iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: Accurate visualization and quantification of the images is an important prerequisite for a number of applications. In clinical procedure grading of stenoses is important in the diagnosis of the severity of vascular disease since it determines the treatment therapy. Interventional procedures such as the placement of prosthesis in order to prevent aneurysm rupture or a bypass operation require an accurate insight into the three dimensional vessel architectures. Both two-dimensional projection techniques, such as DSA, and three-dimensional modalities as X-ray rotational angiography, CTA and MRA are employed in clinical practice. Although CTA and MRA provide volumetric data, the common way of interpreting these images is by using a maximum intensity projection.
Keyword: Hessian Matrix, Eigen values.

[1]. A. F. Frangi, W. J. Niessen, K. L. Vincken, and M. A. Viergever, "Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering," International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, 1998 Vol No.25, PP130-137.
[2]. Ruan Lakemond, Clinton Fookes, Sridha Sridharan, "Affine Adaptation of Local Image Features Using the Hessian Matrix" Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance,2009, Vol No.56, PP 104-115
[3]. Yang Yu,Hong Zhao, "Enhancement Filter for Computer-Aided Detection of Pulmonary Nodules on Thoracic CT images", Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA'06) IEEE,2006, Vol No.89, PP108-16
[4]. Wenhua Ma,"Monotonicall descreasing Eigen value for edge sharpening diffusion", IEEE, 2011, Vol No.56, PP 205-212
[5]. Albert C. S. Chung,"Image Segmentation Methods for Detecting Blood Vessels in Angiography", ICARCV IEEE, 2006, Vol No 65. PP 315-326.

Abstract: An E-Shaped Linear Array Antenna design for Ku band is presented here on Alumina Substrate. The substrate made with Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) has high dielectric constant (9.8) and is 1.5mm thick. The patch's dimension is 3.5mm x 5.0mm for miniaturized antenna and the slots of unequal width 2.8mmx1.5m and 3mmx2mm are introduced here for gain maximization. The finite element method is used to design and analyse the presented antenna array. The impedance bandwidth for this array antenna comes out to be approximately 2.8GHz (46.67% of entire Ku band). This proposed antenna is able to give a gain of 4.48 dB for the Ku band frequency range and almost a stable radiation pattern throughout the 12~18GHz frequency range. The projected antenna array is designed and simulated by using Ansoft's 3D full-wave electromagnetic field software HFSS.
Keywords: Al2O3, Array,Dielectric, Gain, Return Loss.

[1] M. Habibullah and M. T. Islam ,J.S. Mandeep, N. Misran, Design and Analysis of A Multi Band Electrically Small Antenna Using Ceramic Material Substrate. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN pp. 0033-2097, R. 89 NR.
[2] Shatabdi Chakraborty, Shweta Srivastava, Nov-Dec. 2012 .Ku Band Annular Ring Antenna on Different PBG Substrates, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.2, Issue.6, pp-4726-4731.
[3] M.Habibullah and M. T Islam., 2012. Design of a modified W shaped patch antenna on ceramic material substrate for Ku band, Chalcogenide Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 61–66.
[4] Wong Kin-Lu, 2002. Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, A WILEY-Interscience publication.
[5] Balanis C. A., 1982, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Abstract: The relative advancement of technologies and availability of high frequency clocks and digital circuits, the operating frequencies of integrated circuits are increasing at a faster rate. But the rate at which different ICs communicate is not growing. So it requires an extremely high-performance solution that consumes a minimum power and is relatively immune to noise and inexpensive. Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) is a way to communicate data using a very low voltage swing (about 350mV) differentially over two PCB traces. It deals about the analysis and design of a low power, low noise and high speed comparator for a high performance Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Receiver. The circuit of a Conventional Double Tail Latch Type Comparator is modified for the purpose of low-power and low noise operation even in small supply voltages. The circuit is simulated with 2V DC supply voltage, 350mV 500MHz sinusoidal input and 1GHz clock frequency. LVDS Receiver using comparator as its second stage is designed and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Environment using GPDK 180nm .By this design, the power dissipation, delay and noise can be reduced.
Index Terms: Double-tail comparator, Buffer, Differential Amplifier.

[1] S. Babayan-Mashhadi and R. Lotfi, "Analysis and Design of a Low-Voltage Low-Power Double-Tail Comparator" Int. J. very large scale integration (vlsi) systems. Sept. 2013.
[2] Boni, A.; Pierazzi, A.; Vecchi, D., "LVDS I/O interface for Gb/s-per-pin operation in 0.35-μm CMOS ," Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.36, no.4, pp.706-711, Apr 2001
[3] Boni, A.; Pierazzi, A.; Vecchi, D., "LVDS I/O interface for Gb/s-per-pin operation in 0.35-μm CMOS ," Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.36, no.4, pp.706-711, Apr 2001
[4] Mandal, G.; Mandal, P., "Low-power LVDS receiver for 1.3Gbps physical layer (PHY) interface," Circuits and Systems, 2005.
[5] Zhao, F., Xu, Y., Li, M., Shen, C., and Tang, L. 2008. A LVDS Transceiver Chip Design in 0.5 um CMOS Technology. In Proceedings of the 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Vol. 1 - Volume 01 (May 27 - 30, 2008).

