iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: The Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands i.e. 2.4 GHz, are the radio bands reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes. Despite the intent of the original allocation, in recent years the fastest-growing uses of these bands have been for short-range, low-power communication systems. Cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, NFC (Near-Field Communication) devices, and wireless networks. Omnidirectional antennas are required to maintain an ease (proper) communication link. Conformal antennas follow the shape of the surface on which they are mounted and generally exhibit a very low profile. When these types of antenna are mounted on aircraft, missiles and instrumented artillery shells, they reduce turbulence effects in flight, because of their low profile.
Keywords: Corporate Feed, Dielectric Constant, Omnidirectional Cylindrical Patch Antenna, Resonance Frequency, Return Loss (RL) Bandwidth.

[1] Vinay Kumar,"Radiation Pattern of Omnidirectional Conformal Microstrip Patch Antenna on Cylindrical Surface", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013.
[2] Kin-Lu Wong, "Design of Non planar Microstrip Antennas and Transmission Lines", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999
[3] C. A. Balanis, "Antenna Theory Analysis and Design", John Willy & Sons, 2nd Edition, Chapter 14, pp.730734, 1997.
[4] W.L. Stutzman and G.A. Thiele,"Antenna Theory and Design", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1981, p.397
[5] R.C. Johnson, "Antenna Engineering Handbook", McGraw-Hill Inc., 3rd edition, 1993.

Abstract: In this work, the empirical method was adopted because it involves the measurement of large data, with the help of software called RF signal tracker which was installed in a mobile phone called Samsung galaxy pocket, this software gave us the distance to site (base station) and the signal strength level of the network provider at a particular distance. From my data, it was observed that the calculation of path loss with log – distance model which is deterministic is not as accurate as the empirical model (generated model), the generated model gave a better and more accurate result than the existing ones, and that the path loss exponents of the tested locations was fully known. Model was developed to calculate the power received of GSM signal in Ekpoma and the model was named "Generated model".

[1]. Sharma, P.K. (2013) International journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol.2(6), 2010, 2008-2013.
[2]. Sharma, H.K. Sahu, S. and Sharma, S. (2011) "Enhanced Cost231 W.I. Propagation Model in Wireless Network" International Journal of Computer Applications, volume 19- No 6.
[3]. Thiago, H, (2001), "A System For Propagation Analysis In Mobile Communication Environments" Institute Nacional De Telecommunicacoes, Voll. 04. No.2.
[4]. Armoogum.V, Soyjaudah.K.M.S, Fogarty T. and MohamudallyN. (2007) "Comparative study of Path loss using existing models for Digital Television Broadcasting for Summer, Mauritius Vol. 4, pp 34-38,May Season in the north of Mauritius", Proceeding of Third Advanced IEEE International Conference on Telecommunication.
[5]. Domazetovic, A. Greenstein, L. J. Mandayan, N. Seskar, I. (2002) "A New Modeling Approach for Wireless Channels With Predictable Path Geometries," IEEE Beh. Tech. Conf.

Abstract: This paper presents the design of an automatic water level controller aimed at providing an appropriate control to pump water to an overhead thank when empty and automatically stop the pump when the tank is full. The system incorporates two mains contactor which are energized to provide a direct online start of the motor. An over load relay which senses the presence of excess current and disconnect the supply and a mercury flood switch which uses the Archimedes principle of floatation to provide the electrical contact to switch ON or OFF supply to the motor when the tank is empty or full respectively. This is capable of providing a seamless utilization of water at domestic and industrial level without causing spillage.
Key words: Automatic controller floatation, utilization, overload.

[1]. Everest, D.B. "Mechanical and Electrical Services Prices Book",E and F Spoon,London, 3rd Edition, 2001,Pg 30 – 31.
[2]. Harrington J. "Automated Process Control Electronics", Definer Publisher 1989.New York 1st Edition pg 285 – 297.
[3]. Jones, L."Electrical for Tomorrow's World", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd Edition, 1993, Pg 180 – 189,200 – 217.
[4]. Obinabo E.C. "Control System Theory" Bowens Nigeria Ltd,Warri; Delta State, Nigeria, 1st Edition.2010Pg 260 – 261.
[5]. Oroge C.O. "Control System Engineering" University PressLtd Ibadan 1st Edition 1996 pp 67 – 69.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pedestrian Detection and Tracking through Hierarchical Clustering
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Sathiyanarayana R., Mr. R. Poovendran M. E.,
	:	10.9790/2834-09222225

