iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: Gas tungsten arc welding is fundamental in those industries where it is important to control the weld bead shape and its metallurgical characteristics. However, compared to the other arc welding process, the shallow penetration of the TIG welding restricts its ability to weld thick structures in a single pass thus its productivity is relativity low. This is why there have been several trials to improve the productivity of the TIG welding. Different kind of oxide Cr2O3 ,MgCo3, 1:1 mixture of both these powder, MgO, CaO, Al2O3 oxide powder were used on mild steel. The experimental results showed that activating flux aided TIG welding has increased the weld penetration, tending to reduce the width of the weld bead .Also on increasing penetration by applying the flux on mild steel its hardness get reduced and there subsequently increased in depth to width ratio. The Cr2O3 flux produced most noticeable effect Keywords- Cr2O3 ,MgCo3, MgO, CaO, Al2O3 flux used, active flux used on mild steel plate.

[1]. Meng X., Qin X., Zhang Y., Fu B., Zou Z., "High speed TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding of mild steel plate" Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214 (2014) 2417–2424
[2]. E. Ahmadi, A.R. Ibrahim, "The effect of activating fluxes on 316L stainless steel weld joint characteristic in TIG welding using the Taguchi method"
[3]. G. Magudeeswaran , S. R. Nair, L. Sundar , N. Harikinnan, "Optimization of process parameters of the activated tungsten inert gaswelding for aspect ratio of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel welds" Defence Technology xx (2014) 1-10
[4]. Chern TS, Tseng KH, Tsai HL. "Study of the characteristics of duplex stainless steel activated tungsten inert gas welds." (2011) 255-63.
[5]. Fujii H, Sato T, Lu SP, Nogi K." Development of an advanced A-TIG (AA-TIG) welding method by control of Marangoni convection." Mater Sci Eng A 2008;495(1-2):296-303.
[6]. K.H. Tseng , K-J Chuang, "Application of iron-based powders in tungsten inert gas welding for 17Cr–10Ni–2Mo alloys" Powder Technology 228 (2012) 36–46
[7]. T. Sakthivel , M. Vasudevan, K. Laha, P. Parameswaran, K.S. Chandravathi, M.D. Mathew, A.K. Bhaduri, "Creep rupture strength of activated-TIG welded 316L(N) stainless steel" Journal of Nuclear Materials 413 (2011) 36–40

Abstract: In the last decade, we have heard more and more about the need of renew-able clean energy, but not much has been done. Currently, the wind power energy is the most popular of all of these green technologies. Thousands of wind turbines are being invested and installed everywhere worldwide.Blade is one of the key components in wind turbine, which is needed to be enough stiffness, strength and stability. Loading calculation is significant for the blade strength analysis. In this paper a detailed review provides a complete picture of wind turbine blade loads and shows the dominance of modern turbines almost exclusive use of horizontal axis rotors. The aerodynamic design principles for a modern wind turbine blade are detailed, a review of design loads on wind turbine blades is offered, describing aerodynamic, gravitational, centrifugal, gyroscopic and operational conditions.

[1]. Hau, E. Wind Turbines, Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics, 2nd ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2006.
[2]. Dominy, R.; Lunt, P.; Bickerdyke, A.; Dominy, J. Self-starting capability of a darrieus turbine.Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A J. Power Energy 2007, 221, 111–120.
[3]. Holdsworth, B. Green Light for Unique NOVA Offshore Wind Turbine, 2009. Available online: http://www.reinforcedplastics.com (accessed on 8 May 2012).
[4]. Maalawi, K.Y.; Badr, M.A. A practical approach for selecting optimum wind rotors.Renew. Energy 2003, 28, 803–822.
[5]. Griffiths, R.T. The effect of aerofoilcharachteristics on windmill performance. Aeronaut. J.1977, 81, 322–326.
[6]. Quarton, D.C. The Evolution of Wind Turbine Design Analysis—A Twenty Year Progress Review; Garrad Hassan and Partners Ltd.: Bristol, UK, 1998; pp. 5–24.