Abstract: An active filter-based on-chip DC–DC voltage converter for application to distributed on-chip power supplies in multivoltage systems is described in this paper. No inductor or output capacitor is required in the proposed converter. The area of the voltage converter is therefore significantly less than that of a conventional low-dropout (LDO) regulator. Hence, the proposed circuit is appropriate for point-of-load voltage regulation for noise sensitive portions of an integrated circuit. The performance of the circuit has been verified with Cadence Spectre simulations and fabricated with a commercial 110 nm complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The area of the voltage regulator is 0.015 mm2 and delivers up to 80 mA of output current. The transient response with no output capacitor ranges from 72 to 192 ns. The parameter sensitivity of the active filter is also described. The advantages and disadvantages of the active filter-based, conventional switching, linear, and switched capacitor voltage converters are compared. The proposed circuit is an alternative to classical LDO voltage regulators, providing a means for distributing multiple local power supplies across an integrated circuit while maintaining high current efficiency and fast response time within a small area.
Keypoints: Hybrid regulator, low dropout regulator, on-chip voltage regulation, point-of-load voltage egulation.

[1] R. Jakushokas, M. Popovich, A. V. Mezhiba, S. Kose, and E. G. Friedman, Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors,2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2011.
[2] V. Kursun and E. G. Friedman, Multi-Voltage CMOS Circuit Design. New York: Wiley, 2006.
[3] J. Kim, W. Lee, Y. Shim, J. Shim, K. Kim, J. S. Pak, and J. Kim, "Chippackage hierarchical power distribution network modeling and analysis based on a segmentation method," IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 647–659, Aug. 2010.
[4] Z. Zeng, X. Ye, Z. Feng, and P. Li, "Tradeoff analysis and optimization of power delivery networks with on-chip voltage regulation," in Proc. IEEE/ACM Design Autom. Conf., Anaheim, CA, Jun. 2010, pp. 831– 836.
[5] V. Kursun, S. G. Narendra, V. K. De, and E. G. Friedman, "Analysis of buck converters for on-chip integration with a dual supply voltage microprocessor," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 514–522, Jun. 2003.

Abstract: Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) detection is an important task in critical care medicine. However, making this task automatic is not that simple. In this paper, we are describing a method for PVC arrhythmia detection. This method is based on the use of wavelet detail coefficients to discriminate between normal beats and abnormal beats (PVCs). The proposed method was tested against selected records of the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database (MITDB). Results are very satisfactory and show that it is possible to detect PVC arrhythmia using wavelet detail coefficients applied to QRS complexes.

[1] O. Sayadi, M. B. Shamsollahi, G. D. Clifford, Ro- bust Detection of Premature Ventricular Contractions Using a Wave-Based Bayesian Framework, IEEE. T. BIO-MED. ENG. 57(2)(2010) 353-362.
[2] M. L. Talbi, A. Charef, PVC discrimination using the QRS power spectrum and self-organizing maps, Com- put. Method. Program. Biomed. 94(3)(2009) 223-231.
[3] Y. Sun, K. L. Chan, S. M. Krishnan, Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia recognition by nonlinear de- scriptor, BIOMED. ENG. ONLINE. 4(6)(2005) doi: 10.1186/1475-925X-4-6.
[4] G. B. Moody, R. G. Mark, The impact of the MIT- BIH Arrhythmia Database, IEEE. Eng. Med. Biol.20(3)(2001) 45-50.
[5] R. G. Mark, G. B. Moody, MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, http://www.physionet.org/physiobank/database/mitdb/, accessed: 17 December 2012.

Abstract: This paper proposes an image retrieval method based on multi-feature similarity score fusion using genetic algorithm. Single feature describes image content only from one point of view, which has a certain one-sided. Fusing multi- feature similarity score is expected to improve the system's retrieval performance. In this paper, the retrieval results from color feature and texture feature are analyzed, and the method of fusing multi-feature similarity score is described. For the purpose of assigning the fusion weights of multi-feature similarity scores reasonably, the genetic algorithm is applied. For comparison, other three methods are implemented. They are image retrieval based on color feature, texture feature and fusion of color-texture feature similarity score with equal weights. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to other methods.
Keywords: image retrieval; fusion; genetic algorithm.

[1] Gudivada V. N., Raghavan V. V., "Content based image retrieval systems," IEEE Computer, vol. 28, pp. 18-22, 1995.
[2] Ritendra Datta, Dhiraj Joshi, Jia Li, James Z. Wang, "Image retrieval: Ideas, influences, and trends of the new age," ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 40, pp. 1-60, 2008.
[3] B.G. Prasad, K.K. Biswas, S.K. Gupta, "Region-based image retrieval using integrated color, shape, and location index," Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol. 94, pp. 193–233, 2004.
[4] Young Deok Chun, Nam Chul Kim, Ick Hoon Jang, "Content-Based Image Retrieval Using Multiresolution Color and Texture Features," IEEE Transaction on Multimedia, vol. 10, pp. 1073-1084, 2008.
[5] Tai X. Y., Wang L. D. , "Medical Image Retrieval Based on Color- Texture Algorithm and GTI Model, " Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 2008, ICBBE 2008, The 2nd International Conference on, pp. 2574-2578.

