iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: The transmission through wireless channel suffers from many challenges due to the multipath effect that causes Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) problem. Multicarrier modulation (MCM) is proposed as solution to overcome the ISI. This paper presents the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based multicarrier modulation as alternative platform of conventional OFDM in which there is no need for cyclic prefix overhead due to the overlapping nature of DWT. Simulation based analysis will be used to simulate the two multicarrier systems, DWT with 'haar' mother based multicarrier STBC-MIMO system (The term multicarrier refers OFDM), in which information is conveyed with an STBC matrix that is transmitted from combinations of the transmit antennas of the corresponding MIMO system.

[1]. Swati sharma1 and sanjeev kumar2,"BER performance evaluation of FFT-OFDM and DWT-OFDM", International journal of network and mobile technologies ISSN2229-9114 Electronic version vol2/2011
[2]. W.Saad,N.EI-Fishawy,S.EI-Rabaie,and M.Shokair,"An efficient Technique for OFDM system using DWT" Dept Electronic and communication Engg.,Faculty of Electronics Engg EI-MenufiyaUniversity,EgyptVolume 6104,Dec 2010, pp 533-541.
[3]. Haithamj.taha and M.F.M salleh, "Multicarrier transmission techniques for wireless communication system: A Survey",WSEAS transactions on communication,Issue 5,volume 8,May2009
[4]. E. Basar and Ü. Aygölü, "High-rate full-diversity space-time block codes for three and four transmit antennas," IET Commun., vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 1371-1378, Aug. 2009.
[5]. E. Biglieri, Y. Hong, and E. Viterbo, "On fast-decodable space-time block codes," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 524-530, Feb. 2009.

Abstract: This paper is to explain the theory and the underlying principle behind the functioning of an LED.

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Abstract: Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that there is scope for reducing the area and power consumption in the CSLA. This work uses a simple and efficient gate-level modification to significantly reduce the area and power of the CSLA. Based on this modification 8-, 16-, 32-, and 64-b square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed and compared with the regular SQRT CSLA architecture. The proposed design has reduced area and power as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA with only a slight increase in the delay.

[1] Reduced latency IEEE floating-point standard adder architectures.Beaumont-Smith, A.; Burgess, N.; Lefrere, S.; Lim, C.C.;Computer Arithmetic, 1999. Proceedings. 14th IEEE Symposium on ,14-16 April 1999
[2] M.D. Ercegovac and T. Lang,"Digital Arithmetic." San Francisco: Morgan Daufmann, 2004.
[3] Using the reverse-carry approach for double datapath floating-point addition.J.D. Bruguera and T. Lang. In Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, pages 203-10.

Abstract: The explosive growth of the Internet traffic requires the design of next generation switching systems accommodating huge data-centric traffic at the packet level. All-optical packet switching (OPS) with greater flexibility, granularity and switching capacity is able to meet the complexity of traffic. An all-optical fiber-optic switching device maintains the signal as light, from input to output. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are widely studied as nonlinear elements for high bit rate all-optical switching applications, such as wavelength conversion and regeneration.

[1]. Lochan Jolly, Rashmita Kumari Mohapatra " Optical Packet Switching using Space Switch Arrays" International Journal of Computer Applications (097– 8887) International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology 2013
[2]. G.I. Papadimitriou, C. Papazoglou, A.S. Pomportsis "Optical switching:switch fabrics, techniques, and architectures" Journal of Lightwave Technology. Vol 21 03/2003; 21(2):384- 405
[3]. Ravinder Yadav, Rinkle Rani Aggarwal ‟Survey and Comparison of Optical Switch Fabrication Techniques and Architectures" Journal of computing, Vol 2, Issue 4, April 2010
[4]. Po Dong, Shirong Liao, Hong Liang, Roshanak Shafiiha "Submilliwatt, ultrafast and broadband electro-optic silicon switches" Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 24, pp. 25225-25231,2010

Abstract: Content Based Image Retrieval generally uses the key feature of the image such as color, shape, texture to represent and index the image. Recent research in Content Based Image Retrieval is geared towards the development of mythologies for analysing, interpreting, cataloguing and indexing image database. It is also being made to evaluate the performance of image.