Abstract: Finite element models were used to calculate the stresses in a piston ring, for centrifugal forces, gas pressure, piston to cylinder contact and thermo-mechanical loading. A fatigue analysis superimposed the four loading conditions and calculated the fatigue life at each node on the model, adjusting the materials fatigue properties for the effects of nodal temperature. The identification of fatigue-critical locations, and the calculated fatigue lives, showed good agreement with test results. In this work, the damaged piston ring was analyzed for its fatigue strength using ANSYS commercial finite element software. Piston ring of diesel engine was taken for the analysis. Damages initiated at the crown, ring grooves, pin hole sand skirt are assessed. A compendium of case studies of fatigue-damaged piston ring is presented. An analysis of both thermal fatigue and mechanical fatigue damages is presented and analyzed in this work.

Keywords: (Piston Ring, Fatigue, Gas Pressure, Thermo-Mechanical Loading. Ring Grooves).

[[1]. Junker H, Issler W. Pistons for high loaded direct injection diesel engines. MAHLE Technical information
[2]. Taylo CM. Automobile engine tribology – design considerations for efficiency and durability.Wear 1998; 221:1–8.
[3]. Kajiwara H, Fujioka Y, Suzuki T, Negishi H . An analytical approach for prediction of piston temperature distribution in diesel engines. JSAE Rev 2002; 23(4):429–34.
[4]. Payri F, Benajes J, Margot X, Gil A. CFD modeling of the in-cylinder flow in direct- injection diesel engines. Computer Fluids2004; 33(8):995–1021.
[5]. Mogilewski R, Brian SR, Wolbach WS, Kruse TW, Maier RD, Shoemaker DL, Chabala JM, Soni KK, Levi-Setti R. Reaction sat the matrix-reinforcement interface in aluminum alloy matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A 1995; 191:209–22 .
[6]. Kadambanathan, E.Selvan, Fatigue Analysis of diesel piston ring by using FEA, NCETIME – 2k13.

Abstract: Automotive bumper beam assembly plays very important role in absorbing impact. In this paper, the most important parameters of an automotive front bumper beam such as material, shape and impact condition are to be studied to improve the crashworthiness. The simulation of bumper beamis done under low-velocity impact as per the standards of automotive stated in E.C.E. United Nations Agreement, Regulation no. 42, 1994. The strength of the bumper beamin elastic mode is investigated with energy absorption and impact force in maximum deflection situation. Similar bumper beams made of different materials are simulated to determine the deflection, impact force, stress distribution and energy-absorption behavior, these characteristics are compared with each other to find best choice of material. The results show that a M220 material can minimize the bumper beam deflection, impact force and stress distribution and also maximize the elastic strain energy. In addition, the effect of passengers in the impact behavior is examined. The time history of the calculated parameters is showed in graphs for comparison.

Keywords -Bumper beam, Impact, low velocity, LS-Dyna.

[1]. Umar R.. Update of road safety status in Malaysia. University Putra Malaysia. 2005.
[2]. Hosseinzadeh RM, Shokrieh M, and Lessard LB, "Parametric study of automotive composite bumper beams subjected to low-velocity impacts", Composite Structures 68 (2005) 419–427, Elsevier Ltd.
[3]. Marzbanrad J M, Alijanpour M, and Kiasat MS, "Design and analysis of automotive bumper beam in low speed frontal crashes", Thin-Walled Structures 47(2009) 902–911, Elsevier Ltd.
[4]. United Nations agreement, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regards to their front and rear protective devices (bumpers, etc.), E.C.E., 1994.
[5]. Andersson R, Schedin E, Magnusson C, Ocklund J, "The Applicability of Stainless Steel for Crash Absorbing Components", SAE Technical Paper, 2002.
[6]. Evans D and Morgan T, "Engineering Thermoplastic Energy Absorbers for Bumpers", SAE Paper, 1999.

Abstract: An experiment study has been carried out for MAHUA oil blended with diesel used in single cylinder CI engine. MAHUA oil is non edible vegetable oil which is available in large quantities in India. Blending of mahua oil with diesel in maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the specific fuel consumption of diesel fuel. This study applies the L16orthogonal array of the taguchi method to find out the best injection pressure blend proportion and load for minimum specific fuel consumption. The result of the taguchi experiment identifies that 0% blend ratio, engine load 10 kg and injection pressure 160 bar are optimum parameter setting for minimum specific fuel consumption. Engine performance is mostly influenced by engine load and least influenced by injection pressure. Confirmation experiment was done using optimum combination showed that specific fuel consumption was found by experiment is closer to the predicated value.