Abstract: Building upon state-of-the-art algorithms for pedestrian detection and multi-object tracking, and inspired by sociological models of human collective behavior, we automatically detect small groups of individuals who are traveling together. These groups are discovered by bottom-up hierarchical clustering using a generalized, symmetric Hausdorff distance defined with respect to pairwise proximity and velocity. We validate our results quantitatively and qualitatively on videos of real-world pedestrian scenes. Where human-coded ground truth is available, we find substantial statistical agreement between our results and the human-perceived small group structure of the crowd. Results from our automated crowd analysis also reveal interesting patterns governing the shape of pedestrian groups. These discoveries complement current research in crowd dynamics, and may provide insights to improve evacuation planning and real-time situation awareness during public disturbances.

[1] A. Hoogs and A.G.A. Perera, "Video Activity Recognition in the Real World," Proc. Nat'l Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1551-1554, 2008.
[2] X. Wang, K. Tieu, and E. Grimson, "Learning Semantic Scene Models by Trajectory Analysis," Proc. European Conf. Computer Vision, pp. 111-123, 2006.
[3] R.W. Brown, "Mass Phenomena," Handbook of Social Psychology, G. Lindzey, ed., vol. 2, pp. 833-876, Addison Wesley, 1954."Crowd Dynamics," PhD thesis, Univ. of Warwick, 2000.
[5] D. Cartwright and A. Zander, Group Dynamics: Research and Theory, third ed. Harper, 1968.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Microcontroller Enabled Portable Device for Flow Measurement of a Conducting Liquid
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Saffna Shajahan, Jyothi Krishna, Linsa Hussain
	:	10.9790/2834-09222630

Abstract: The accurate measurement of gas and liquid is important to obtain specific proportions as per process requirement is necessary. The maintenance of definite rates of flow is important for maximum efficiency and production. The paper proposes a novel technique for the measurement of flow of a conducting liquid in which no excitation coil is required. The technique consists of four metal electrodes inserted into the selected zone of the flow tube, which are always in contact with the liquid and produce no obstruction to liquid flow. This electrode system is excited from an ac source, and the output signal has been found to be linearly related with the liquid flow under the laminar-flow condition, along with a small nonlinear zone at turbulent conditions.
Index Terms: Metal Electrode system, Microcontroller, Wien bridge oscillator.

[1]. B. Onaral and H.P. Schwan, "Linear and non-linear properties of platinum electrode polarization, Part I: Frequency dependence at very low frequent-cies," Med. Biol, Eng. Comput., vol. 20, no.3, pp. 299-306, May 1982.
[2]. B. Onaral and H.P. Schwan, "Linear and non-linear properties of platinum electrode polarization, Part II: A Time domain analysis," Med. Biol.Eng. Comput., vol.21, no.2, pp. 210, Mar. 1983.
[3]. Dale R. Patieck and Stephen W. Fardo, "Industrial Process Control Systems.
[4]. D.M. Considine, Process Instruments and Control Hand Book, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
[5]. E.H. Lewitt, "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics", 10th ed. London, U.K.: Pitman.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mean Opinion Score Based Handover Protocol with Particle Swarm Optimization for Multi Objective Constraints
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.Thamil Pritha1, Dr. T. Menakadevi
	:	10.9790/2834-09223140

Abstract: In the fast moving world, the wireless users expect a high data rate and rigid connectivity. For that the Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs) are expected to provide high data rate and optimized quality of service to multimedia and real-time applications over the Internet Protocol (IP) network. To achieve these goals, handover plays a very critical role in maintaining the seamless connectivity when mobile terminals move across different cells or networks. In this paper, we propose a scheme for handoverprocess in an integrated scenario with Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks. The call quality is measured using Mean Opinion Score (MOS), as the major metric for handover optimization. The objective of this paper is to choose optimal MOS by using a multi objective Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for the selection of best base station. The proposed PSO based MOS handover scheme is compared with the traditional MOS-based handover scheme. The proposed work provides best base station selection with 20% reduction in delay as compared with the previous works. Similarly, the packet loss has been reduced to 50%, call dropping probability has been decreased as 20%and handover probability is found to be reduced up to 30% as compared with the existing schemes. Also, the band width of the proposed system has been increased at 5%. The numerical results are expected to demonstrate that our proposed scheme can maintain high call quality and reduce the probabilities for both handover dropping and call dropping. The proposed system is implemented and analyzed using MATLAB 7.10 with communication and mathematical tool boxes. TheHereditary Dominating Pair (HDP) and Code Domain Power (CDP) are plotted using MATLAB simulation.
Index Terms: Mean Opinion Score, Particle Swarm Optimization.