[1] Y. A. Aslandogan and C. T. Yu, "Techniques and Systems for Image and Video Retrieval," IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 56-63, Jan/Feb 1999.
[2] A. W. M. Smeulders, M. Worring, S. Santini, A. Gupta, and R. Jain, "Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 22, Issue 12, pp. 1349-1380, December 2000.
[3] M. J. Swain and D. H. Ballard, ""Color indexing‟‟, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 11-32, 1991.
[4] Etinne Loupias and Nieu Sebe, "Wavelet-based salient points: Applications to image retrieval using color and texture features", in Advances in visual Information systems, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, VISUAL 2000, pp. 223-232, 2000.

Abstract: This research work is based on introducing a very important aspect of e-electioneering into Nigerian voting system, without changing the existing laws. This is the e-authentication of voters on Election Day before voting, using the contactless card technology. This work using Poisson queuing process that is M/G/S was able to show that application of contactless card reader and scanner technology for e-authentication of voters reduces the expected service time ES from 3 minutes to 0.75 minutes, the length of the queue from 2.25 voters to 0.044 voters and the average waiting time for voters to complete authentication reduced from 12 minutes to 1 minute.

[1]. Diagle, J.N (2005): The Basic M/G/1 Queuing system. Queuing theory with applications to packet telecommunications . pp 150-223.doi ; 10.1007/0-387-22859-4_5.
[2]. Miltrani, I (1997): Queuing systems: average performance. Probalistic modeling. Cambridge University Press. Pp74-121.
[3]. Abate, J.& Whitt, W. (1992): Solving probability transform functional equations for numerical inversion. Operators Research Letter 12(5): 275.doi 10.1016/0167-6377(92)9008-H.
[4]. Sewart, William (2009): Probability, Marcov Chains, Queues, and simulation. Princeton University Press. Pp 510.
[5]. Klintchine, A.Y. (1932): Mathematical Theory of a Stationary Queue. Mate Maticheski Sbornik 39(4): 73-84.
[6]. Peterson, G.D. & Chambelain, R.D (1996): Parallel application performance in a shared resource environment. Distributed System Engineering 3 (9).doi10.1088/0967-1846/3/1/003

Abstract: The main goal of this paper is to provide new low power solutions for very large scale integration. Designers especially focus on the reduction of the power dissipation which shows increasing growth with the scaling down of the technologies. In this paper various technologies at the different levels of the design process have been implemented to reduce the power dissipation at the circuit, architecture and system levels. Previous technologies are summarized and compared with our new approach is presented in this paper.

[1] A. Chandrakasan, R. Brodersen, Low Power Digital Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.
[2] Meta-Software, HSPICE User's Manual - Version 96.1,1996.
[3] K. Yano, Y. Sasaki, K. Rikino, K. Seki, "Top-Down Pass-Transistor Logic Design". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol.31, pp. 792-803. 1996
[4] MIPS Technologies, "R4200 Microprocessor Product Information", MIPS Technologies Inc., 1994
[5] R K. Navi, Md.Reza Saatchi and O.Daei,(2009) "A High-Speed Hybrid Full Adder," European Journal of Scientific Research,Vol 26 No.1,pp 29-33.

Abstract: Growth analysis of stem variations information without interrupting natural growth of the crops is important for the water-saving irrigation. Three different approaches Illumination, Strain gauge and Image processing methods are applied to the growth data to model the growth of plant. In illumination method the imaging system uses a background illumination source to improve the quality of images of stems. The strain gauge is used as a sensor to detect the changes in micrometer for every 1μm changes. In Image processing Sobel Edge Detection is performed on a plant image to determine its height, maximum and minimum width.

Keywords : Growth analysis, stem diameter and height, Strain gauge, Edge detection.

[1] Michele Dalponte, Lorenzo Bruzzone,A System For The Estimation Of Single-TreeStem Diameter And Volume Using.
[2] Jiaxing Che, Chunjiang Zhao, Yunhe Zhang, Cheng Wang, Xiaojun Qiao, Xinlu Zhang, "Plant stem diameter measuring device based on computer vision and embedded system," World Automation Congress (WAC), 2010, pp.51-55, 19-23 Sept. 2010.
[3 ] http://www.measurementsgroup.com/guide/tn/tn504/504index.htm.Strain Gage Thermal Outputand Gage Factor Variation with Temperature.
[4 ] N.M.Khairi, M.A.Marni Shah Rizam, M.S.B. Tahir, N.M. Naimah, M.I. Zainol Abidin,"Optimization of strain gauge for stem measurement using PIC based instrumentation," System Engineering and Technology (ICSET), 2011 IEEE International Conference, pp.196-199, 27-28 June 2011.

