iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: In this paper we proposed discrete wavelet transform with texture for content based image retrieval. Our proposed method uses 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform for reducing the Dimensions of test image and trained images. Further gray level co-occurrence matrix is applied for all test and trained images of LL components of level 2 decomposed images for extract the texture feature of the images. Then similar images are retrieved by using different distance classifiers. Experimental results are performed for Wang's database and it gives the improved performance for homogeneity with energy property of GLCM of texture feature for Euclidean distance method.
Keywords: CBIR, Texture, 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform, Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance.

[1] PiotrPorwik, AgnieszkaLisowska, "The Haar Wavelet Transform in Digital Image Processing: Its Status and Achievements".
[2] Phang Chang, PhangPiau, "Simple Procedure for the Designation of Haar Wavelet Matrices for Differential Equations", Proceeding
of the International Multiconference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2008 Vol II, March 2008.
[3] Patrick J. Van Fleet, "Discrete Haar Wavelet Transform", PREP, Wavelet Workshop 2006.
[4] N. GnaneshwaraRao, Dr. V. Vijaya Kumara, V Venkata Krishna, "Texture Based Image Indexing and Retrieval", IJCSNS
International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.9 No.5, May 2009
[5] HosseinNezamabadi-pour and SaeidSaryazdi, "Object –Based Image Indexing and Retrieval in DCT Domain using Clustering Techniques", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 3 2005.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Recent Advancements in Turbo Coding with Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) Technique
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Poonam Chauhan, Dr. G. K. Upadhyay, Deepti Shastri
	:	10.9790/2834-09240813

Abstract: Turbo-codes have attracted a great deal of interest since their discovery in 1993. This paper reviews the reasons for this, in particular their attainment of the ultimate limits of the capacity of a communication channel. Turbo-codes promise the attainment of the 'Holy Grail' of communication theory, sought for nearly half a century to achieve the ultimate limits of capacity of a communication channel. It is not surprising, therefore, that they have very rapidly moved from the research laboratories to find practical application throughout the world and beyond it. Following their announcement in 1993, they have found a very wide range of applications, mainly in wireless communications, ranging from the third generation mobile systems to deep-space exploration. Now there is lots of advancement take place in turbo codes by the use of interleave division multiple access. The interleaver combines the output of turbo decoders. Several new interleaver designs for turbo codes are presented which illustrate the important role that the interleaver plays in these codes. The relationship between turbo codes and Low density parity check codes is explored via an explicit formulation of the parity-check matrix of a turbo code, and simulation results are given for sum product decoding of a turbo code. Our discussion encompasses analysis and optimization techniques, superposition-coded modulation, frequency domain processing schemes and the applications of IDMA in multiple-input multiple-output, relay and ad hoc environments. We demonstrate the flexibility and robustness provided by IDMA. We show that the IDMA principle can be applied to realize many potential performance gains highlighted by information theory, including coding gain, diversity gain and multi-user gain. We demonstrate that these gains can be very high, ranging from a few to tens of dBs, compared with conventional approaches.
Keyword: Interleavers, iterative decoding, low-density parity-check codes, convolutional codes, turbo codes.

[1] C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, BNear Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes,[ in Proc. 1993 IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, pp. 1064–1070.
[2] C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, BNear optimum error correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes,[ IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1261–1271, Oct. 1996.
[3] R. G. Gallager, Low-Density Parity-Check Codes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1963.
[4] D. J. C. MacKay and R. M. Neal, BNear Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes,[ IEE Electron. Lett., vol. 32, no. 18, pp. 1645–1646, Aug. 1996.
[5] S. Benedetto and G. Montorsi, BUnveiling turbo codes: Some results on parallel concatenated coding schemes,[ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 409–428, Mar. 1996.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Channel Quality Indicator Feedback in Long Term Evolution (LTE) System
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Maina Ibrahim
	:	10.9790/2834-09241419

Abstract: LTE is a 3GPP evolution of UMTS that is envisaged to provide high data rate and low latency in order to satisfy the data rate requirement of current high data rate applications. To achieve this and guaranty transmission at all times, LTE system adjust transmission parameters like PMI, RI and CQI dynamically. Accomplished via feedback from UE, the feedbacks are set after every transmission time interval based on the measured link quality as adjudged by post detection SINR at the receiver. This paper examined CIQ feedback in LTE using Vienna LTE Link Level Simulator for ITU-T Pedestrian A and Vehicular A channels for different receiver and channel knowledge. It was seen that CQI feedback brings performance improvement for the different scenarios studied. In all, Pedestrian A channel showed better performance compared to Vehicular A channel.
Keywords: Channel quality indicator (CQI), Downlink, Feedback, LTE, SINR.