[1] X. Yan, Y. AhmetSekercioglu, and S. Narayanan, "A survey of vertical handover decision algorithms in Fourth Generation
heterogeneous wireless networks," Computer Networks, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1848–1863, 2010.
[2] B. Chang and J. Chen, "Cross-layer-based adaptive vertical handoff with predictive RSS in heterogeneous wireless networks," IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 3679–3692, 2008.
[3] "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks - Part 21: Media Independent Handover Services," IEEE 802.21-2008.
[4] C. Oliveira, J. Kim, and T. Suda, "An adaptive bandwidth reservation scheme for high-speed multimedia wireless networks," IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 858–874, 1998.
[5] K. Yang, I. Gondal, B. Qiu, and L. Dooley, "Combined SINR based vertical handoff algorithm for next generation heterogeneous
wireless networks," in IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2007 (GLOBECOM‟ 07)., pp. 4483–4487.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Implementation of Segment Compression Steganographic Algorithm
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shilpa S. Gaikwad, Maruti B. Zalte
	:	10.9790/2834-09224149

Abstract: Steganography is the technique of hiding confidential information within any media. Using steganography, information can be hidden in different embedding mediums, known as carriers. These carriers can be images, audio files, video files, and text files. The focus in this paper is on the use of an image file as a carrier, a new steganographic technique for concealing digital images: the Segment Compression Steganographic Algorithm (SCSA) which is based on the Karhunen-Loève Transform (KLT) is presented. A detailed presentation of the component parts of the algorithm follows, accompanied by quantitative analyses of parameters of interest. In addition, we make a few suggestions regarding possible further refinements of the SCSA.
Index Terms: Steganography, Least Significant Bit, Secret Information.

[1] S.G.Hoggar, "Mathematics of Digital Images", Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN-13 9780521780292
[2] Candik M., Brechlerova D., "Digital watermarking in digital images", Security Technology, 2008. ICCST 2008. 42nd Annual IEEE International Carnahan Conference on, 13-16 Oct. 2008, pp.43-46, ISBN: 978-1-4244- 1816-9
[3] S.G.Hoggar, "Mathematics of Digital Images", Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN-13 9780521780292
[4] Dafas P., Stathaki, T., " Digital image watermarking using blockbased Karhunen-Loève transform", Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2003, ISPA 2003, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, 18-20 Sept. 2003, pp. 1072 – 1075,Vol.2, ISBN: 953-184-061-X
[5] Piva A., Bartolini F., Boccardi L., Cappellini V., De Rosa A., Barni M.,"Watermarking through color image bands decorrelation",Multimedia and Expo, 2000, ICME 2000, IEEE International Conference on, 30 July-2 Aug. 2000, pp. 1283 - 1286 vol.3, New York,ISBN: 0-7803-6536-4.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Power Line Carrier Communication
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dorathe V.
	:	10.9790/2834-09225055

Abstract: Communication is the backbone for all modes of development in this modern world. Without communication the whole world is virtually deaf and dumb. In order to minimise the cost spent on additional wires, we are using the same existing power lines as a medium of communication in this project. The data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (40-500 kHz) and then injected into high voltage power line using a suitable Coupling Capacitor.The power line has a rigid, long conductor parallel to the ground that guides the carrier waves to travel along the transmission line. This system which is economic and reliable for inter grid message transfer is mainly used for telecommunication, tele-protection and tele-monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at high voltages such as 110KV, 220KV, 440KV.

[1]. KC Agrawal, Industrial Power Engineering Handbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn,2001.
[2]. V.ChandraSekar, Analog Communication, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011.
[3]. D. Patranabis, Telemetry Principles,Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2007.
[4]. Roy Chowdry, Linear Integrated Circuit, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi, 2004.
[5]. www.google.com

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Adaptive Remote Sensing Technique Implementation on Configurable Multibot Platform
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. B. Vinoba, Mr. P. Saravanan
	:	10.9790/2834-09225659

Abstract: Swarm robotics is a growing area in the field of mobile robotics, however limited work has been done in the area of applications for swarm robotics. Several applications such as remote environmental sensing, security, and search and rescue are several immediate applications of swarm robotics. However, this field suffers from a lack of complete swarm robot platforms, which includes: a computational platform capable of hosting robust control and communication systems, a communications and data exchange model capable of robust data transfer in a dynamic network, and finally an easy to use and modify human machine interface.hence using the dynamic robot for mining application.also using the sarm intelligence environmental sensing application. therebyadative remote sensing technique are implementated.
Index Term: Robotics, Automation,Communication,pc, Wireless Technologies.