Abstract:MIMO OFDM is one of the prominence communication schemes with multi-carrier modulation. The MIMO combined with OFDM modulation technique provides the reliable high data rate transmission over the broadband wireless channels. They have been widely studied and employed for 4G systems such as Wi-Fi, DVB-T, Wi-MAX and LTE-A. The major challenge in MIMO-OFDM systems is how to estimate the channel.

[1.] TheodoreS.Rappaport,"Wireless Communication:Principles andPractice", Prentice-Hall, 2ndEdition,2010, India.
[2.] Yong Soo Cho, Jaekwon Kim Won Young Yang, Chung-Gu-Kang, "MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communication with MATLAB", John Willey & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd.
[3.] A.J. Paulraj, D. A. Gore, R.U. Nabar, H. Bolcskei, "An overview of MIMO communications - a key to gigabit wireless," Proceedings of the IEEE , vol.92,pp. 198-218, Feb. 2004.
[4.] P. H. Moose, A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 42, pp. 2908–2914, 1994.
[5.] J. Armstrong(1999), "Analysis of new and existing methods of reducing intercarrier interference due to carrier frequency offset in OFDM," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 47, pp. 365 – 369, March 1999.

Abstract: A Compact rectangular monopole antenna with enhanced bandwidth is presented. Achieved percentage bandwidth is 79.37% , ranging from 5.228GHz to 12.248GHz for VSWR<2. Proposed antenna comprises a radiating rectangular patch of size 7mm X 8mm , finite ground plane of size 15mm X 7mm , antenna is feed with 50 microstrip feed line of dimension 3.04mm X 7.6mm .The total size of proposed antenna is 15mm X 15.6mm X 1.59mm(W X L X h) is designed and simulated using ZELAND IE3D simulation software with FR4 substrate of dielectric constant value 4.4 with loss tangent 0.02.

Keywords: Microstrip feed , Monopole antennas , Percentage bandwidth .

[1] Girish Kumar and K P Ray, 'Broadband Microstrip Antennas', Artech House, 2003.
[2] Kin-Fai Tong, Kwai-Man Luk, Senior Member, IEEE, Kai-Fong Lee, Fellow, IEEE, and Richard Q. Lee, A Broad-Band U-Slot Rectangular Patch Antenna on a Microwave Substrate, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 48, NO. 6, JUNE 2000
[3] H. F. AbuTarboush, H. S. Al-Raweshidy and R. Nilavalan, Bandwidth Enhancement for Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Stacked Patch and Slot, 978-1-4244-4396-3/09 ©2009 IEEE
[4] Siddiqui Naushad Ather1, Rajesh Kumar Verma2,P.K.Singhal3,Bandwidth Enhancement for Truncated Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Using Stacked Patches and Defected Ground Structure, 2013 5th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks 975-0-7695-5069-5/13,2013 IEEE DOI10.1109/CICN.2013.21

Abstract: Dealing with waste water is a global crisis. The chemical industry, along with touching new horizons of discoveries is equally dominating the field of water pollution. The waste from these industries may prove fatal, thus treatment of water from the chemical industry should be at the apex of our priorities. Various processes like gravity settling, filtration, air stripping, or adsorption to activated carbon are the processes that leave a waste stream to be treated and disposed ,among these advanced oxidation process (AOP) is the most trusted method.

[1]. Alvaro E. Gil and Kevin M. Passino,Dept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Ohio State University."Feedback Control for Drinking Water Purification", unpublished
[2]. "Water Anti-Theft and Quality Monitoring System by using PLC and SCADA."International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER) ISSN 2250-155X Vol. 3, Issue 2, Jun 2013, 355-364
[3]. Cláudia Telles Benatti and Célia Regina Granhen Tavares "Fenton´s Process for the Treatment of Mixed Waste Chemicals"Faculdade Ingá – UNINGÁ, Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil unpublished.
[4]. Li-An Lu, Ying-Shih Ma, Mathava Kumar and Jih-Gaw Lin Institute of Environmental Engineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Department of Environmental Engineering and Health Yuanpei UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan "Influence of pH and H2O2 dosage on the Decomposition of Carbofuran during the Photo-Fenton Process"

Abstract:Character recognition is the study of how machines can observe the environment, learn to distinguish characters of interest from their background, and make sound and reasonable decisions about the categories of the character. Handwritten numeral recognition belongs to the field of pattern recognition, which is a hot field for a large number of researchers. This paper review an algorithm for recognition of handwritten devnagri numerals using various schemes.

