iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: The use of different digital devices is increasing every day. Thus it is necessary to compress images to make efficient transfer and storage of data. Wavelet is the image compression algorithm. It is Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT). Wavelet algorithms can process data at different scales or resolutions. The different wavelets used for image compression are Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal and Symlet. This paper presents a comparative study of various wavelet families for image compression and tests the results in terms of compressed image quality. The results are measured in terms of MSE, PSNR, CR and Elapsed time for compression considering as subjective quality measures.

[1] R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, "Digital Image Processing", Reading. MA: Addison Wesley, 2004
[2] V.Ratnakar and M.Livny. RD-OPT: An efficient algorithm for optimizing DCT quantization tables. Data Compression Conference.
[3] A.Skodras, Christopoulos and T Ebrahimi. The JPEG 2000 still image compression standard. IEEE Signal processing magazine, pp
[4] Sonja Grgic, Kresimir Kers, Mislav Grgic, "Image Compression Using Wavelets" IEEE, ISIE‟99Bled Slovenia.
[5] L.W.Chang, CY Wang and SM Lee Designing JPEG quantization tables based on Human Visual System. Signal Processing: Image Communication, Volume 16, Issue 5,501-506, Jan 2001.

Abstract: With instant user gratification aspect in mind, and elimination of cumbersome communication channel establishment procedure, NFC concept evolved. An ultra-modern effort,an acoustics based P2P NFC system developed by Microsoft India evolved from the shortcomings of conventional NFC. This paper reviews the advantages of P2P NFC for active tags over established NFC. P2P's ubiquitous characteristics and implementation even on passive tags are projected as being the future of Wireless Communication.

[1] Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Nov 2001. U.S. FederalInformation Processing Standard Publication 197,
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf.
[2] Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1), Dec2004. ECMA-340 Standard (2nd Edition), http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/Ecma-340.htm.
[3] NFC-SEC Whitepaper, Dec 2008. http://www.ecmainternational.org/activities/Communications/tc47-2008-089.pdf.
[4] NFC-SEC-01: NFC-SEC Cryptography Standard using ECDH ndAES, Jun 2010. ECMA-386 Standard (2nd Edition),http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-386.Htm.
[5] http://www.nfcworld.com
[6] At Villanova University, NFC Technology Being Tested, Mar 2012.http://www.todaysfacilitymanager.com/2012/03/at-villanovauniversity-nfc-technology-being-tested.

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are used to monitor physical or environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, sound etc.Increasing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks is a major challenge because the nodes are equipped with low power battery.Energy efficient routing helps in increasing the lifetime of sensor nodes by maximizing the overall performance of the nodes. Generally in routing algorithm best path is chosen for transmission from source to destination,but if the same path is used for a long period of time for quick transmission time the nodes in the selected path will get drained fast.This paper discusses about the different methods used for increasing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Index terms: sensor node,wireless sensor networks, routing.

[1] C Hua and T.P Yum,"Optimal routing and data aggregation for maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor network", IEEE ACM , vol 16 no.4,pp 892-903,Aug 2008.
[2] J.N Alkaraki,A.E Kamal,"Routing techniques in Wireless sensor networks a survey",IEEE wirelss Communication,vol.11,no.6.pp.6-28, Dec 2004
[3] H. RKarkvandi, E. Pecht, and O.Yadid,"Effective Lifetime aware routing in wireless sensor netwo-rks ",IEEE Sensors journal,vol 11,no 12,pp. 3359-3367,Dec 2011.
[4] K.Akkaya and M.Younis,"A survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks",Ad Hoc networks,vol.3,no.3,pp 325-349,may 2005
[5] S.Y Chiang and J.L Wang," Routing analysis Fuzzy logic systems in wireless sensor networks" IEEE transactions,vol.11,no.2.pp 2-26,Oct 2011

Abstract: Initially NEC (Name of company) Microwave manufacturing, Japan is introduced briefly and then various parameters to establish microwave link is discussed then proposed system is explained. The flow chart to reduce the time of doing troubleshooting is explain. The main objective is to reduce the call drop of TATA DOCOMO and to overcome the drop if occur within short duration of time. There exists limited literature on NEC microwave, especially with regard to acknowledgments and troubleshooting. The working of NEC microwave, classification & tools on the basis of the NEC equipment used in TATA DOCOMO & flow chart to reduced the time is described. According to different types they produce different acknowledgment and depending upon the acknowledgment the troubleshooting strategy changes.