Keywords -mahua oil, injection pressure, specific fuel consumption, and Taguchi method.

[1]. A. Karnwal, M. Hasan, N. Kumar, A.N. Siddiquee and Z.A. Khan. 2011. Multi- response optimization of diesel engine performance parameters using Thumba biodiesel -diesel blends by applying the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis- International Journal of Automotive Technology. 12(4): 599-610.
[2]. N. Maheswari, C. Balaji and A. Ramesh. 2011. A nonlinear regression based multi-objective optimization of parameters based on experimental data from an IC engine fueled with biodiesel blends. Biomass and Bio-energy. 35: 2171-2183.
[3]. Alonso JM, Alvarruiz F, Deantesjm Hernandez. L, Hernandez V and Molto G. 2007. Combining neural networks and genetic algorithms to predict and reduce diesel engine emission. IEEE Trans. 11: 46-55.
[4]. T. Ganapathy, K. Murugesan and R.P. Gakkhar. 2009. Performance optimization of Jatropha engine model using Taguchi approach. Applied Energy. 86: 2476- 2486.
[5]. Cenk sayin and Metin gumus. Impact of compression ratio and injection parameters on the performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with bio-diesel. Blended Fuel.
[6]. Jinlin Xue, Tony E. Grift and Alan C. Hansen. 2011. Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15: 1098-1116.

Abstract: A sustainable energy and environment alternate energy is require to be increasing used instead of normal fuels (diesel, petrol, and gasoline).One of the alternate fuel is waste plastic oil, which extracted from the waste plastic materials. In this report the initial stage tests are conducted on twin cylinder water cooled diesel engine by using diesel and base line data is produced. Similarly in the second stage experimental process are carried out on twin cylinder water cooled diesel engine with same operating parameters by applying the waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diesel and diesel fuel additive. In this study the diesel engine was tested using diesel fuel additive (Total AC2010A) blended with biodiesel at certain mixing ratios of (WPO: DIESEL: DIESEL FUEL ADDITIVE) Such as WPODA10, WPODA20, WPODA30 to find out the performance parameters and emissions. By the finishing of this report, the successful of the project have been started which is kirloskar twin cylinder diesel engine is able to run with waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPO) but initially the engine starts with diesel fuel the followed by waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPO) and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turn off. Finally experimental results of blended fuel (waste plastic pyrolysis oil + diesel fuel additive) and diesel fuel are achieved better results.

Keywords: Alternative fuel, Diesel, Diesel fuel additive, Emission, Performance, Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPO).

[1]. Bertoli, C., D‟Alessio, Del Giacomo, N., Lazzaro, M., Massoli,P., and Moccia, V., 2000, Running Light duty DI Diesel Engines with Wood Pyrolysis Oil, SAE paper 2000-01-2975, pp.3090-3096.
[2]. Chaala and Roy.C, 1996, Production of Coke From Scrap Tire Vacuum Pyrolysis Oil, Journal of Fuel Processing Technology, 46, 227-239.
[3]. Mr.V.l.Narayana, Mr.D.Mojeswararao, "Experimental study on the performance of C.I diesel engine using plastic pyrolysis oil blends with pure diesel" International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 6, August - 2012 ISSN: 2278-0181.
[4]. C. Wongkhorsub, N. Chindaprasert, "A Comparison of the Use of Pyrolysis Oils in Diesel Engine" Energy and Power Engineering, 2013, 5, 350-355, July 2013.
[5]. S. Murugan, M C Ramaswamy and G Nagarajan, "Assessment of Pyrolysis oil as an energy source for Diesel engines". Anna University, Chennai, India.

Abstract: The water quality index (WQI) is a single number that expresses the quality of water by integrating the water quality variables. This paper deals with the assessment of ground water quality in and around Kothamangalam Taluk, Kerala state of India. . For calculating the WQI the following 12 physic-chemical parameters such as pH, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Fluoride, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphate and Nitrate have been considered. WQI obtained ranges from 26 to 9199.977. High value of WQI is mainly due to higher concentrations of iron which makes the water unsuitable for drinking.