Abstract: The need for development of microstrip patch antennas for ultra-wideband (UWB) communications has been very well recognized.UWB antennas are mainly used for wearable MIMO sytems,weather mesurements and also UWB radar applications. Patch antenna can be a good choice for handheld devices in UWB applications.There was a great success in finding a suitable structure for mobile applications.This paper is a review of various methods that enhance the bandwidth and gain of microstrip patch antennas that specifically used for UWB applications. For instance, the UWB utilizes the frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Conventionally microstrip antennas operating at narrow band width. Broadening the antenna bandwidth is achieved by using the U-slot technique.The performance of the antenna related with its parameters. The variation of antenna performance depends on variation of location of microstrip feed (L) and the partial ground plane size (G).Length of the antenna is another factor that determines directivity and gain. Use of graded substrate also enhances the directivity and band width.Microstrip antenns are used in satellite communication, military purposes, GPS, mobile, missile systems and many more applications.Simulated and measured results are also used to validate the usefulness of the antenna structure for UWB applications.
Keywords: Microstrip antenna, MIMO,U-slot, Ultra-wide band,GPS.

[1] A.K Bhattachar jee, S.R Bhadra, D.R. Pooddar and S.K. Chowdhury. 1989. Equivalence of impedance and radiation properties of square and circular microstrip patch antennas. IEE Proc. 136(Pt, H, 4): 338-342.
[2] R. G. Voughan. 1988. Two-port higher mode circular microstrip ntennas. IEEE, Trans. Antennas Propagat. 36(3): 309-321.
[3] P. Driessen, "Gigabit/s indoor wireless systems with directional antennas," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 1034–1043, Aug. 1996.
[4] Y. M. Tao and G. Y. Delisle, "Lens-fed multiple beam array for millimeter wave indoor communications," in Proc. IEEE AP-S Int. Antenna and Propag. Symp. Digest, Jul. 1997, pp. 2206–2209.
[5] K. Li,M. Ingram, and E. Rausch, "Multibeam antennas for indoor wireless communications," IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. 50, no. 2, Feb. 2002.

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new hierarchical timing-driven standard-cell placement method, in which a new cluster placement model is introduced. The proposed method is divided into three phases, clustering cells, global placement and detailed placement. After clustering cells, in the global placement phase, we determine and improve cluster placement by a simulated annealing based method. In most of previous methods, the shape of any cluster was restricted to a square. In the proposed method, however, we remove this restriction, and propose a new placement model, called the Amoeba model, in which the shape of a cluster can be a collection of connected squares. Since the flexibility of cluster placement is increased by the amoeba model, we can obtain a high quality placement satisfying timing constraints. In the detailed placement phase, we assign cells to cell rows under the non-overlapping constraint of cells with a constructive approach. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method with the new cluster placement model.

[1] C.J.Alpert and A.B.Kahng, "A general framework for vertex orderings, with applications to netlist clustering", Proc.ICCAD'94, pp.63–67, 1994.
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Abstract: Images require substantial storage and transmission resources, thus image compression is advantageous to overcome these difficulties. This paper presents Application of DWT for image processing. The main objectives of this paper are image compression, reconstruction, pattern recognition and image data hiding. First, in compression of two-dimensional image data is divided an image into blocks of size N x M and then computed the DWT of each block at the finest spatial resolution. The blocks of transformed coefficients were classified into type HH, HL, LH and LL. Again, block LL can be used to classify four more blocks in second level. Each class consisted of group of blocks of size (N/2) x (M/2) of similar type. Then these blocks are quantized using SPIHT (Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees) Algorithm to get a compressed image (i.e. bit stream). Reconstruction of image follows exactly reverse process i.e. inverse SPIHT and inverse DWT. The reconstructed image will be equivalent to original image.

[1] Eric J. Stollnitz, Tony D. Derose, and David H. Salesin, " Wavelets for computer graphics", 1996 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
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Abstract: This paper aims to present a mathematical morphological method to remove baseline wandering and background noise is removed from original ECG signal. Then the multipixel modulus accumulation is employed to act as a low-pass filter to enhance the QRS complex and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated with standard MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Corresponding power and area efficient VLSI architecture is designed and implemented on a commercial nano-FPGA. High detection rate and high speed demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed detector.
Index Terms: Body sensor networks (BSNs), electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), mathematical morphology, QRS detection, very-large-scale integration (VLSI) architecture.

[1]. G. Yang, Body Sensor Networks. New York: Springer, 2006.
[2]. B. U. Kohler, C. Hennig, and R. Orglmeister, "The principles of soft- ware QRS detection," IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 42–57, Jan. 2002.
[3]. F. Zhang and Y. Lian, "Novel QRS detection by CWT for ECG sensor," in Proc. Int. Conf. IEEE Biomed. Circuits Syst., Montreal, ON, Canada, Nov. 2007.
[4]. H. Lee and K. M. Buckley, "ECG data compression using cut and align beats approach and 2D transforms," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 556–564, May 1999.
[5]. A. Gasterators, I. Andreadis, and Ph. Tsalides, "Fuzzy soft mathemat- ical morphology," in IEEE Proc. Vis. Imag. Signal Process., Feb. 1998, vol. 145, pp. 41–49.