[1]. Md. Rakib Al Mahmud, ―Analysis And Planning Microwave Link To Established Efficient Wireless Communications‖, September 2009.
[2]. J. Frank Jimene, 1999, ―Fundamentals of Radio Link Engineering‖.
[3]. H. Abdullah Jr, Paulo Carvalho, Luis. F. Molinaro, Carlos Evangelista, L Bermudez, ―Tools For Microwave Radio Communications System Design‖, April 2003.
[4]. ―Basic Path Considerations For A Microwave Link‖, May 2010, EM Clarity White Paper.
[5]. Website of NEC Corporation, Japan.
[6]. Sanjeeva Gupta, 1957, Microwave Engineering. McGraw-Hill

Abstract: This project presents a wearable warning system to protect workers from carbon monoxide poisoning in industries and coal mines.A sensor has been integrated into a wearble system to allow continuous and non-invasive monitoring of atmospere.It can be implemented to homes also.Temperature,gas and pressure are monitored .since the high temperature and pressure also casue adverse effect on human beings.To show the reliablity, the system is tested in different atmosphere conditions.the system can be able to identify the CO gas upto 1 km .the system will warn the user and the final result will be analyzed using VB.

Keywords: sensors, ADC0809, Alarm, microcontroller(AT89C59), Zigbee, VB.

[1] Andrea Goldsmith "wireless communication".
[2] Christopher A.Janicak "Job fatalities due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning,1992-96"1998.
[3] R.Dresher, "Wearble forehead pule oimetry: minimizatio of motion and pressure artifacts"Master‟s thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institue,May 2006.
[4] S.Dorevitch ,L.Forst, L.Conroy and P.Levy, "Toxic inhalationfatalities in US construction workers , 1990 to 1999", journal of occupational and environmental medicine,vol.44, no.7,pp.657-662, july 2002

Abstract: This paper demonstrate the design and analysis of 8x10Gb/s Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) optical network by incorporating the concept of polarization. The performance of fiber optic network degrades due to nonlinear effects within the channel. Therefore in order the enhance the system capacity the crosstalk due to polarization have to be minimized. The two simple approaches being polarization interleaving and Polarization Multiplexing (PM). The results confirmed using eye diagrams that the system power signal loss reduces through adjacent channel polarization and also that the nonlinearities are polarization state dependent and best performance results are achieved when adjacent channels are launched with orthogonal polarization relative to each other

[1]. Mandeep Kaur , Parminder Singh and Navtej Singh "Analysis of Transmission Formats in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) System" IJEIT Vol. 1 No. 1 Oct 2009.
[2]. Sabapathi Tand Nanthini Devi B. S. "Combating SRS and FWM in an Optical Fiber through Unequal Spacing and Dispersion" International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology (ISSN : 2277-1581)
[3]. Volume No.2, Issue No.6, pp : 545-549 1 June 2013.
[4]. Alberto Bononi, Armando Vannucci,A. Orlandini, E. Corbel, S. Lanne, and S. Bigo, "Degree of Polarization Degradation Due to Cross-Phase Modulation and Its Impact on Polarization-Mode Dispersion Compensators" Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 21, No. 9, September 2003 1903
[5]. Peter J. Winzer "Modulation and multiplexing in optical communication systems" IEEE LEOS NEWSLETTER Volume 23,No 1 February 2009
[6]. Jagjit Singh Malhotra , Alok Kumar "Impact of Adjacent Channel Polarization in Long Haul DWDM

Abstract: The analysis of human body motion is an important method in which computer vision combines with bio-mechanics. This method is widely used in motion detection, motion analysis, intelligent control and many other fields. In the analysis of human body motion; the moving human body detection is important part. The moving human body is detected from the background image in video sequences. Here the new method for the moving object detection based on background subtraction is defined by establishing a reliable background updating model which uses a dynamic optimization threshold method to obtain a more complete moving object. After getting moving object to remove the noise morphological filtering is done.