[1] R. Moray, LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design and Measurement Challenges. Great Britain: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2009.
[2] H. Congzheng, S. Armour, A. Doufexi, N. Kah Heng, and J. McGeehan, "Link Adaptation Performance Evaluation for a MIMOOFDM Physical Layer in a Realistic Outdoor Environment," in Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006. VTC-2006 Fall. 2006 IEEE 64th, 2006, pp. 1-5.
[3] S. Stefania, T. Issam, and B. Matthew, LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice. Great Britain: John Wiley Sons Ltd, 2009.
[4] E. Biglieri, R. Calderbank, A. Constantinides, A. Goldsmith, A. Paulraj, and H. V. Poor, MIMO Wireless Communications. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[5] 3GPP TR 25.913, "Requirements for Evolved UTRA(E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN(E-UTRAN)," (Release 8), v8.0.0, 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Digital Face Recognition Techniques for Matching with Sketches
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Surya Raj, Navya Jose
	:	10.9790/2834-09242036

Abstract: Face recognition is a well studied problem in many application domains. However, matching sketches with digital face images is a very important law enforcement application that has received relatively less attention. The state-of art face recognition algorithms cannot be used directly and require additional processing to address the non-linear variations present in sketches and digital face images. One of the important clues in solving crimes and apprehending criminals is matching sketches with digital face images. This paper presents an automated algorithm that extracts discriminating information from local regions of both sketches and digital face images. Structural information along with minute details present in local facial regions are encoded using multi scale circular Weber's local descriptor. Further, an evolutionary Memetic Optimization is proposed to assign optimal weights to every local facial region to boost the identification performance. Since, forensic sketches or digital face images can be of poor quality, a pre-processing technique is used to enhance the quality of images and improve the identification performance. Comprehensive experimental evaluation on different sketch databases show that the proposed algorithm yields better identification performance compared to existing face recognition algorithms and two commercial face recognition systems.
Keywords: Difference of Gaussian(DoG), Scale Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT), Extended uniform Circular Local Binary Pattern(EUCLBP), Genetic Algorithm(GA),Multi scale Local Binary Pattern(MSLBP), Local Feature- based Descriminent Analysis(LFDA), Cumulative Match Characteristic(CMC), Multi scale Circular Weber's Local Descriptor(MCWLD), Memetic Algorithm(MA), Weber's Local Descriptor(WLD).

[1] Himanshu S .Bhatt, Samarth Bharadwaj, Richa Singh, Mayank Vatsa, "Memetically Optimized MCWLD for Matching Sketches with Digital Face Images." Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on Volume:7 Issue:5,2012.
[2] B. Klare, L. Zhifeng, and A. Jain, "Matching forensic sketches to mug shot photos", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 33, pp. 639–646, 2011.
[3] J. Chen, S. Shan, C. He, G. Zhao, M. Pietikainen, X. Chen, and W. Gao,"WLD - A robust local image descriptor", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1705–1720, 2010.
[4] H. Bhatt, S. Bharadwaj, R. Singh, and M. Vatsa, "On matching sketches with digital face images", in Proceedings of International Conference on Biometrics: Theory Applications and Systems, 2010.
[5] C. Geng and X. Jiang, "Face recognition using SIFT features", in Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing, 2009,pp. 3313–3316.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design and Performance Analysis of Radio over Fiber System Incorporating Differential Phase Shift Keying Modulation in High Speed Transmission System
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nimish Kumar Srivastava, Arvind Kumar Jaiswal, Mukesh Kumar
	:	10.9790/2834-09243742

Abstract: The fast growth of mobile-cellular telephone subscribers and mobile or fixed broadband internet users has triggered a traffic explosion and raised the demands for high broadband capacity and wide coverage network. Radio over fiber is an integration of wireless and fiber optic networks that provides untethered access to broadband wireless communications in a range of applications including last mile solutions, extension of existing radio coverage and capacity, and back haul.In this paper ,after investigating the variations in Q factor , BER and eye opening with respect to the wavelength, bit rate and fiber length we have compared DPSK,MSK,CPFSK and OQPSK modulation techniques used in RoF system for a bit rate in Gbps.
Keywords: CPFSK(Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying) , DPSK(Differential Phase Shift Keying), MSK(Minimum Shift Keying), OQPSK(Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), ROF(Radio Over Fiber).