Keywords: Devnagri, Numerals, Neural Network, RBFN

[1]. A. P. Shivprasad and V. K. Govindan, 1990, "Character Recognition - A Review", Pattern Recognition, vol. 23, no. 7, pp 671-683.
[2]. Adrian G.Bors, 1999,"Introduction of Radial Basis Function". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1744-1756.
[3]. Leonardo M. Reyneri, "Weighted Radial Basis Function for improved Pattern Recognition and signal processing"
[4]. C. Vasantha,Ritu Jain and Patvardhan, December 2008, "Fast and robust scheme for recognition of handwritten Devnagri Numerals", National System Conference, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, pp 1-7.
[5]. G.G.Rajput, S.M.Mali, June 2010, "Fourier Descriptor based Isolated Marathi Handwritten Numeral Recognition", International Journal of Computer Applications, vol 3, No.4, pp 1-5.

Abstract: A quantitative mobility spectrum analysis (QMSA) technique of characterizing mobility and concentration of individual carrier species for modern semiconductor hetero-structures by experimentally generated Hall and resistivity data as a function of magnetic field is presented. QMSA enables the conductivity contribution of bulk majority carriers to be separated from that of carriers present at the surface or at the spacer/barrier layer of GaAs-AlGaAs [2] based HEMTs for characterizing carriers developed in '2' DEG region. Beck and Anderson mobility spectrum analysis (MSA) technique was considered as the first trial function.

[1] Van der Pauw, L.J., Feb. 1958, "A method of measuring specific resistivity and Hall Effect of discs of arbitrary shape". [2] J. W. Allen, Nature, vol. 187, Issue-4735, pp. 403–405 1960,"Gallium Arsenide as a semi-insulator".
[3] M.C. Gold and D.A. Nelson, A4, pp. 2040,1986, Journal of Vaccum Science Technology, "Variable magnetic- field Hall effect measurements and analyses of high purity Hg vacancy (p-type) HgCdTe".
[4] W.A. Beck and J.R. Anderson, vol.62, pp.541, 1987, Journal of Applied Physics, "Determination of electrical transport using a novel magnetic field-dependent Hall technique".
[5] J. Antoszewski, D.J. Seymour, L. Faraone, J.R. Meyer, and C.A. Hoffman, Journal of Electronic Materials,vol. 24, pp. 1255, 1995 "Magneto-transport characterization using quantitative mobility spectrum analysis".
[6] J. Antoszewski, J.R. Meyer, C.A. Hoffman, F.J. Bartoli, L. Faraone, S.P. Tobin, P.W. Norton, C.K. Ard, D.J. Reese, L. Colombo, and P.K. Liao, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 25, pp.1157, 1996, "Advanced magneto-transport characterization of LPE-grown HgCdTe by QMSA".

Abstract: A fundamental goal of image compression is to reduce the bit rate for transmission or data storage while maintaining an acceptable fidelity or image quality. To improve the classical lossless compression of low efficiency, a method of image lossless compression with high efficiency is presented. In this paper, The image compression scheme contains wavelet transformation and vector quantization.

[1] Lihong ZHAO, Yanan TIAN, Yonggang SHA, Jinghua LI, Medical image lossless compression based on combining an integer wavelet transform with DPCM, Front. Electr. Electron. Eng. China 2009, 4(1): 1–4 DOI 10.1007/s11460-009-0014-1
[2] K. Somasundaram, and S.Domnic, Modified Vector Quantization Method For Image Compression, Proceedings Of World Academy Of Science, Engineering And Technology Volume 13 May 2006 Issn 1307-6884 [3] K Gopi , Dr. T. Rama Shri, Medical Image Compression Using Wavelets, IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP)Volume 2, Issue 4 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 01-06 e-ISSN: 2319 – 4200, p-ISSN No. : 2319 – 4197 [4] Mukesh Mittal, Ruchika Lamba, Image Compression Using Vector Quantization Algorithms: A Review, Mittal et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3(6), June - 2013, pp. 354-358

Abstract: MANETS are the networks that do not need backbone infrastructure support and are easy to deploy. They are Useful in the conditions when infrastructure is absent, destroyed or impractical. It is a dense collection of different nodes such as laptops, handheld computers, PDA and portable computers and mobile devices. Since many of these small computers operate for hours with battery power, users are free to move without being constrained by wires. To sustain such type of circumstances MANET has been designed. MANET has several characteristics such as, dynamic topologies, bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links, energy constrained operation and limited physical security. The paper reveals the performance comparison of proactive, reactive and hybrid protocols.