[1]. Cheng-Ming Huang, Yi-Ru Chenand, Li-Chen Fu "Real- Time Object Detection and Tracking on a Moving Camera Platform" ICROS-SICE International Joint Conference 2009 Fukuoka International Congress Center, Japan August 18-21, 2009, pp. 717-722
[2]. Lianqiang Niu, Nan Jiang "A Moving Objects Detection Algorithm Based on Improved Background Subtraction" DOI 10.1109/ISDA.2008.337 978-0-7695-3382-7/08 $25.00 © 2008 IEEE
[3]. Lijing Zhang, Yingli Liang "Motion Human Detection Based on Background Subtraction" 2010 Second International workshop on Education Technology and computer science,2010
[4]. Du-Ming Tsai and Shia-Chih Lai "Independent Component Analysis-Based Background Subtraction for Indoor Surveillance" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 18, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009
[5]. J.Heikkila and O.Silven. "A real-time system for monitoring of cyclists and pedestrians" In Proc. of Second IEEE Workshop on Visual Surveillance, pages 74–81, Fort Collins, Colorado, June 1999.

Abstract: The IEEE 802.11 is the dominating standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). IEEE 802.11 uses Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) protocol with Binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm for packet transmission. In WLANs, the performance metrics such as throughput and end-to-end delay greatly depend on packet transmission procedure. The packet transmission procedure can be represented with a Markov chain model. Till now, several Markov chain models have been developed for evaluating the performance of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. Yet, these models cannot truthfully calculate the performance of the network. Moreover, the existing models suffer with high packet collisions resulting in degradation of throughput particularly under congested environments.

[1]. IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE 802.11b, 1999.
[2]. G. Bianchi, Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function, IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Comm., Vol. 18(3), pp. 535-547, March 2000.
[3]. Ziouva.E and Antonakopoulos.T, CSMA/CA performance under high traffic conditions throughput and delay analysis, Comput. Commun, 25(3), pp. 313–321, 2002.
[4]. P. Chatzimisios, A.Boucouvalas and Vitsas.V, Throughput and delay analysis of IEEE 802.11 protocol, IWNA, pp. 168–174,2002.
[5]. P. Chatzimisios, A.Boucouvalas and Vitsas. V, IEEE 802.11 Packet Delay: A Finite Retry Limit Analysis, Proc. IEEE Globecom, Vol. 2, pp. 950-954, 2003.
[6]. Z.Hadzi Velkov and B.Spasenovski, Saturation Throughput - Delay Analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF in Fading Channel, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Comm, vol 11(3), pp7803-7802, June2003.

Abstract: This paper presents the bandwidth enhancement of co-axial fed truncated microstrip antenna using dumbbell shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The proposed antenna resonating at 5.4 GHz finds application in wireless local area networks in wireless communication systems. To make the proposed antenna more efficient, the designed parameters of the antenna have been optimized and its characteristics are investigated using IE3D software.

[1]. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design( New York: Wiley, 1997)
[2]. Ashwini K. Arya, M. V. Kartikeyan, A .Patnaik, Gain Enhancement of Microstrip antenna using Dumbbell shaped Defected Ground Structure, International Journal of Research Engineering & Technology,Vol.2,Issues 4,pp.184-188,July 2013.
[3]. Ashwini K. Arya, M. V. Kartikeyan, A .Patnaik, Defected Ground Structure in the perspective of Microstrip antenna, Progress in electromagnetic research,Vol.64, Issue5-6, pp.79-84 , Oct 2010.
[4]. Girish Kumar and K.P.Ray, Broadband Microsrip antennas (Artech House Inc,2003.)
[5]. Preet kaur, Rajiv Nehra, Manjeet Kadian, Dr. Asok De, Dr.S. K. Agarwal, Design of improved performance of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using peacock and star shaped DGS, International Journal of Electronics Signals and Systems (IJESS),Vol‐3, Issue‐2, 2013.

Abstract: This paper is based on the large scale heating systems employed in industries. The PID controller set up for monitoring and regulating the heating systems for maintaining the optimum temperature for melting of lead and also ensures minimum heat loss and low power consumption, thus saving power. In this paper we show the heating control application of the PID controller by using a thermocouple as a sensing element and a feedback to the PID controller. By setting a reference value in the PID controller and using the sensing element to measure a heat source, the operation of a PID controller and the firing of the SCR can be observed through the glowing of the lamp.

Keywords: PID Controller, SCR Control Card, Thermocouple.

[1] "PID control," in the control handbook, W. S. Levine , Ed . Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Press,1996,PP.198_209.
[2] "The future of PID Control ," Eng. Pract ., vol.9 , no. 11, pp. 1163-1175, 2001.
[3] A SIMPLE EVENT-BASED PID CONTROLLER, Karl-Erik Arzen, Department of Automatic Control, Lund Institute of Technology, Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Email: karllerik@control.lth.se
[4] PID control system analysis, design and technology, Kiam Heong Ang , Gregory Chong , Student Member, IEEE, and Yun Li, Member, IEEE
[5] K. J. Astrom, T. Hagglund, C.C. Hang and W. K. Ho, "Automatic tuning and adaptation for PID controllers—a survey." Control Eng. Pract., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 699-714,1993.
[6] "Getting the best out of PID in machine control," in proc. Dig. Inst. Elect. Eng. PG16 Colloquium (96/287), London, U.K., Oct. 24, 1996.

