IOSR-JHSS   Volume-26 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2021

Abstract: The paper aims to determine the relationship between access to electricity and economic performance. The study covered 14 countries of the ECOWAS region and used data ranging from 1990 to 2016. The Pool Mean Group estimator, in an ARDL setting, was used to estimate the short and long run dynamics of access to electricity on growth. The analysis was done considering the currency, language and geographical divide. Results show cointegration among variables. In the long run, access to electricity positively impacts economic growth but not in the short run. There is a long run causality going from access to electricity to economic performance. Access to electricity has no significant impact on economic growth when the sample is disaggregated to capture the currency, language and geographical divide. From the findings, we recommend that the authorities of the region endeavor to increase investment in energy infrastructure to substantially improve access rate..

Key Words: energy, economic growth, PMG, ECOWAS

[1]. Bazilian et al. (2010). Measuring Energy Access: Supporting a Global Target. The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA. Retrieved from http://us-cdn.creamermedi a.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/28017_bazilian_et_al_2010_measuring_energy_access_supporting_a_global_target.pdf.
[2]. Blackburne E.F. and M.W. Frank (2007), Estimation of Nonstationary heterogeneous panels, The Stata Journal Vol. 7 (2):197-208
[3]. Dvořák, P., Martinát, S., Van der Horst, D., Frantál, B., Turečková, K. (2017). Renewable Energy Investment and Job Creation; A Cross-Sectoral Assessment for the Czech Republic with Reference to EU Benchmarks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 69 pp. 360-368.
[4]. Fatai, B.O.(2014). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth nexus: Panelco-integration and causality tests for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, Vol. 25 (4). Retrieved from http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/ images/119/ jesa/25-4jesa-Fatai.pdf
[5]. Foxon, J. T. and Steinberger, J. K. (2011). The role of Energy in Economic Development: A Co-Evolutionary Perspective. European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE). Vienna.

Abstract: The physical world we live in speaks volumes of a changing nature, but deep underneath there is a great sense of constancy. Even though the utmost goal of every human being is to be happy, man has perpetually lived between two parallel poles in this life. There is a glaring presence of beauty and order which man cannot enjoy. Humans are faced with the problem of explaining the presence of order and beauty which cannot be enjoyed to the fullest. It is based on this difficulty that this study attempts a philosophical examination of the metaphysics of creation of Plato's Timaeus to delineate between human nature and its attainment of unity through human conduct. The study adopts the historical, expository, and evaluative methods for analysis. The study discovered that no matter how hard human beings pursue their desires, they are bound not to be happy.......

Key Words: Metaphysics, Development, Happiness, Plato, Human nature

[1]. Francis M. Cornford, Plato's Cosmology (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; reprinted, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1997), 90c5.
[2]. D.J. Zeyl, trans. Plato: Timaeus (Indianapolis and Cambridge, Mass: Hackett Publishing Co., 2000), 90d5 – 7.
[3]. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers Retrieved from https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/d/diogenes_laertius/lives_of_the_eminent_philosophers/contents.html.
[4]. G.E.R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle (London: Chatto & Windus, 1970), ix.
[5]. Hans-Georg Gadamer, The Beginning of Philosophy Translated by Rod Coltman (New York: Continuum, 2001), 7.

Abstract: This study is focused on the appraisal of conflict management and labour relations in Nigeria's government agencies. It is aimed at examining the roles government plays in resolving conflicts among its agencies and parastatals in view of the fact that no agency or parastal can function properly when there is conflict. The study adopted content analytical approach and oral interview. It was discovered that most governments in Nigeria put in appreciable effort at resolving conflicts in government organization in collaboration with labour unions; that communication gap on dysfunctional communication breeds conflict in organization and consequently bring about untold behaviour among staff. For conflict to be minimized or cut to size in government organizations, it is recommended that a well designed conflict management system be established, that seminars/workshops be organization regularly for employees to enable them be acquainted with conflict resolution strategies for conflict is part of human existences,

Key Words: Conflict management, labour relations,, government agencies, and communication.

[1]. Awan, A.G. & Anjum, K. (2015). Cost of High Employees Turnover Rate industries," Information and Knowledge Management. 5 (2) 92-102.
[2]. Awan, A.G. & Tahir, J. (2015). Impact of working environment on employee's productivity: A case study of banking and insurance industry in Pakistan. European Journal of Business and Management, 7 (1) 329-345.
[3]. Ibrahim, M.I. (2015). Role of Micro-Financing in Creation of self-Employment in Pakistan: A case study District Bahawalpur, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(7) 38-44.
[4]. Barki, H. & Hartwick, J. (2004). Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, (15).216-44.
[5]. Barki, P.J., & Wood, M.J. (1998). Advanced design research. San Francisco: Jossey-Boss Publishers.