Abstract: The insertion of Wavelets, the error-correcting coding and diversity of space multiplexing orthogonal frequency division (OFDM) to improve the performance of wireless systems requires a mastery of all the techniques that are news and find many applications in telecommunications systems. OFDM despite its sulfur benefits many problems (PARP , CFO and ISI) which remains to be solved in a more effective way to increase throughput and reduce energy consumption and improve spectral efficiency , we must add it space diversity ( multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver ), and an error correction coding . The use of wavelets in this communication system can improve its performance in more perspective spectral efficiency (remove the guard interval). This work aims to study as a pathway based on the use of a MIMO system (multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver), to reject high power jammers and multipath. The joint use of OFDM and MIMO allows a priori performance improvements and reduce the effect of interference. The integration of the wavelet packet in the OFDM (Fig 2.1) party may make the system less sensitive to interference which is an interesting and desirable benefit that remains to be verified by computer simulations
Keywords: FFT-OFDM, WPT (Wavelet Packet transform), MIMO-OFDM, COFDM.

[1] Rainmaker Tech, Inc, ―RM wavelet based (WOFDM) PHY proposal for 802.16.3‖, Technical Report IEEE 802.16.3c-01/12, 2001, http://ieee 802.org/16.
[2] Ben Aicha, F. Tlili, S. Ben Jebara, ―PAPR analysis and reduction in WPDM systems‖, First International Symposium on Control, Communications and Signal Processing, IEEE, 2004, pp. 315—318. A. D. S. Jayalath and C. Tellambura, ―Reducing the peak-to average power ratio of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal through bit or symbol interleaving‖, IEE Electronic etters, vol. 36, no. 13, 2000, pp.1161 -1163.
[3] Baxley, R. J. and Zhou, G. T., ―Assessing peak-to-average power ratios for communications applications‖, Proc. EEE MILCOM Conference, Vol. 1, 2004, pp.181 – 185.
[4] S. Hara, R. Prasad, ―Multicarrier Techniques for 4G Mobile communication‖, Artech House, 2003.
[5] G. Negash, H. Nikookar, ―Wavelet-based multicarrier transmission over multipath wireless channels‖, Electronics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 21, 2000, pp. 1787-1788.

Abstract: In this project a variational level set approach for bias correction and segmentation in the analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) images with intensity inhomogeneities is proposed. Local intensity variations in relatively smaller regions are separable, despite of the inseparability of the whole image. Local intensity variations are described by the Gaussian distributions with different mean and variance. In this work the objective functions are integrated over the entire domain with local Gaussian distribution of fitting energy, ultimately analyzing the data with a level set framework.
Keywords: Bias correction, Gaussian distribution, inhomogeneities, level set , MR image.

[1] M. Jungke, W. Seelen, G. Bielke, M. Grigat, P. Pfannenstiel, , 1987, pp. 471–481."A system for the diagnostic use of tissue
characterizing parameters in NMR-tomography, in: Information Processing in Medical Imaging".
[2] U. Vovk, F. Pernus, B. Likar, , IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 26 (3) (2007) 405–421."A review of methods for correction of intensity inhomogeneity in MRI"
[3] G. Collewet, A. Davenel, C. Toussaint, S. Akoka, , Magn. Reson. Imag. 20 (4) (2002) 365–373" Correction of intensity nonuniformity in spin-echo t1-weighted images, Magn. Reson".
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Abstract: The measurement of a plant growth without interrupting its natural growth is essential since its diameter and height are related to the development of a tree as well as the water contents. Many studies have found that the variation of the diameter and height of plant stem has a prominent correlation ship with water status, temperature, light and humidity. Evaluation of these aspects by variation of plant stem is suitable for automatic monitoring in a long period of time. Thus due to foresaid factors automatic irrigation approach is of utmost importance these days. A comparison of different measurement methods used for the discovery of plant's parameters like height and diameter has been discussed in detail in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are comprehensively dealt in this study.
Keywords: Edges, growth, stem diameter and height, strain gauge.

[1] Ariff, E.A.R.E. Suratman, M.N.Abdullah," Stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, diameter and heightin different growth stages of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) saplings," Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA), 2011 IEEE Symposium, pp.84-88, 25-28 Sept. 2011.
[2] S.O.Link, M.E.Thiede and M.G.van Bavel, "An improved strain-gauge device for continuous field measurement of stem and fruit diameter," Journal of Experimental Botony, Vol.49, No. 326, pp. 1583- 1587. September 1998.
[3] Elias Fereres, David Goldhamer et.al., "Continuous trunk diameter recording can reveal water stress in peach trees," California Agriculture, Vol. 53, No. 4, July-August 1999.
[4] Ramandeep Kaur and Balwinder Singh, "Design and development of sapling Monitoring System", International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Application(IJCSEA) Vol. 3, No. 5, October2013.
[5] Jiaxing Che, Chunjiang Zhao, Yunhe Zhang, Cheng Wang, Xiaojun Qiao, Xinlu Zhang, "Plant stem diameter measuring device based on computer vision and embedded system," World Automation Congress (WAC), 2010, pp.51-55, 19-23 Sept. 2010.