Abstract: Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a radio platform technology that will allow operators to achieve even higher peak throughputs than HSPA+ in higher spectrum bandwidth. LTE is part of the GSM evolutionary path for mobile broadband. The overall objective for LTE is to provide an extremely high performance radio-access technology that offers full vehicular speed mobility and that can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier networks. With the help of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to easily migrate their networks and users from HSPA to LTE over time. The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system. In this paper how the emerging technology is achieving high rate, high reliability, and long range communications is explained in detail.

[1] Ian F. Akyildiz, David M. Gutierrez-Estevez, Elias Chavarria Reyes "The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced" Physical Communication 2010.

[2] Rahat Ali Khan, Asad Ali Shaikh "LTE Advanced: Necessities And Technological Challenges For 4th Generation Mobile Network" International Journal Of Engineering And Technology Volume 2 No. 8, August, 2012. [3] Edward Kasem, Jan Prokopec "The Evolution Of Lte To Lte-Advanced And The Corresponding Changes In The Uplink Reference Signals" Elektrorevue Issn 1213-1539 Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2012.

[4] Jolly Parikh, Anuradha Basu "Lte-Advanced: The 4g Mobile Broadband Technology" International Journal Of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 13– No.5, January 2011

Abstract: The market of the consumer electronics, automobiles is now taken over by MEMS. MEMS or Microsystems technology or Micromachined Devices is a technology where micro-level electro-mechanical elements are fabricated, in which there exists no physical movement of mechanical parts to the more complex electromechanical systems. These also contain a micro level sensors and actuators which have the mechanical motion inside the chip.

[1] Piezoresistive Effect in Germanium and Silicon Smith, C.S. Piezoresistive Effect in Germanium and Silicon. Physical Review , 94, 42–49.

[2] Barlian, A. Alvin, W-T. Park, Joseph R. Mallon, Ali J. Rastegar, and Beth L. Pruitt. "Review: Semiconductor piezoresistance for microsystems."Proceedings of the IEEE 97, no. 3 (2009): 513-552.

[3] Hong, Jia-sheng. "Reconfigurable planar filters." Microwave Magazine, IEEE 10, no. 6 (2009): 73-83.

[4] Verger, Aurélie, Arnaud Pothier, Cyril Guines, Aurelian Crunteanu, Pierre Blondy, Jean-Christophe Orlianges, J. Dhennin, F. Courtade, and Olivier Vendier. "Sub-hundred nanosecond reconfiguration capabilities of nanogap RF MEMS switched capacitor." In Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), 2010 IEEE MTT-S International, pp. 1238-1241. IEEE, 2010.

[5] Di, Si, Hui Lin, and Ruxu Du. "An artificial compound eyes imaging system based on MEMS technology." In Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), 2009 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 13-18. IEEE, 2009.

[6] Miao, P., P. D. Mitcheson, A. S. Holmes, E. M. Yeatman, T. C. Green, and B. H. Stark. "MEMS inertial power generators for biomedical applications."Microsystem Technologies 12, no. 10-11 (2006): 1079-1083

Abstract: This paper proposes a method for fabric defect detection based on neural network. The global market for textile industry is highly competitive nowadays. Neural network is widely used to extract features from images for texture segmentation. The proposed scheme involves two challenging problem .i.e. defect detection and defect classification. Scene analysis and feature selection play an important role in classification process. The complexity of the subsequent steps increases and the classification task becomes hard by selecting an inappropriate feature set. So possibly an appropriate set of geometric features is taken into account in order to address the problem of neural network-based textile defect classification. Statistical approach is used to extract the features.

