The four basic building materials extensively used in the building sector are identified as - Bricks, Cement, Steel and Glass today. For buildings, which are around 150 years old and still functional in a city like Kolkata - Only lime was used in place of cement and iron is taken over by steel. The Technopolis, the modern building in study here used all four whereas the KMC, the old building used lime mortar and lime concrete instead of cement and iron instead of steel as its core structural material. What initiated this study is that these building materials are also associated with a high amount of energy consumption in the building sector. And the paper makes a curious attempt in terms of their quantitative use in the two functional buildings of same typology and investigates the embodied energy consumed by these materials. The comparison are based on the embodied energy consumed by these building materials in per square metre area in the two buildings from two different eras and see where the modern building stands wrt the old building and then, if relevant justifications can be made for future buildings. Study: The Kolkata Municipal Corporation Building & The Technopolis Building, Kolkata.
Key Words: Building Materials, Embodied Energy, Old & Modern Buildings.

[1]. The energy embodied in building materials, J Baird.
[2]. Civil Engineers Handbook, P.N.Khanna.
[3]. Rawal et al., 2012
[4]. BEE: Compliance Evaluation of ECBC, S Yu, M Evans & A Delgado
[5]. www.engineeringtoolbox.com

Abstract: Every day we come across headlines stating the increase in the usage of petroleum, diesel, or the drastic changes in the weather due to Global warming. Because of this very reason mankind has started looking for alternative fuels and energy sources. Strenuous efforts have been made over the past few decades finding if the simplest element i.e. Hydrogen can actually deliver, serve the purpose of an alternative fuel and reduce our reliance on oil. Is Hydrogen capable of replacing conventional fuels like gasoline/diesel? Our paper highlights the important aspects of hydrogen powered vehicles, their types, and imprints a notion of being in a pollution free state with negligible tailpipe emissions as well as shows the hindering pitfall of its usage.
Keywords: Automobiles, Emissions, Hydrogen, Hydrogen Powered Vehicles, Weather Changes.

[1]. Gillingham.K (2007) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles: A Prudent intermediate step or a step in wrong direction? Stanford global climate and energy project working paper.
[2]. Neiva,l.s,gama,l , A study on the characteristics of the Reforming of Methane; A review, Brazil journal of Petroleum and Gas,V.4n.3,P.119-127,(2010),ISSN 1982-0593.
[3]. Brian D. James Overview of Hydrogen Storage Technologies, Argonne National Laboratory
[4]. VVN Bhaskar* et.al/International Journal of Innovative Technology and Research, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Dec-Jan(2013),046-053

Abstract: Nowadays engine components are subjected to higher load at elevated temperature than before, due to the increase requirement regarding weight, performance and exhaust gas emission. Thus, Fatigue due to simultaneous thermal and cyclic loading become determinant among the damage forms. At the same time, there is the need to reduce development time and cost to handle the growing number of model variant. Therefore, the development of suitable simulation tools, which reduces the number of necessary component tests, seems to be very rewarding. By using special material (aluminum alloy) we can reduce the fatigue load (Thermal and cyclic) on the piston by using finite element analysis, ANSYS work bench 14.5 version.

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[3]. Price, K,-Storn, R. (1995): Differential Evolution – a simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global optimization over continuous spaces. Technical Report TR-995-012, ICSI, March 1995
[4]. Sehitoglu, H, et al. (2002): "Thermomechanical fatigue analysis cast aluminum engine component". Termomechnical fatigue behavior of Material vol. 4, ASTM STP 1428
[5]. Sehitoglu, H – Neu, R (1989): "Thermomechanical fatigue, Oxidation and creep: Part I and II. Experiments" Metallurgical Transaction, 20A, pp. 1755-1767.

Abstract: An all-terrain vehicle (ATV), also known as a quad, quad bike, three-wheeler, or four-wheeler, is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering control[1]. Roll cage is the skeleton that encapsulates the driver and serves as a protection. It becomes mandatory for manufacturers to ensure customers' safety, which in turn is dependent on a robust and sturdy construction of the roll cage. Physical prototyping done to ensure this was costly and hence cleared way for virtual prototyping which involves computer aided design and analysis. This does not involve manufacturing prototypes and hence reduced the cost. Constraints and loading conditions are applied at locations as per the standards and the analysis results are used for determining the real life performance of the roll cage. Though there are several constraints in designing, some of the dimensions are left to the mercy of the designer. In this paper, two of such dimensions are taken and analyzed to arrive at the optimum dimension and checked for final feasibility.
Keywords: Finite Element Method, Linear Static Analysis, Stress analysis, Structural Analysis, Vehicle Chassis

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle
[2]. BAJA SAEINDIA rule book 2015.
[3]. Properties of Carbon steel AISI 1018 http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6115
[4]. Stability and vibrations of an all-terrain vehicle subjected to nonlinear structural deformation and resistance - L Dai, J Wu
[5]. Integration CAD/CAM/CAE System for Production All-Terrain Vehicle Manufactured with Composite Materials - G. Vratanoski, Li. Dudeski, V. Dukovski

Abstract: The present problem of depleting crude oil can be solved by finding such alternative biodiesel, which gives better efficiency and reduce emissions. In this paper sesame seed is identified as an alternative source of energy, but has a problem of high viscosity so it cannot be used directly. This Diesel along with the sesame blend is used in the Single cylinder C.I. Engine and performance are evaluated. Taguchi Method for parametric optimization is used in this experiment. An optimum condition of Injection pressure and the blend is identified for maximum brake thermal efficiency. The result of Taguchi Method identified that maximum brake thermal efficiency is obtained when Diesel is blended with sesame in 10 % and operated at an injection pressure of 160 bar at 10kg load.
Keywords: C.I. Engine, Parametric optimization, Sesame oil, Specific fuel consumption,Taguchi method.