Keyword: Ground water, Physico-Chemical parameters, Water Quality Index, Water quality standards

[1]. APHA (1995). Standard Methods (18 Ed.) for the examination of water and waste water, APHA, AWWA, WPCE, Washington DC.
[2]. Bhaven N. Tandel, JEM Macwan and Chirag K. Soni (2011). Assessment of Water Quality Index of small lake in south Gujarath region, India, Proceedings of ISEM-2011, Thailand.
[3]. BIS 10500, (1991), Specifications for drinking water, Indian Standard Institutions (Bureau of Indian Standards), New Delhi.
[4]. Brown R.M, N.J. Mccleiland, R.A. Deiniger, M.F.A. Oconnor (1972). Water quality index – crossing the physical barrier, Proc. Int. Conf. on water pollution research, Jerusalem, 6, 787-797.
[5]. ICMR Manual of standards of quality for drinking water supplies (1975). ICMR, New Delhi.
[6]. Kalavathy S., T. Rakesh Sharma and P. Sureshkumar (2011), Water uality Index River Cauvery in Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu, Arch. Environ. Sci., 5, 55-61.
[7]. Ramakrishnaiah C.R, C. Sadashivaiah and G. Ranganna (2009). Assessment of Water Quality Index for theGroundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India; E-Journal of Chemistry, 6(2), 523-530.

Abstract: In recent years, the threat of tsunamis has taken an added urgency after a 9.3 magnitude earthquake off Indonesia's Sumatra island in December 2004 which triggered a tsunami and killed more than 230,000 people and left a half million homeless in a dozen countries[3]. Bangladesh experienced relatively minor damage from the tsunami, with 2 people killed. In order to assess the vulnerability of the coastal region of Bangladesh due to tsunami a tsunami model was developed covering the Indian ocean, the Arabian sea, the Bay of Bengal and the coastal region of Bangladesh using MIKE21 modelling system of DHI. The model was calibrated with the tsunami of December 26, 2004, which occurred at the West Coast of Sumatra due to a strong earthquake. In total six scenarios of tsunami were identified based on the potential sources of earthquake in the Bay of Bengal. Initial surface level maps for all the scenarios were generated using QuakeGen, a geological model and MIKE 21 modelling system. Then all the scenarios were simulated with respective initial surface level maps under Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) and Mean Sea Level (MSL). The maximum inundation map for each scenario of tsunami was generated based on the simulated results for MHWS as it is more vulnerable than MSL. Finally inundation risk map was generated using GIS tool and all the maximum inundation map. The inundation risk map for tsunami shows that Sundarban area, Nijhum Dwip, south of Hatia (outside polder) and Cox's Bazaar coast may experience higher flood level during tsunami.

Keywords - Tsunami, Propagation, Inundation, Coastal Region, and MIKE21.

[1]. Comer, R., 1980. Tsunami height and earthquake magnitude: theoretical basis of an empirical relation. Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume
7, pp. 445-448.
[2]. Curray, J. a. M. D., 1971. Growth of the Bengal Deep-Sea Fan and denudation in the Himalayas. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Volume 82,
pp. 563-572.
[3]. ENR/UNEP, 2006. Damage to Coastal Ecosystems and Associated Terrestrial Environments of Sri Lanka by the Tsunami of 26th
December 2004, Draft Final Report: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Srilanka and United Nations Environment
Programme.
[4]. MES, 2001. Hydro-morphological dynamics of the Meghna Estuary, Meghna Estuary Study (MES) Project, Meghna Estuary Study:
DHV/IWM/DHI.
[5]. NOAMI, 2007. Tsunami vulnerability assessment of the urban growth centres in the south-eastern Bangladesh. s.l.:s.n.
[6]. Okada, Y., 1985. Surface Deformation due to Shear and Tensile Faults in a Half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
America , 75(4), pp. 1135-1154.
[7]. Pedersen, N. R. P. S., 2005. Modelling of the Asian tsunami off the coast of northern Sumatra. KL, Malaysia, DHI User's
Conference 2005.

Abstract: Truck chassis is the structural backbone of any vehicle which supports the components and payload placed upon it. Also, the chassis should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. A chassis design should have adequate bending stiffness for better handling characteristics along with strength. This paper presents the finite element analysis of the chassis of Eicher 11.10 using ansys workbench and stress computation using standard techniques. Stress determination of the stresses of chassis before manufacturing is vital to improve the design. The design can be improved even before developing the prototype using finite element analysis. In this present work chassis is modelled in Creo Parametric 3.0 and static structural characteristics are analysed using Finite Element models.