[1]. A. Kumar, "Neural network based detection of local textile defects," Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1645–1659, 2003
[2]. [D. Anderson and G. McNeill, "Artificial Neural Networks Technology," Contract Report, for Rome Laboratory, contract no. F30602-89-C-0082, August 1992.
[3]. Y. Shu and Z. Tan, "Fabric Defects Automatic Detection Using Gabor Filters," World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2004), Hangzhou, China, vol. 4, pp. 3378 – 3380, June 2004.
[4]. M. Salahudin and M. Rokonuzzaman, "Adaptive Segmentation of Knit Fabric Images for Automated Defect Detection in Semi-structured Environments," Proceedings of the 8th ICCIT, pp. 255-260, 2005.
[5]. W. Jasper, J. Joines, and J. Brenzovich, "Fabric Defect Detection Using a Genetic Algorithm Tuned Wavelet Filter," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 96, Issue 1, pp. 43 – 54, January 2005
[6]. R. Stojanovic, P. Mitropulos, C. Koulamas, Y.A. Karayiannis, S. Koubias, and G. Papadopoulos, "Real-time Vision based System for Textile Fabric Inspection," Real-Time Imaging, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 507–518, 2001.

Abstract: A single band Solid micro-strip Feed monopole antenna for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application is presented. The proposed antenna design consists of a Y-Shaped monopole antenna with the ring slot and a designed rectangular slot which surrounds the monopole antenna. The experimental result shows that the proposed single band antenna has a return loss of -22.147 dB and band widthis1.2 GHz which lies at a frequency range of about 5.0 GHz to 6.2 GHz tuned at a centre frequency of 5.8 GHz, which can cover the WLAN-5.8 GHz frequency band then, the related radiation patterns have been observed at 5.8 GHz. The gain and efficiency of a proposed antenna is 4.43167dBi and 80.698%.

[1] "A Soild Printed Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications"HuiqingZhai, Member IEEE, Zhihui Ma, Yu Han, and Changhong Liang, Senior Member, IEEE Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE.
[2] "Soild CPW-FeedTri-Band Printed Antenna with Meandering Split Ring Slot for WLAN and WiMAX Applications"Pingan Liu, YanlinZou, BaorongXie, Xianglong Liu, and Baohua Sun,IEEE Antennas and Wireless Prop.Lett, Vol.11, 2012.
[3] W.C.Liu, C.M.Wu, and N.C.Chu, "A Soild CPW-Feed slotted patch antenna for dual band operation," IEEE Antennas WirelessPropag.Lett., vol.9, pp.595–598, 2010.
[4] W.Hu, Y.Z.Yin, X.Yang, K.Song, Z.Y.Liu and L. H.Wen, "A wide open U-slot antenna with a pair of symmetrical L-strips for WLAN applications," Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett., vol.16, pp.141–149, 2010.
[5] T.N.Chang and J.H.Jiang, "Meandered T-shaped monopole antenna," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.57, no.12, pp.3976–3978, Dec.2009.

Abstract: The use of multiple antenna's at both transmitter and receiver to form multiple input and multiple output(MIMO) channels currently hold the potential to drastically improve the spectrum efficiency and capacity of future wireless communication system. For broadband systems ,OFDM turns a frequency selective channel into a set of parallel flat channels which reduces the receiver complexity. Designing a wireless receiver is a complicated task, thereby analysis is restricted on three functions of the receiver; Channel estimation, multiuser detectors and data decoding. By using iterative receiver algorithms different combinations of multiuser detectors and channel estimators are compared .

[1] G. Foschini and M. Gans, "On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas," Wireless
Personal Communications, vol. 6, pp. 311–335, Mar. 1998.
[2] A. Scaglione, P. Stoica, S. Barbarossa, G. B. Giannakis, and H. Sampath,"Optimal designs for space-time linear precoders and
decoders," IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1051–1064, May 2002.
[3] A. Bourdoux and N. Khaled, "Joint TX-RX optimisation for MIMOSDMAbased on a null-space constraint," in Proc. of IEEE VTC,
Vancouver, Canada, Sept. 2002, pp. 171–174.
[4] A. M. Khachan, A. J. Tenenbaum, and R. S. Adve, "Linear processing for the downlink in multiuser MIMO systems with mutiple
data streams," in Proc. of IEEE ICC - To appear, June 2006.
[5] M. Schubert, S. Shi, E. A. Jorswieck, and H. Boche, "Downlink Sum-MSE transceiver optimization for linear multi-user MIMO
systems," in Proc. 39 Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems and Computers, Oct. 2005,pp. 1424–1428.

Abstract: Mobile adhoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any standalone infrastructure or centralized administration.MANET routing algorithm is necessary to find specific routes between source and destination.The primary goal of any adhoc network routing protocol is to meet the challenges of the dynamically changing topology and establish an efficient route between any two nodes with minimum delay androuting overheads. Therefore, it is difficult to determine which protocol performs best under a number of different scenarios. The aim of this paper is to compare various routing protocols qualitatively.