[1]. Shailaja.M, A. ArunaKumari, A V Sita Rama Raju." Performance Evaluation of a Diesel Engine with Sesame Oil Biodiesel and its Blends with Diesel" International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology.
[2]. Bhave, Nikhil A., Vivek M. Ugare, and Amol M. Andhare. "Performance and Emission Studies of Sesame Oil Methyl Ester in Compression Ignition Engine."
[3]. Altun, Şehmus, HüsamettinBulut, and CengizÖner. "The comparison of engine performance and exhaust Emissioncharacteristics of sesame oil–diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine." Renewable Energy33.8 (2008): 1791-1795.
[4]. Banapurmath, N. R., P. G. Tewari, and R. S. Hosmath. "Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on Honge, Jatropha and sesame oil methyl esters." Renewable energy 33.9 (2008): 1982-1988.
[5]. Patel, MrKrunal B., Tushar M. Patel, and MrSaumil C. Patel. "Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil and Diesel Blend for Specific Fuel Consumption Using Taguchi Method." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 6.1 (2012): 83-88.

Abstract: As usage of plates, especially thick plates, are increased in structural and mechanical projects, the need for more precise plate analysis method increased, too. Designers look for a plate analysis method which can result in an exact stress-strain relationship with consideration of thickness effects, shear deformation and compressive deformation of plate across the thickness. This paper reviews the process of thick plate analysis method developments by describing a number of main plate analytical methods. Weak and strong points of each method are explained for each method.
Keywords: Exact 3D solution, Orthotropy,State Space method, Thick plate, Plate analysis.

[1]. Whitney, J.M. and N.J. Pagano, Shear Deformation in Heterogeneous Anisotropic Plates. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1970. 37(4): p. 1031-1036.
[2]. Srinivas, S. and A.K. Rao, Bending, vibration and buckling of simply supported thick orthotropic rectangular plates and laminates. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 1970. 6(11): p. 1463-1481.
[3]. Srinivas, S., A refined analysis of composite laminates. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1973. 30(4): p. 495-507.
[4]. Hussainy, S.A. and S. Srinivas, Flexure of rectangular composite plates. Fibre Science and Technology, 1975. 8(1): p. 59-76.
[5]. Mindlin, R.D., Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates. ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1951. 18 p. 31–38.

Abstract: In this paper, State Space approach formulation is developed to obtain the three-dimensional solution of thick orthotropic plates with symmetric Clamped-Free edges. All equations of elasticity can be satisfied. All the elastic constants are taken into account in this approach. The system Matrix, which is one the main part of State Space solution, is derived for symmetric Clamped-Free boundaries.
Keywords: Exact 3D solution, Orthotropy,State Space method, Symmetric clamped-free edges, Thick plate analysis.

[1]. Reissner, E., The Effect of Transverse Shear Deformation on the Bending of Elastic Plates. Journal of Applied Mechanics-Transactions of the Asme, 1945. 12(2): p. A69-A77.
[2]. Mindlin, R.D., Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates. ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1951. 18 p. 31–38.
[3]. Ambartsumyan, S.A., Theory of anisotropic plates: strength, stability, vibration. 1970: Technomic Pub. Co.
[4]. Kameswara Rao, N.S.V. and Y.C. Das, A Mixed Method in Elasticity. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1977. 44(1): p. 51-56.
[5]. Fan, J.R., Exact theory of laminated thick plates and shells. 1996, Beijing: Science Press.

Abstract: Construction defects are very common and frequently arising in construction project, especially in the project which has poor workmanship, poor project management in the construction site. Construction defect can be known as major problem in the construction industry that could cause the value of building decreases. As the defect impact on time and cost overrun, identification of defect at early stage of construction makes easy to complete project in stipulated timing. This helps to avoid or minimize defect in future work. Numerous analytical or statistical methods are available for analyzing impacts and selection of proper method depends upon: statistical data, time limitation of method. This information further helps to fix responsibilities, penalties on various parties involved in construction. This data is also required for suggesting different selection of remedial measures for improving useful life of structure. The purpose of this study is to review various symptoms & causes of construction defects occurring in construction project. Keyword: Building Defects, Construction defects.

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[3]. Georgiou, J., Love, P. E. D., and Smith, J. _1999_. "A comparison of defects in houses constructed by owners and registered builders in the Australian State of Victoria." Manage. Int. Rev., 17_3_, 160–170.
[4]. Georgiou, J., Smith, J., and Love, P. E. D. _2000_. "A review of builderregistration in the State of Victoria, Australia." Struct Surv., 18_1_,38–45.
[5]. Georgiou, J., Smith, J., and Love, P. E. D. _2002a_. "Defects and quality control in the housing industry: Implications for management and regulatory control." Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on ISO 9000 & TQM
[6]. (Change Management) _CD-ROM_, Centre for Management Quality Research _CMQR_ at RMIT Univ., RMIT Storey Hall, Melbourne, Australia.
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