[1] R.J. Mullen, S. Barman, P. Remagnino, and D. Monekosso,"Towards autonomous robot swarms for multitarget localisation and monitoring with applications to counter ied operations," International Journal of IntelligentDefence Support Systems, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 87 – 107, 2011.
[2] F. Viani, M. Donelli, G. Oliveri, and A. Massa, "A mobile wireless sensor network architecture for collaborative tasks achievement by means of autonomous robot swarm," 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and CNC-USNC Radio Science Meeting - Leading the Wave, AP-S 2010, 2010
[3] C. Vasile, A. Pavel, and C. Buiu, "Integrating human swarm interaction in a distributed robotic control system," 2011 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, pp. 743 – 748, 2011.
[4] S.H. Kenyon, D. Creary, D. Thi, and J. Maynard, "A small, cheap, and portable reconnaissance robot," Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 5778, no. PART I, pp. 434 – 443, 2005.
[5] K. Daniel, B. Dusza, A. Lewandowski, and C. Wietfeld, "Airshield: a system-of-systems muav remote sensing architecture for disaster response," 2009 IEEE International Systems Conference, pp. 5 pp. –, 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Compact Ultrawideband Mimo Antenna for Mobile Applications
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sinu Mathew K., R. Sathyabama
	:	10.9790/2834-09226065

Abstract: A new broadband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with good isolation and compact size is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of two G-shaped elements in the upper layer and two inverted L protrude branches and a T slot etched in ground which is used to reduce the mutual coupling. This planar antenna has a bandwidth of 100% with |S11| ≤ -10 dB from 2.26GHz to 6.78 GHz. The value of isolation between the two antenna elements is more than 22.5 dB in the whole band. The experimental results verify the simulations. This project presents an ultra-wideband MIMO antenna covering WCDMA, WLAN, WiMax and UWB bands for mobile handset applications. The designed antenna consists of a folded monopole antenna coupled with inverted-L element and meander lines. The proposed antennas are symmetrically placed on top part of the mobile handset ground for MIMO antenna technology. Meander lines are positioned between two antennas for improving the isolation in operation bands. The size of the designed MIMO antenna is 55mm × 13:5 mm. The isolation between two antennas is higher than 17.2 dB. Due to the compact size and ultra-wide bandwidth, it is good for a mobile handset antenna that has a limited space available.

[1] A.Najam, Y. Duroc, and S. Tedjni, "UWB-MIMO antenna with novel stub structure," Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, vol. 19, pp. 245–257, Feb. 2011.
[2] Ayatollahi, M., Q. Rao, and D. Wang, "A compact, high isolation and wide bandwidth antenna array for long term evolution wireless devices," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 45, 601{602, 2012.
[3] G. J. Foschini, "On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas," Wireless Pers. Commun., vol.6, no. 3, pp. 311–335, 1998.
[4] J.-F Li, Q.-X. Chu, and T.-G. Huang, "A compact wideband MIMO antenna with two novel slits," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 482–489, Feb. 2012.
[5] Jae-Min Lee, Ki-Baek Kim, Hong-Kyun Ryu, and Jong-Myung Woo, "A Compact Ultrawideband MIMO Antenna With WLAN Band-Rejected operation for Mobile Devices" IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 11, 2012.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Networking Application of CAM with Improved Process Variation Tolerance Using Paritybits and MLSA
Country	:	India
Authors	:	T. Leena, Mr. P. Nagarajan
	:	10.9790/2834-09226672

Abstract: CAM provide highspeed search function in single clock cycle.CAM can be used to accelerate any applications ranging from local area networks,database management,filestorage management,pattern recognition,artificial intelligence.Networking applications requires low power and increased speed.In this we proposed a high speed low power CAM for data compression.CAMs can be used in data compression techniques as a translation table. Since a good portion of a compression algorithm's time is spent searching and maintaining these data structures, replacing them with a hardware search engine can greatly increase the throughput of the algorithm.Parity bit and an effective gated power techniques allocates less power to match decisions involving a larger number of mismatched bits.These scheme results in a significant CAM power reduction.This provides a performance advantage over other memory search algorithms. It will reduce the peak current , average power consumption (36%),boosted search speed (39%) and improved process variation tolerance.
Index Terms: Data compression, content addressable memory(CAM),match-line, Low power design,memory architecture,leakage currents.