Keywords: AODV, DSR, DSDV, CGSR, WRP, MANET.

[1]. Ck Toh, "Adhoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocol and System", Pearson, India, 2008
[2]. Stefano Basagni, Marco Conti ,Silvia Giordano, Ivan Stojmenovic, " Mobile Ad Hoc Networking" , IEEE Press, Wiley India , 2010
[3]. Marco Conti, " Multihop Adhoc Networking The Theory," SUPSI,April 2007
[4]. Charu Wahi, Sanjay Kumar Sonbhadra, "Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols",IJASUC, Vol3,No.2, April 2012
[5]. file:///F:/Comparison%20between%20aodv%20and%20olsr%20protocol.htm
[6]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_adhoc_network

Abstract: Fingerprint authentication for content protection in the human–machine systems, cybernetics, and computational intelligence is very popular. Because of the complex input contexts, low-quality input fingerprint images always exist with cracks and scars, dry skin, or poor ridges and valley contrast ridges. In this paper three different methods are introduced to enhance the low quality fingerprint images.

Index Terms: Fingerprint enhancement, Unsharp masking, Quadratic filter, Fingerprint matching; Minutiae matching, Feature vector distance two-stage filtering

1]. M. D. Marsico, M. Nappi, and G. Tortora, "NABS: Novel approaches for biometric systems," IEEE Trans. Syst.,Man, Cybern. , Appl. Rev., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 481–493, Jul. 2011.
[2]. V. Conti, C. Militello, F. Sorbello, and S. Vitabile, "A frequency-based approach for features fusion in fingerprint and iris multimodal biometric identification systems," IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. C, Appl. Rev.,vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 384–395, Jul. 2010.
[3]. A. K. Jain, A. Ross, and S. Pankanti, "Biometrics: A tool for information security," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 125–143,Jun. 2006
[4]. S.K. Mitra, G. Sicuranza, Nonlinear Image Processing, Academic Press Series in Communication, Networking and Multimedia, San Diego, 2001.
[5]. R.Fletcher,M.J.D.Powell,Arapidlyconvergentdescentmethodforminimiza-tion, ComputerJournal6(1963)163–168
[6]. F.R.Gantmacher, TheTheoryof Matrices,Chelsea,NewYork

Abstract: Image fusion is the process by which two or more images are combined into a single image retaining the important features from each of the original images. Due to imperfections of imaging devices (optical sensors) and instability of the observed scene (object motion), acquired images are often blurred,and may exhibit insufficient resolution.So image fusion can be used to get improved image resolution.There are many methods for image fusion,from which wavelet transform based image fusion has advantage over other spatial domain methods in terms of spatial and spectral resolution.In this paper,discrete wavelet transform based image fusion is implemented. Keywords: Image fusion,discrete wavelet transform(DWT),similarity measure.

[1]. Shih-Gu Huang, "Wavelet for Image Fusion"
[2]. Susmitha Vekkot, and Pancham Shukla "A Novel Architecture for Wavelet based Image Fusion". World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 57 2009
[3]. Chen Yunhao, Deng Lei, Li Jing, Li Xiaobing and Shi Peijun, ―A new wavelet-based image fusion method for remotely sensed data‖, International Journal of Remote Sensing ,Vol. 27, No. 7, 10 April 2006, 1465–1476.
[4]. Deepali A. Godse,Wavlet based Image Fusion Using Pixel Based Maximum Selection Rule, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST).
[5]. Gonzalo Pajares , Jesus Manuel de la Cruz "A wavelet-based image fusion tutorial" 2004 Pattern Recognition Society.
[6]. Stavri Nikolov Paul Hill David Bull Nishan Canagarajah "WAVELETS FOR IMAGE FUSION"
[7]. Hasan. Demirel and Gholamreza. Anbarjafari, ―Discrete Wavelet Transform-Based Satellite Image Resolution Enhancement,‖ IEEE Geosciences and Remote Sensing Letter, VOL. 49, NO. 6, JUNE 2011.Brown, L. D., Hua, H., and Gao, C. 2003. A widget framework for augmented interaction in SCAPE

Abstract: Now-a-days, there is rise in the death rate of patients suffering from liver cancer. The liver cancer rate is increasing year by year. Generally, liver cancer's death rate is very high because the disease causes no symptoms, so it's often not caught until it's in final stages. The Canadian Cancer Society says, if we catch someone's liver cancer early, their chance of defeating the disease is 70 to 80 per cent. If the disease is caught late, the average person survives about a year after diagnosis.