Abstract: This study was embarked on to determine the issues and challenges of community policing as an effective strategy for crime reduction in Enugu State.The work was anchored on Broken Window Theory popularized by James Wilson and George Kelling in 1982.Survey research design was adopted as a methodology. The major instrument of data collection was structured questionnaire. The researcher use simple percentage, frequency table to analyze the data collected from the respondents. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using Chi-Square statistical method. Four hundred (400) respondents aged eighteen years and above were selected through simple random sampling from target population of 5, 995, 39 of the residents of Enugu............

[1]. Agnew, R.(1985) 'Social Control Theory and Delinquency, A Longitudinal Test' Criminology 23: 47-61. [2]. Alemika, E, and Chukwuma, I, (2004). Crime and Policing in Nigeria: Challenges and options.Lagos: CLEEN Foundation. [3]. Alemika, E, and Chukwuma, I. (2000). Police-Community Violence in Nigeria. Lagos: Center for LawEnforcement Education and National Human Rights Commission. [4]. Alemika, E. and Chukwuma I. (2007). Criminal victimization, safety and policy in Nigeria: 2006: Lagos: CLEEN foundation. [5]. Alemike, E. and Chukwuma, I. (2005). Criminal Victimization and Fear of Crime in Lagos. Lagos: CLEEN Foundation.

Abstract: An Indian Cultural Centre was set up in Kathmandu in August 2007 to showcase the best of Indian culture across Nepali cities. The Indian Cultural Centre in Kathmandu has generated considerable goodwill through the various cultural events it has undertaken in the past. Nepal, being a sovereign country would like to deal with India on an equitable basis. culturally, Geographically and economically, Nepal is closer to India. The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal and the Republic of India initiated their relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and accompanying secret letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian territory. Nepal also realizes that it can't ignore its southern neighbor India for the sake of better relations with China. In fact, Nepal should opt for a balanced approach with both India and China, which would bring economic benefits and stability in the country.

Key Words: Relationship, Earthquake, Operation, Interconnection, Sentiment.

[1]. Bhatt, S.C. (1996). The Triangle India Nepal China a Study of Treaty Relations, Delhi, Gyan Publishing House.
[2]. Bhattarai, Rajan (2005), Geopolitics of Nepal and Internal Response to Conflict Transformation, Kathmandu: FFP Publications.
[3]. Dahal, Ramkumar, (2064 B.S.) Nepal and International Relations, Kathmandu, Dikshyanta Prakashan.
[4]. Dutta,V.P,.(1993). India's Foreign Policy, India : Vikas Publishing House.
[5]. Glaser, Bonnie S, (1993). China's Security Perceptions: Interests and Ambitions, Asian Survey, March.

Abstract: This study aims to explore the correlation between customer experience values and customer loyalty in a virtual brand community. This study is a quantitative research and the instruments used were questionnaires. The sample includes 538 Chinese tourism customers in Bangkok, Thailand. The data were collected by multi-stage random sampling technique. Path analysis was employed as the hypothesis testing tool. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the customer loyalty model for virtual brand community. The result founded that: 1) practical value is associated with community loyalty; and brand loyalty positively; 2) entertainment value is associated with community loyalty and brand loyalty positively; 3) social value associated with community loyalty and brand loyalty positively; 4), community loyalty is positively associated with brand loyalty. The study provides implications for marketers by an integrative approach for building customer loyalty in a virtual community.

Key Words: Customer experience values, community loyalty, brand loyalty, Chinese tourism customer

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[2]. Blackwell, S. A. & Szeinbach, S. L, & Barnes, J. H. (2009. The antecedents of customer loyalty [J]. Journal of Service Research, 1(4): 362—375.
[3]. Holbrook, M. B. (2006). Consumption experience, customer value, and subjective personnel introspection: An electroencephalographic. Business persons Research, 59(6): 714-725.
[4]. Li, C. (2014). A study to value creating and sharing in virtual brand community in perspective of customer's participation[D]. (Doctoral Dissertation, Bei Jing Post University).
[5]. Ma, Y. J. & Yang, D. J. (2014). Intercommunication affect to experience value in service—the adjust function of brand value. Economic Management, (6): 86-89.