Abstract: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), which is also known as IEEE 802.16 standard supports broadband wireless access networks. WiMAX is an example of infrastructure based wireless network where mobile hosts can communicate through some access points. When the host changes its position and comes out of the scope of an access point, it connects with a new access point and resumes the connection. WiMAX has many advantages over wide coverage area and also aims to support the high data rates, QoS, long transmission range & low deployment cost as compared to cellular and Wi-Fi network. In recent times, WiMAX is known to cover areas up to approximately 35 miles using 2.3 - 2.7GHz frequency range. In this paper, we evaluate the performance parameters of a Weighted Round Robin (WRR) scheduler in order to decrease the average end-to-end delay, proper transmission and reception of the packets and improvement in the average throughput. The scheduling technique has been designed and simulated using the QualNet 6.1 network simulator.
Keywords: WRR, Scheduling Techniques, WiMAX.

[1] Michael Carlberg Lax and Annelie Dammander. "WiMAX - A Study of Mobility and a MAC-layer Implementation in GloMoSim".
Department of Computing Science, Umea University; Apr. 2006; 1-99.
[2] Koon Hoo Teo, Zhifeng Tao, and Jinyun Zhang, "The Mobile Broadband WiMAX Standard". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,
Vol. 24, Issue 5. Pp 144- 148. Sept. 2007.
[3] Shenghai Liu, Suili Feng, Wu Ye, and Hongcheng Zhuang. "Slot Allocation Algorithms in Centralized Scheduling Scheme for
IEEE 802.16 Based Wireless Mesh Networks". Computer Communications; 2009; Vol 32: pp: 943–953.
[4] Marie-Paule Gakuba, Mjumo Mzyece, and Anish Kurien. "An Enhanced Scheduler for the Guarantee of QoS Multimedia
Services in WiMAX Networks". French South African Technical Institute in Electronics (F'SATIE) in Tshwane University of
Technology (TUT); July 2009; pp: 1-6.
[5] Chen- feng wu. "Real-time Scheduling for Multimedia Services in IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network".
Information Technology Journal; 2010; 9: pp: 1053-1067.

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks provide wide-scale connectivity to the physical world at a lower cost than that of the wired alternative. The complete exploitation of this technology is prevented by various energy factors, which serves as a major barrier. Nodes are powered by various energy sources such as batteries, super capacitors with a limited lifetime or by harvesting energy from the external environment. This means that this limited energy source should be effectively and judiciously utilized. Efficient management of energy is a vital requirement for the optimal design of a wireless sensor network. Most of the literatures propose various energy management strategies, under the assumption that data acquisition consumes significantly less energy than their transmission. But this assumption does not sound good in a number of practical scenarios, where the power consumption for the sensing activity may be greater than that of radio terminal. So energy management schemes should give criteria for the efficient and effective use of energy in energy-starving sensors. In this paper, we survey various methodologies for the efficient management of energy in Energy –Starving sensors.
Keywords: Adaptive sensing, Duty cycle, Energy Management, Operating System, Wireless Sensor Networks.

[1] G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. Di Francesco, A. Passarella, "How to Prolong the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks", Chapter 6 in Mobile Ad Hoc and Pervasive Communications, (M. Denko and L. Yang, Editors), American Scientific Publishers, to appear, available at http://info.iet.unipi.it/~anastasi/ papers/Yang.pdf.
[2] G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. Di Francesco, A. Passarella, "Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks", Ad Hoc Networks, to appear (currently available at http://info.iet.unipi.it/~anastasi/papers/adhoc08.pdf).
[3] C. Tang, C. Raghavendra, "Compression Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks", Chapter 10 in Wireless Sensor Networks, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, USA, 2004.
[4] C. Sadler, M. Martonosi, "Data Compression Algorithms for Enegy-Constrained Devices in Delay Tolerant Networks", Proc. ACM SenSys 2006, Boulder, Colorado, USA, November 2006.
[5] S. Goel, T. Imielinsky, "Prediction-Based Monitoring in Sensor Networks: Taking Lessons from MPEG", ACM Computer Communication Review 2001, Vol. 31, N. 5, October 2001.

Abstract: This paper develops a novel simulation method that seeks to mitigate the effects of interference in a multipath prone environment for a DVB-T transmission using the AWGN and the Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel. The channel parameters were optimized until desired result was obtained. The reception performance of the DVB-T system shows that interference though not totally eliminated, can be minimized while transmitting in a multipath prone environment.
Key Words: DVB-T, AWGN, Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel.