[1]. Übeyli ED, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems for automatic detection of breast cancer, J Med Syst2009;33:353 [PubMed]
[2]. Abarghouei AA, Ghanizadeh A, Sinaie S, Shamsuddin SM, A Survey of Pattern Recognition Applications in Cancer Diagnosis, in International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition. IEEE Conferences. 2009:448–53.
[3]. C. Venkatesh, Fahimuddin Shaik, Ghouse Mohammed Imran, T.Haneesh, fuzzy-neuro logic in segmentation of mri images, IEEE-International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012
[4]. V. K. Dehariya, S. K. Shrivastava, R. C. Jain, Clustering of Image Data Set Using K-Means and Fuzzy KMeans Algorithms,International conference on CICN, pp. 386- 391, 2010.
[5]. S.Saheb Baha and Dr. K.Satya Prasad, Automatic detection of Hard Exudates in Diabetic Retinopathy using Morphological segmentation and Fuzzy Logic in [JCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 No.12, December 2008.

Abstract:Driver inattention have been reported as a cause of fatal traffic accidents. To mitigate this problem we have to examine the link between the driver and the automobile to see what modifications can be made to the automobile to assist the driver. A new vision-based approach is developed for understanding driver behavior by using foot gesture analysis. Driver's foot video is captured, image processing is done using MATLAB software. The proposed system have potential to warn the driver to critical situations and predict need for braking action. If braking action is being planned by the driver then manual brake is applied otherwise automatic brake is used. To predict critical events obstacle detecting system is developed using ultrasonic sensors. Simulation result shown in graphical user interface.

[1] Cuong Tran, Anup Doshi, and Mohan M. Trivedi ―Pedal Error Prediction by Driver Foot Gesture Analysis: A Vision-based Inquiry‖, 2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) Baden-Baden, Germany, June 5-9, 2011
[2] Cuong Tran, Anup Doshi, and Mohan M. Trivedi ―Investigating Pedal Errors and Multi-modal Effects: Driving Testbed Development and Experimental Analysis‖, 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, September 16-19, 2012
[3] By Joel C. McCall and Mohan M. Trivedi ―Driver Behavior and Situation Aware Brake Assistance for Intelligent Vehicles‖., Proceedings of the IEEE | Vol. 95, No. 2, February 2007
[4] Shinsuk Park and Thomas B. Sheridan, Life Fellow ―Enhanced Human–Machine Interface in Braking‖. ieee transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics—part a: systems and humans, vol. 34, no. 5, september 2004
[5] J. McCall, D. Wipf,M.M. Trivedi, and B. Rao, Proc ―Lane change intent analysis using robust operators and sparse Bayesian learning‖.. IEEE Int. Workshop Mach. Vision Intell Veh., Jun. 2005, p. 59

Abstract: In this paper we discuss a modified exemplar-based inpainting method through investigating the sparsity of natural image patches. In the exemplar-based algorithms, with the help of available information the unknown blocks of target region are inpainted by the most similar blocks extracted from the source region. To decide the filling order of missing pixels ensures the connectivity of object boundaries. The priority term shold defined. In the exemplar-based patch sparsity approaches, a sparse representation of missing pixels was considered to define a new priority term.

[1]. X. Li and Y. Zheng, "Patch-based video processing: A variational bayesian approach," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 27–40, Jan. 2009.
[2]. C. Ballester, M. Bertalmio, V. Caselles, L. Garrido, A. Marques, and F. Ranchin, "An inpainting-based deinterlacing method," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 2476–2491, Oct. 2007.
[3]. A. Maalouf, P. Carre, B. Augereau, and C. Fernandez Maloigne, "A bandelet-based inpainting technique for clouds removal from remotely sensed images," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 2363–2371, Jul. 2009.
[4]. M. Bertalmio, L. Vese, G. Sapiro and S. Osher, "Simultaneous structure and texture image inpainting," IEEE Trans. Image Process, vol. 12, pp. 882–889, 2003.
[5]. A. Criminisi, P. Perez, and K. Toyama, "Object removal by examplarbased image inpainting," in Proc. Int. Conf. Comp. Vision, 2003, pp. 721–728.
[6]. J.Wu and Q. Ruan, "Object removal by cross isophotes examplar-based image inpainting," in Proc. Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition, 2006, pp. 810–813.