[1]. A High Speed Low Power CAM With a Parity Bit andPower-Gated ML Sensing Anh-Tuan Do, Shoushun Chen, Zhi-Hui Kong, and Kiat Seng Yeo
[2]. Arsovski and A. Sheikholeslami, "A mismatch-dependent power al-location technique for match-line sensing in content-addressable memories," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1958–1966, Nov. 2003
[3]. S. Baeg, "Low-power ternary content-addressable memory design using a segmented match line," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg.Papers, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1485–1494, Jul. 2008.
[4] A. T. Do, S. S. Chen, Z. H. Kong, and K. S. Yeo, "A low-power CAM with efficient power and delay trade-off," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Cir-cuits Syst. (ISCAS), 2011, pp. 2573–2576.
[5]. N. Mohan and M. Sachdev, "Low-leakage storage cells for ternary content addressable memories," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 604–612, May 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Implementation of Embedded ARM9 Platform using Qt And openCV For Human Upper Body Detection
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Krunal Shantilal Patel, Prof. Kalpesh R Jadav
	:	10.9790/2834-09227379

Abstract: In this Paper, A novel architecture for automotive vision using an embedded device will be implemented on ARM9 Board with highly computing capabilities and low processing power. Currently, achieving real-time image processing routines such as convolution, thresholding, edge detection and some of the complex media applications is a challenging task in embedded Device, because of limited memory. An open software framework, Linux OS is used in embedded devices to provide a good starting point for developing the multitasking kernel, integrated with communication protocols, data management and graphical user interface for reducing the total development time.

[1] Khana, The future of Mobile Application Storefronts, Wireless Expertise market report, 2009
[2] Fitzek and Reichert, Mobile Phone Programming and its Application to Wireless Networking, 2007
[3] Jurgen Scheible and Ville Tuulos, Mobile Python: Rapid
[4] prototyping of applications on the mobile platform, 2007
[5] http://sourcefouge.net/projects/opencvlibrary.
[6] Willow Garage, Inc., Willow garage http://www.willowgarage.com/ (August 2009).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Memory Testing and Repairing Using MBIST with Complete Programmability
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Darsi Koteswaramma, K.MuraliKrishna, Dr. M .Sailaja, U.Yedukondalu
	:	10.9790/2834-09228083

Abstract: Most of the System-on-Chip (SoC) area covered by embedded memories. As these memories are very tightly integrated, consists majority of defects in soc. Detection of such a complex and diverse faults during fabrication is not possible. Hence leads to failure of soc in field. Usage of test algorithms may increase the coverage of complex faults, but unexpected failures can't be covered by these algorithm. Providing possibility of choosing testing algorithms before using in SoC is very important. Programmable BIST approaches, allowing selecting after fabrication a large variety of memory tests, are therefore desirable, but may lead on unacceptable area cost.

[1] Semiconductor Industry Association, "International technology roadmap for semiconductors (ITRS), 2003 edition," Hsinchu, Taiwan, Dec.2003.
[2] C. Stapper, A. Mclaren, and M. Dreckman, "Yield model for Productivity Optimization of VLSI Memory Chips with redundancy and Partially good Product," IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 398-409, May 1980.
[3] W. K. Huang, Y. H. shen, and F. lombrardi, "New approaches for repairs of memories with redundancy by row/column deletion for yield enhancement," IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 323-328, Mar. 1990.
[4] P. Mazumder and Y. S. Jih, "A new built-in self-repair approach to VLSI memory yield enhancement by using neuraltype circuits," IEEE transactions on Computer Aided Design, vol. 12, No. 1, Jan, 1993.
[5] H. C. Kim, D. S. Yi, J. Y. Park, and C. H. Cho, "A BISR (built-in self repair) circuit for embedded memory with multiple redundancies," VLSI and CAD 6th International Conference, pp. 602-605, Oct. 1999.
[6] Shyue-Kung Lu, Chun-Lin Yang, and Han-Wen Lin, "Efficient BISR Techniques for Word-Oriented Embedded Memories with Hierarchical Redundancy," IEEE ICIS-COMSAR, pp. 355-360, 2006.