[1]. Aamir Khan, Syed Hassan Ahmed, Syed Muhammed Umar Talha, (2012) ―Performance Evaluation of DVB-T Based OFDM over Wireless Communication Channels‖ Proceedings of IMECS.
[2]. ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) (2009), ―Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation for Digital Terrestrial Television‖ ETSI EN 300 744, vol. 1.6.1 (2009-01).
[3]. Karel Mikulastik, Karel Ulovec, (2012) "Multipath Propagation in Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial System"
[4]. Kolawole, M.O. (2002). Satellite Communication Engineering, New York: Marcel Dekker

Abstract: In Today's world safety and security plays an important role, hence we tend to provide a good safety and security system while travelling. Vehicles are important in today's fast paced society. Hence, acquiring a vehicle now a days is considered a necessity, compared to the past where it is considered as a luxury. In this thriving society, more and more vehicles are produced to meet the increasing demands of people and business from all the corners of the world. Here comes the necessity to provide more and more safety and security features to them. Hence this project aim is to design an embedded system for vehicle cabin safety and security by modifying and integrating the existing modules. This monitors the level of the toxic gases such as Co, LPG and alcohol inside the vehicle and provides alert information in the form of alarm during the critical situations. And also send SMS to the authorized person through the GSM. An IR Sensor is used to detect the static obstacle in front of the vehicle and the vehicle gets stopped if any obstacle is detected. This may avoid accidents due to collisions of vehicles with any static obstacle. This includes vehicle reversing mechanism too.
Keywords: DC, GSM, Embedded System, Microcontrollers, Sensors.

[1] Hitoshi Miyata, Makoto Ohki, YasuyukiYokouchi, Masaaki Ohkita , "Control of the autonomous mobile robotDREAM-1 for a parallel parking," Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680, Japan, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 41 (1996) 129-138
[2] NikolajZimic, MihaMraz, "Decomposition of a complex fuzzy controller for the truck-and-trailer reverse parking problem," University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Trzaskacesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Mathematical and Computer Modeling 43 (2006) 632–645
[3] Massaki Wada, Student Member, "Development of Advanced Parking Assistance System," IEEE, Kang Sup Yoon, Member, IEEE, and Hideki Hashimoto, Member, IEEE, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL. 50, NO. 1, Feb 2003
[4] Tsung-hua Hsu, Jing-Fu Liu, Pen-Ning Yu, Wang-Shuan Lee and Jia-Sing Hsu, "Development of an Automatic Parking System for Vehicle," Automotive Research and Testing Center, Changhua County, Taiwan, R.O.C., IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), September 3-5, 2008, Harbin, China
[5] F. Gomez-Bravo, F. Cuesta, A. Ollero, "Parallel and diagonal parking in nonholonomic autonomous vehicles," DepartamentoIngeniera de Sistemas y Automatic , Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla ,Camino de los Descubrimientos, E-41092 Seville, Spain, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 14 (2001) 419–434

Abstract: Researchers have continued to carry-out work to determine the actual coverage area of some broadcasting stations and the level of signal strength variation with distance from the transmitter, which is useful for radio transmission designs.In Nigeria, few works exist on the frequency modulation (FM) signals propagation, and little work has been done on the television signals. The work determines the actual coverage of the Broadcasting Service of Ekiti State Television, in Ekiti – State, southwest Nigeria, with the expected coverage area being the entire land mass of the State. The method used is such that requires the physical presence of the investigator in all the towns and villages within the State with the necessary instrument to carry out the electric field strength measurements in all the locations.The variation of signal level with distance (i.e. Propagation curve) was analysed, to reveal areas of optimum coverage and areas that are poorly serviced.The coverage of the newly installed transmitter in the station was compared to the old transmitter (which had been in use for over 30 years), and a comprehensive statistical data base provided for the UHF television broadcasting Station. The results shows the field strength distribution of the broadcasting station in major towns and villages,its elevation pattern and the various grades of coverage enjoyed by its citizens in such locations. Recommendations were made on getting areas outside optimum coverage well serviced.
Keywords: Coverage area, Reception, Signal strength variations, Transmission,Ultra high frequency.

[1] http/www.nbc.gov.com; visited on 12-01-2013
[2] Broadcasting Organization of Nigeria (BON) Directory. 2010, 10-70
[3] G.O. Ajayi, and I.E. Owolabi, "Medium Wave Propagation Curves (for use in medium Wave transmission planning and design)" Technical Report of the Radio Wave Propagation Research Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Ife, Nigeria. 1975
[4] G.O. Ajayi, and I.E. Owolabi, Coverage Area of the 10kW, 702 kHz Medium Wave Transmitter at Minna and Feasibility Studies for full Radio Coverage Area of Niger State, Technical Report of the Electrical Communication Consultancy Unit (ECCU), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Ife, Nigeria. 1979
[5] L. Bothias, (1987); Radio Wave Propagation, McGraw-Hill Inc. New York St. Louis San Francisca Montreal Toronto 1987, 144-175.

Abstract: In this research, we are interested in a telecommunications system MIMO (multiple input multiple output) spatial multiplexing in OFDM context). The objective of this work is to study and improve the transmission and reception of this MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems technology in a multi -carrier OFDM context (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex), which enables a frequency-selective channel into multiple non-selective channels. The combination of MIMO and OFDM allows exploiting the benefits of the two methods: the strength of binding on frequency-selective channels for OFDM and robustness on uncorrelated in space for the MIMO channel coding. For different configurations of multi- antenna systems SISO, SIMO and MIMO, a comparative study is made between them. This study shows that the MIMO configuration associated with the OFDM technique provides a significant performance improvement compared to other case studies.
Keywords: Multiple Input Single Output ( MISO ) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , Single Input Multiple Output ( SIMO ) v Single Input Single Output , Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) , bit error rate (BER) , Multiple -Input Multiple- Output ( MIMO).