[1] P. Manickam, T. G., Performance Comparisons Of Routing Protocols In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) ,2011, 98-106.
[2] Al-Ani, Simulation and performance analysis evaluation for variant MANET routing protocols, International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2011.
[3] Babaiyan, M. K. , Performance Evaluation of Reactive,Proactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in MANET. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE) ,2012, 248-254.
[4] Rai, R. K. , A Novel Review on Routing Protocols in MANETs. Undergraduate Academic Research Journal (UARJ) , 2012,103108.
[5] S. Meenakshi Sundaram, D. D. (n.d.). ,Performance Evaluation of AODV, DSR and OLSR Mobile Ad hoc Network Routing Protocols using OPNET Simulator, International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks , 63-72.

Abstract: This review paper is about the schemes of removing the inter carrier interference in the multiple input multiple output–orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. The inter carrier interference occurs by the frequency offsets. In the cellular communication system the inter carrier interference arises due to the fully loaded traffic conditions at the cell edge .which is removed by the combining the multiple cell coordinated or frequency reuse .The inter carrier interference occurs when the cyclic prefix length lesser than the channel impulse response .

[1] Xianatao Sun, Qi Wang, Leonard J.Cimini, Larry J. Greenstein and Douglas S. Chan "ICI-Aware Beamforming For MIMO-OFDM Wireless Systems"Member IEEE,vol.11,no.1,january 2012.
[2] Azlina Idris, Norhayati Abdullah, Darmawaty Mohd Ali and Hanis Adiba Mohamad Faculty Of Electrical Engineering,University Teknologi MARA,40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,Malaysia "Evaluation of Pair-Wise Error Probability Performance Using Quarter Subcarrier Mapping Technique in MIMO-OFDM System", faculty of Electrical Engineering ,University, Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia,2013.
[3] Manabu Mikami and Teruya Fujji Wireless System R&D Center, Softbank Mobile Corp.2-5-10 Aomi, Koto-ku,Tokyo, 135-8070 Japan "An Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation Scheme With Multi-Cell Coordinated Scheduling for Downlink of MIMO/OFDM Cellular Systems" Wireless system R&D Center, Softbank Mobile Corp.2-5-10 Aomi Kotoku, Tokyo,135-8070 Japan, 2008.
[4] Aurupong Yiwleak, Chaiyod Pirak, and Rudolf Mathar "Zero Padded Symmetric conjugate Technique for Intercarrier Interference Cancellation in MIMO-OFDM Systems.

Abstract: Addition is a fundamental operation for any digital system, digital signal processing or control system. In this paper we have designed a carry look adder circuit using CMOS technique. The propagation delay is one of most important problem in the adder circuits. So the delay problem of Ripple carry adder is analyzed by CLA adder. The adder circuits are designed using Tanner EDA tool and simulation is done by T-Spice 180nm technology. The ripple carry adder and Carry look ahead adder is compared in terms of power and delay. By the analysis of adder circuits using tanner tool found that the delay of proposed carry look ahead adder is reduced 34%.Hence it gives better performance that ripple carry adder.
Keywords: Carry Look Ahead Adder, CMOS technique, Ripple Carry Adder, Propagation Delay, Power dissipation

[1] JagannathSamanta, MousamHalder, Bishnu Prasad De "Performance Analysis of High Speed low Power Carry Look-Ahead Adder"International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-2, Issue-6, Jan- 2013
[2] Fu-Chiung Cheng Stephen H. Unger "Delay-Insensitive Carry-Look ahead Adders"
[3] KaammnRaahemifar,MajidAhmadi "fast carry-look-ahead adder"Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Shaw Conference Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada May 9-12 1999.
[4] ManojKumar,Sandeep K. Aryaand SujataPandey "Single bit full adder design using 8 transistors " International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.4, December 2011.
[5] ChetanaNagendra, Marry Jane Irwin " Area, Time and power Tradeoffs in Parallel Adders".
[6] F.C.Cheng, S. H. Unger, M. Theobald, and W. C. Cho, "Delay-Insensitive Carry-look ahead Adders", VLSI Design Proceedings, pp. 322-328, 1997