Abstract: As the migration of wireless communication network from one generation to another continue, radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in achieving an optimum performance as well as suitability over different locations of interest. In this research, investigation of radio communication channel behavior based on practical measurement in the L-band frequency in Akure- one of the dense urban regions of southwestern part of Nigeria has been carried out. A total number of ten base stations of MTN GSM service located across several areas in Akure were monitored.

[1] Ojo, J.S., Ajewole, M.O. and Sarkar, S.K. "Rain Rate and Rain Attenuation Prediction for Satellite Communication in Ku and Ka Bands Over Nigeria", Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 5, 2008, pp 207–223.
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[4] Erceg V, Hari KVS, SmithMS, Baum DS, Sheikh KP, Tappenden C, Costa JM, Bushue C, Sarajedini A, Schwartz R, Branlund D, Kaitz T, Trinkwon D. Channel models for fixed wireless applications. Contribution IEEE P 802.16 3C-01/29r4, IEEE 802.16.
[5] Sarkar, Z.K.; Ji, Z.;Kim,K.; Medouri,A.; Salazar-Palma . A Survey of Various Propagation Models for Mobile Communication (2003). IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 45, 3, 2003, 51-82

Abstract: In this paper a non-linear companding transform is proposed which can effectively reduce the PAPR value in OFDM systems. High value of PAPR has undesirable effects on the performance of wireless communication systems. Various companding schemes are used to reduce the problem of PAPR in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing schemes. High PAPR drives the power amplifiers used at the transmitter's side into non-linear region and leads to high power dissipation in hand held devices. The proposed NCT has the capability to transform power and amplitude of the original OFDM signal into a uniform distribution which leads to the reduction of PAPR.

[1]. M Hongwei Yang, "A road to future broadband wireless access: MIMO-OFDM based air interface," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.43, No.1, pp. 53-60, Feb 2005.
[2] Y.Wu, W. Y. Zou, "Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing: a multi-carrier modulation scheme," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 392–399, Aug. 1995.
[3] S. H. Han, J. H. Lee, "An overview of peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission," IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, Vol 12, No.2, pp. 55-65, April 2005.
[4] B.Wang, T. T. Tjhung, and C. S. Ng, "Reduction of peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique," IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 303–307, Sep. 1999.
[5] J. Hou, J. Ge, D. Zhai, and J. Li, "Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of OFDM signals with nonlinear companding scheme", IEEE Tranasctions on Broadcasting, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 258–262, June 2010.

Abstract: Orthogonal FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(OFDM)isamulti-carriermodulationtechniquewhich dividestheavailable spectrumintomanycarriers.OFDMusesthespectrumefficiently comparedtoFDMAby spacing the channels much closer together and making all carriers orthogonal to one another to prevent interferencebetweenthecloselyspacedcarriers.ThemainadvantageofOFDMistheirrobustnesstochannel fadinginwirelessenvironment. TheobjectiveofthisworkistodesignandimplementanOFDMtransmitter and receiverusingMATLAB.Theworkconcentrates ondevelopingFastFourierTransform(FFT)andInverseFast FourierTransform(IFFT).The workalsoincludesindesigninga mappingmodule,serialtoparallelandparallelto serialconvertermodule.Thedesignuses16-pointsFFTandIFFTfortheprocessingmodulewhichindicatesthat theprocessingblockcontain16inputsdata.AllmodulesareimplementingusingMATLAB.

Keywords: AODV, DSR, DSDV, CGSR, WRP, MANET.

[1] HuilinXu, Chia-Chin Chong, Guvenc I, Watanabe F., "High-Resolution TOA Estimation with Multi-Band OFDM UWB Signals," IEEE Int. Conference, Beijing, pp-4191-4196, May, 2008.
[2] Batra, A. Balakrishnan, J. Dabak, A., "Multi-band OFDM: a new approach for UWB," DSPS R&D Center, Texas Instrum., Dallas, TX, USA, Circuits and System,2004. ISCAS'04, Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium, Volume: 5, pp- 365-368.
[3] Michal Litwin, "Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Transceiver Design," Master Thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering Program, Cornell University, August, 2010.
[4] Guillermo Acosta, "OFDM Simulation Using Matlab," Smart Antenna Research Laboratory, August, 2000
[5] P. G. Lin, "OFDM Simulation in MATLAB," Dept. of Electrical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, June, 2010.