[1] C. E. Shannon. A Mathematical theory of communication. Bell Systems Technical Journal, 27:379–423 and 623–656, July and October 1948.
[2] R. Gautier, G. Burel, J. Letessier, and O. Berder. Blind estimation of scrambler offset using encoder redundancy. In Proceedings of IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, volume 1, pages 626–630, Pacific Grove (CA), USA, 2002.
[3] John G. Proakis. Digital communications. McGraw-Hill, Third Edition, 1995.[A.F.Mol2005]: A. F. Molisch: "Wireless communications", chap 20, Ed Wiley 2005.
[4] H. Bölcskei and A. J. Paulraj. The Communications Handbook, chapter Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems. CRC Press, 2001.
[5] B. Le Floch, M. Alard, and C. Berrou. Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex. IEEE Proceedings, 83(6):982–996, 1995.

Abstract: In the recent years the development in communication systems requires the development of low cost, minimum weight, low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort on the design of a Microstrip patch antenna. A new, circularly polarized small-size microstrip antenna using a proximity coupled feed method is proposed. A simple configuration based on a cross slot with unequal slot lengths on a circular patch is adopted to realize a small-size element antenna. The measured results verify the circular polarization, and the antenna radius was reduced by about 22% by using the slot lengths which are nearly equal to the diameter of the circular patch antenna. Good impedance and axial ratio characteristics have been obtained.

[l] F. Naderi, "NASA'S mobile satellite communications program: Groundand space segment technologies," Los Angeles, CA, IAF-84-84, 1984.
[2] Y. Suzuki, N. Miyano, and T. Chiba, "Circularly polarized radiationfrom singly fed equilateral-triangular microstripantenna," IEE Proc.,vol. 134, pt. H, pp. 194-198, Apr. 1987.
[3] W. H. Aksun, Z. H. Wang, S. L. Chung, and Y. T. Lo, "On slot-coupledmicrostrip antennas and their applications CP operation theory andexperiment," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 38, pp. 1224-1230,Aug. 1990.
[4] M. Davidovitz and Y. T. Lo, "Rigorous analysis of a circular patch antennaexcited by a microstrip transmission line," IEEE Trans. AntennasPropagat., vol. 37, pp. 949-958, Aug 1989.
[5] H. Iwasaki, H. Sawada, and K. Kawabata, "A circular polarized microstripantenna using singly-fed proximity coupled feed," in Proc. Int.Symp. Antennas Propagat., Sapporo, Japan, Sept. 1992, pp. 797-800.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this dog is to guide the visually impaired and elderly people to some predefined destination avoiding obstacles and traffic. It is also designed to act as an advanced multipurpose human assistance and service robot that is able recognize the words spoken by the user, talk to them and take action according to the spoken voice command. Voice commands are recognized by an android smartphone and the information is transferred to the main MCU using a Bluetooth serial port that runs Bluetooth SPP protocol stack. The robotic dog has the ability to follow a human when commanded with voice. Touch sensitive e-skin senses human finger touch and helps answering complex user requests such as time, date and weather conditions such as light and temperature. The same can be asked using voice also. It even allows the user to set wake up alarm. A built in audio playback system can play music tracks in MP3 format. One of the music tracks is kept as the alarm tone. It also plays the role of a regular watchdog during night and barks like any normal dog if it finds any abnormal activity. During the day time it can charge itself by moving around within a given region in order to find the maximum sun light, intelligently avoiding the shaded areas, thereby freeing the user completely from maintenance issues such as battery charging.

[1] Y. Oonishi, S. Oh, and Y. Hori, ―A new control method for power-assisted wheelchair based on the surface myoelectric signal,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3191–3196, Sep. 2010.
[2] [Online]. Available: http://www.dbtk.mhlw.go.jp
[3] S. Shoval, I. Ulrich, and J. Borenstein, ―NavBelt and the guide-cane [obstacle-avoidance systems for the blind and visually impaired],‖ IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 9–20, Mar. 2003.
[4] N. Takatori, K. Nojima, M. Matsumoto, K. Yanashima, and K. Magatani, ―Development of voice navigation system for the visually impaired by using IC tags,‖ in Proc. 28th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2006, pp. 5181–5184.
[5] T. O. Hoydal and J. A. Zelano, ―An alternative mobility aid for the blind: The ‗ultrasonic cane',‖ in Proc. IEEE 17th Annu. Northeast Bioeng. Conf., 1991, pp. 158–159.

Abstract: The aim of the paper is to introduce to a low cost robotic hand that can reproduce the abilities and movements of a human hand in order to perform curtain task such as holding, grabbing, etc. Robotic hand was designed to help disabled person, who can able to control the robotic hand with limited physical motion. The robotic hand we designed is under semi autonomous machine. this hand requires commands from the user. We used flex sensors to incur data from human hand, to reproduce the motion in our robotic hand. In this system commands from sensor which senses the actual motion of the human finger and correspondingly sends the signal to the robotic hand. To reach this target we considered three aspects. First, how to develop exo-skeleton of robotic hand in order to manipulate objects like humans do. Second was exploration of proper signals that can be used in order to move the robotic finger. Finally, how to program robotic hand for manipulating different tasks. Details of hand control hardware and software are presented in this paper. Results of the experimental work for different objects are enumerated. Referring this, now we are building a low cost robotic hand gloves which will overcome physical weakness in old people.
Keywords: Robotic Hand, Controller, Materials Handling, Flex Sensor.