[1] H.A. Mohammad , Performance evaluation of DWDM for Radio over Fiber system with Dispersion Compensation and EDFA , International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol.72, No.10,June 2013.
[2] J.Johny , S.Shashidharan , Design snd Simulation of a Radio Over Fiber System and its Performance Analysis,Optical Networking Technologies and Data Security- OPNTDS, 2012.
[3] A.M. Zin , S.M. Idrus , The characterization of Radio over Fiber Employed GPON Architecture for Wireless Distribution Network , International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol.1, No.5 , December 2011.
[4] S.M.J Alam , M.R. Alam , Bit Error Rate Optimization in Fiber Optic Communiations , International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol.1, No.5, December 2011.
[5] C.K. Wing , Y.Min, Radio-Over-Fiber 16-QAM , 100 km Transmission at 5Gb/s Using DSB-SC Transmitter and Remote Heterodyne Detection, Journal of Lightwave technology,Vol.26, No.6, March 15 ,2008.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A New Transform For Irregular Roi Coding Of Two Dimensional Images
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Anaswara V. Nath, Archana V. R., Sreedhu T. Sasi, Sreekumar K.
	:	10.9790/2834-09244352

Abstract: Image compression is the application of data compression on digital images. Image compression can be lossy compression or lossless compression. Raw data from an image sensor obviously contains information about a scene, but it is not intrinsically recognizable to the human eye. In signal processing, a lapped transform is a type of linear discrete block transformation where the basis functions of the transformation overlap the block boundaries. We propose a new shape-adaptive (SA) transform ,shape-adaptive reversible integer lapped transform (SA-RLT) method. Region-of interest (ROI) coding algorithms have also been proposed, since observers are always more concerned about some special areas, i.e., ROI than the background (BG) area. Based on SA-RLT and object-based set partitioned embedded block coder (OBSPECK), a new ROI compression scheme can be designed for 2D images.
Keywords: Blocking Artifacts, Multilifting scheme, Region of interest (ROI), RTDLT, SA- DCT, SA- DWT, SA-RLT.

[1] B.Penna, T.Tillo, E.Magli and G.Olmo, Progressive 3D coding of hyperspectral images based on JPEG 2000, IEEE Geosci. remote sens.lett., vol 3, no.1, pp.125-126, Jan.2006.
[2] Mehnaz Tabassum, Mohammad Shorif Uddin, Extractionof ROI in Geographical Map Image, Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, Volume 2,No.5, May 2011, (2079-8407).
[3] V.Srinivasa rao, Dr P.Rajesh Kumar, G.V.H.Prasad, M.Prema Kumar, S.Ravichand, Discrete Cosine Transform Vs Discrete Wavelet Transform: An Objective Comparison of Image Compression Techniques for JPEG Encoder, Published in International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Applications, Jan. 2010.
[4] C. Kwan, B. Li, R. Xu, X. Li, T. Tran, and T. Nguyen, A Complete Image Compression Scheme Based on Overlapped Block Transform with Post-processing, Intelligent Automation Inc.
[5] Henrique S. Malvar, Biorthogonal and Nonuniform Lapped Transforms for Transform Coding with Reduced Blocking and Ringing Artifacts, IEEE transactions on signal processing, vol. 46, no. 4, April 1998.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	QoS improvement for indoor high speed data traffic deploying collaborative agent based smart uplinking LTE algorithm
Country	:	India
Authors	:	J. C. Vijayshree, Dr. T. G. Palanivelu
	:	10.9790/2834-09245358

Abstract: In recent years, femtocells play important role in providing better spectral efficiency to meet out growing wireless communication traffic. The system proposed in this work attempts to provide higher QoS at heavy traffic condition using WiMax uplinking and smart antenna system. The reference signal for steering nulls towards interference and channel state information are provided by an external middleware based mobile agent. Suitable simulation is carried out to provide higher quality of service in terms of throughput, Bit Error rate (BER) and spectral efficiency. Simulation experiments indicate that an effective isolation of indoor traffic is carried out using femto cells and intelligent WiMax uplinking with the required quality of service.
Wireless uplinking, agent based uplinking – smart antenna wimax, indoor qos improvement.