Keywords - Creo Parametric 3.0, FEA, ladder frame, structural steel, Truck Chassis

[1]. Patel, T. M., Bhatt, M. G., & Patel, H. K. (2013). Analysis and validation of Eicher 11.10 chassis frame using Ansys. International
Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science,2(2), 85-88.
[2]. Shroff, R. (2002). Structural Optimization of Automotive Chassis (Master's dissertation, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay).
[3]. Karita, K., Kohiyama, Y., Kobiki, T., Ooshima, K., & Hashimoto, M. (2003). Development of Aluminum Frame for Heavy-Duty
Trucks. Technical Review in Japan, 15, 81-84.
[4]. Butdee, S., & Vignat, F. (2008). TRIZ method for light weight bus body structure design. Journal of Achievements in Materials and
Manufacturing Engineering, 31(2), 456-462.
[5]. Husaini, M., &Wahab, A. (2009). Stress analysis on truck chassis (Doctoral dissertation,UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG).

Abstract: In this study, a blend of Palm seed oil is in the various proportions like 10%, 20%, 30%, and up to in the diesel fuel added in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance have been investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Experimental results show that the SFC characteristics of the mixture of Palm seed oil–diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel.There is required number of experiments which gives results in the form of set of parameter. This set of parameter give different performance with reduction in different fuel consumption. From this sets of parameters, there must be choose set of parameters.in this study, the effects of parameters' i.e. load, injection pressure, blend are taken as variable for optimization. Taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment, using Taguchi method numbers of reading are taken so Taguchi experiment identify that injection pressure 200 bar, engine load 10 kg and blend B0D100 are optimum parameter setting for higher brake thermal efficiency Keywords: Diesel, palm seed oil, parametric optimization, Specific fuel consumption (SFC), Taguchi method.

[1]. A Modi, M. (2014). Parametric Optimization Of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine For Palm Seed Oil & Diesel Blend For Brake Thermal Efficiency Using Taguchi Method. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 4(5), 49-54.
[2]. Patel, M. K. B., Patel, T. M., & Patel, M. S. C. (2012). Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil and Diesel Blend for Specific Fuel Consumption Using Taguchi Method. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 6(1), 83-88.
[3]. Rao, G. R., Raju, V. R., Rao, M. M., Manohar, T. G., Reddy, V. V., Sugapriya, C., ... & Thirumurthy, A. M. (2008). Optimising the compression ratio of diesel fuelled CI engine. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 1-4.
[4]. Canakci, Mustafa, and Jon H. Van Gerpen. "The performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel from yellow grease and soybean oil." American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE Annual International Meeting, Sacramento, California, USA. 2001

Abstract: Increasing demand of fossile fuel there is need to study a number of renewable sources. In present investigation influence of input parameter such as injection pressure, compression ratio and load on the performance of single cylinder diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel and its blend. The test are carried out with three different injection pressure (160, 200, 240 bar), compression ratio (18, 17, 16), load (1, 6, 11) and %of biodiesel (100%, 50%, 0%). This study investigated by Response Surface Methodology to optimize the performance parameter such as break specific fuel consumption (BSFC). A set of experimental runs was established by using a Central Composite Design (CCD) and the response surface method was employed to obtain the regression model for the break specific fuel consumption for different values of input parameter. The individual effects of these parameters and the combined effects of multiple parameters are examined. The experimental results reveal that the soybean biodiesel and its blend provide better engine performance and reduce break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared to diesel with little change in input parameter.

Keywords: Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Parametric Optimization, RSM, Soybean biodiesel.

[1]. Patel, T. M., Patel, K. B., & Patel, S. C. (2013). Artificial Neural Network Based Prediction of Performance Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil and Diesel Blend. International Journal of Computer Science & Applications (TIJCSA),
2(03).
[2]. Ganapathy, T., Gakkhar, R. P., & Murugesan, K. (2011). Optimization of performance parameters of diesel engine with jatropha
biodiesel using response surface methodology. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 30(sup1), S76-S90.
[3]. Kannan, K., & Udayakumar, M. (2010). Experimental study of the effect of fuel injection pressure on diesel engine performance
and emission. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(5), 42-45.