[1] Nicholas Thayer and S.Priya. 2011, "Design and implementation of a dexterous anthropomorphic robotic typing (DART) hand", Smart Mater. Struct.20(2011) 035010(12pp), doi:10.1088/0964-1726/20/3/035010.
[2] Cipriani, C., Zaccone, F., Stellin, G., Beccai, L., Cappiello, G., Carrozza, M.C., and Dario, P., 2006, "Closed-loop Controller for a Bio-inspired Multi-fingered Under actuated Prosthesis", Proc. of the 2006 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Orlando, FL, USA, May pp. 2111-2116.
[3] Hoshino, K., and Kawabuchi, I., 2006, "Dexterous robot hand with pinching function at fingertips", Proc. of the 1st IEEE/RAS Int. Conf. on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, BioRob 06, Pisa, Italy, February 20-22.
[4] Jacobsen S C et al 1984 The UTAH/M.I.T. "Dextrous hand: work in progress "Int. J. Robot. Res. pp. 321–50.
[5] M. Fischer, P. Van der Smagt, and G. Hirzinger, "Learning techniques in a dataglove based telemanipulation system for the dlr hand," in Robotics and Automation, Proceedings. 1998 IEEE Int. Conf. on, vol. 2, May 1998, pp. 1603–1608.

Abstract: Most of the agricultural lands in the world depend on rain water. But unfortunately, evoking floods and droughts at irregular intervals of timings and improper occurrence of monsoon winds make the frequency and distribution of rainfall uneven and uncertain. A survey under COMMONSense Net Project (Panchard, 2007) implemented by central and state governments in India revealed that semi arid regions like main parts of Karnataka and some parts of Andhra Pradesh in India are slowly losing the potential of having rain fed agriculture. So the preservation of water and need based irrigation are essential for effective operations and management of water in agriculture. A precise estimate of water requirement can be made at each stage of growth of a crop only through electronic sensors. An irrigation control system uses moisture sensor as a feedback element that takes soil moisture as an input, enabling the system to manage the necessary water flow. In this paper a constructive attempt has been made to introduce the concept of sensors, methodology of their working and different types of sensors that are used for water management. A clear description of sensors, the inherent technology and the evaluation of parameters are presented. In doing so, the desirable characteristics of sensors and their significance have been clearly brought out. This critical review enables a judicious design and usage of sensors in agriculture.
Keywords: Dielectric permittivity, Evapotranspiration, Field capacity, Irrigation controllers, Moisture content, soil moisture sensors.

[1]. Amar Pratap Singh,Shakti Kumar,Tara Singh Kamal,2003.ANN Based Virtual Instrumentation System for Estimation of Non –Linear Characteristics of Sensors ,IETE Journal Of Education.Vol-44,2,pp:63-72.
[2]. Algeeb A,Albaul A,A Asseni,Jomah S, Khalifa O,2010.Design and Fabrication Of an Intelligent Irrigation Control System, Advances in Sensors, Proceedings of 3rd WSEAS International Conference on Advances in Sensors, Signal and Materials,pp:119-124,U.S.A
[3]. AlexanderLoew,FlorianSchlenz,JoachimFallmann,Marzahn,Wolfram,Mauser,2012.Characterists of Rape Field Microwave Emission and Implicants to surface soil moisture retrievals, Remote Sesing,vol-4,pp:247-270.
[4]. Bheli, Macro, 2007 .Soil Moisture Sensors, Department of Agro Environmental Sciences & Technology, Bolonga.
[5]. Baumann, Paul, R., 2008.Introduction to Remote Sensing, State University of Newyork, College at Oneonta, Newyork.

Abstract: GPS receivers are used for civilian and defence applications extensively. The signals received from GPS satellites are very weak and susceptible to interference. The principle objective of the proposed project work is mitigation of intentional and unintentional jamming signals in the L5 frequency band. By employing an antenna having two patch antenna elements with similar azimuth radiation patterns but distinct elevation radiation patterns. The two antenna elements may be operated independently of each other by selectively disabling one or the other of the two elements.
Index terms: Stacked Microstrip Patch Antenna.

[1] Dual-Element Microstrip Patch Antenna for Mitigating Radio Frequency Interference. US Patent Application Publication. Patent Number: US 2003/ 0214443 A1.Publication Date: Nov 20, 2003.
[2] Microstrip Antenna Structure Having Stacked Microstrip Elements. US patent application publication. Patent number: US 4329689. Publication Date: May 11, 2000.
[3] Multi Band Microstrip Antenna US Pat. 5319378 - Filed Oct 9, 1992 - The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Patent Number: 45 Date of Patent: 5319378 Jun 7.
[4] Position and Direction Finding Instrument US patent application publication. Patent number: US 5461387. Publication Date: Oct 24, 2000.
[5] Air-Filled Stacked-Patch Antenna. Sergey Sevskiy and Werner WiesbeckInstitute fur Höchstfrequenztechnik und Electronic, University of Karlsruhe.