[1] Aria Nostrantia and Ahmadreza Hedayat, "Cooperative Communication in Wireless Networks", IEEE Communication Magazine, 99 74 – 80, October 2004.
[2] Jeffrey G. Andrews, Holger Claussen, Missha Dohler, Sundeep Rangan, Mark. C. Reed, "Femtocells: Past, Present and Future", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, pp 497 – 508, Vol30, No3, April 2012.
[3] Sung – Yeop Pyun and Dong – Hocho, "Resource Allocation Scheme for minimizing uplink interference in Hierarchial Cellular Networks", IEEE Communication, 2010.
[4] Mitsuru Hirakawa, Takashi Yamamoto, Yoji Okada and Mitsuo Sugimoto, "Development of Adaptive Array Antenna for Mobile Wimax uplink", SEI Technical Review, No68, pp 22 – 28, April 2009.
[5] Jain Tao, Fujiang Liu, Zhihuizeng and Zhangxilin, "Throughput Enhancement in Wimax mesh networks using concurrent transmission", pp 871 – 875, IEEE 2005.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design and Effects of Symmetrical Slotted Array on Microstrip Ultra wide Band Antenna
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mohsin M. Mulani, Vidya V. Deshmukh
	:	10.9790/2834-09245962

Abstract: The given paper presents an Ultra Wide Band (UWB) which is simplified and compacted on a rectangular micro strip patch. The micro strip patch of rectangular shape has been narrowed at the bottom and the ground plane in cut-shorted at the top center. The substrate is FR4 substrate with the dimension of (28x29x1.6) mm and permittivity of 4.4. The antenna has been designed on HFSS v11.0 software simulation tool. The simulated results are shown in this paper. The designed antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth between 3.3-16.9 GHz (for S11<-10 dB). The designed antenna has stable VSWR (1.0-2.0) and stable E and H plane over the given bandwidth range. The designed UWB antenna resonates at 6 different frequencies (at 3.9GHz, 6.5 GHz, 3.9GHz, 8.5 GHz, 11.2 GHz, 14.3GHz and 15.3GHz).. The Ultra wide bandwidth has been achieved by implementing the concept of frequency independence method. The antenna exhibits better UWB characteristics suitable for UWB applications.
Keywords: Bandwidth,FCC, Group delay, Omni-directional, UWB, VSWR.

[1] BaskaranKasi, Lee Chia Ping, Chandan Kumar Chakrabarty, "A Compact Microstrip antenna for Ultra wide band Application," European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X Vol.67 No.1 (2011), pp. 45-51.
[2] K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl and P. Bhartia, "Microstrip Lines and Slotlines," Artech House, 2nd Ed, 1996.
[3] Y. Zehforoosh, C. Ghobadi and J. Nourinia, "Antenna design for Ultra Wideband Application Using a New Multilayer Structure," Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Beijing, 26–30 March 2007.
[4] S. Sadat, M. Fardis, F. Geran, and G. Dadashzadeh, "A compact microstrip square-ring slot antenna for UWB applications,"Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 67, 173–179, 2007.
[5] K. F. Lee, K. M. Luk, K. F. Tong, S. M. Shum, T. Huyn and R. Q. Lee, "Experimental and Simulation Studies of the Coaxially Fed U–slot Rectangular Patch" IEEE Proceedings of Microwave Antenna Propagation, Vol. 144, No. 5, October 1997, pp. 354–358.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Adaptive Digital Beam Forming using LMS Algorithm
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B. S. Reddy, Dr. A. S. Bhalchandra, Dr. V. R. Ratnaparkhe
	:	10.9790/2834-09246368

Abstract: There is a need of Phased Array Antennas in applications such as wireless communication, RADAR systems. The radiation pattern for this type of antenna has to be narrower sharper in one direction and should have nulls in other directions. In order to achieve this, phased array antennas are designed in such a way so as to steer the beam in required direction automatically. One of the techniques described in this paper is LMS algorithm. Nested LMS algorithms are used to optimize the radiation pattern. By varying the step-size, optimizing weights radiation patterns are observed. Change of direction of desired signal is also considered. It is observed that Gain is maximum in desired direction and nulls are created in the direction of noise signals.
Keywords: Adaptive algorithm, beam forming, least mean square algorithm, variable step-size.

[1] Balanis, Antenna Theory: analysis and design, (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, C.A (2005)).
[2] SumitVerma& Arvind Pathak, Digital Beam Forming using RLS-QRD algorithm, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN:2278-0181, Vol.1, Issue 2,July 2012.
[3] Susmita Das, Smart Antenna Design for Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beam-forming Approach.
[4] Maobing Hu, Wei Tang, Canhui Cai, A New Variable Step-Size LMS Adaptive Filtering Algorithm for Beam forming Technology.
[5] Byung Goo Choi, Yong Wan Park, Jeong Hee Choi, The Adaptive Least Mean Square Algorithm Using Several Step Size for Multiuser Detection, 0-7803-6507-0/00, IEEE 2000.